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The literary sources ascribe to Vastupala and Tejapala a large number of temples. In his Naranarayananda Vastupala himself says that he has built innumerable temples for the spiritual merits of his parents, sons and other relatives, 221 That this is not an empty boast can be seen by the various structures Tejapala raised in honour of their relations at Abu. From the Vastupala-Tejapala-prasasti, which seems to have been inscribed on a slab of stone in Sakunika Vihara in order to commemorate the gifts of Tejapala to the temple we learn that Vastupala 220/1. In the Vicinity of Vaidyanatha temple there is a temple which originally belonged to an earlier date. Popularly this temple is known as the temple of Balarama, because of an existance of sculpture of Balarama in the back niche of the mandovara of the temple. In the mandovara facing west there is a sculpture of Nrvaraha. Just near the temple there is a room, the wall of which contains a sculpture of Nrisimha, originially belonging to the temple. All this Vaisnavite sculptures indicate that originally the temple was dedicated to Visnu. There is also one more temple dedicated to Siva. The two ornate pillars with Ghatapallava motif and the sculptures of Vedika and Samatala ceiling of Sabhamandapa suggest an earlier date, than that of the Vaidyanatha temple. The superstructure of the garbhagriha of this temple, though covered with thick plaster, exhibits over it a Jalaka design which also supports its early date. The walls of the temple known as Samadhi mandira also contain beautiful sculptures. The temple, known as Ruparana's temple, contains many components of early date such as the mouldings of the pitha, Vedikas, ceilings and vase & foliage pillars of he mandapa, and sculptures on Jangha moulding of the mandovara, the carvings of Samvarna (though covered with thick plaster ). etc. 221. Naranarayaannanda, xvi, 37.

178 The Structural Temples of Gujarat erected an Indramandapa before Risabhadeva on Mt. Satrunjaya with the temples of Parsvanatha and Neminatha on two sides; and a torana on the temple of Satrunjaya, a lake in Padaliptanagara; (Palitana) and Akrapalita-grama. Vastupala according to this prasasti restored the temples of Nabhiya (Rsabha), Neminatha and Stambhanesa (Parsva ). He is also said to have built many other temples, wells, tanks, resting houses for yatis, gardens, and places for drinking water and supplied golden staffs to many temples. He is also said to have consecrated the images of Parsvanatha and Mahavira in Sakunikavihara at Broach and supplied twenty five golden staffs to the devakulikas (small shrines) in the city. 222 According to the Sukritakirtikallolini written by Udayaprabha Suri, the Guru of Vastupala and Tejapala. it was after listening to the lectures of Vijayasenasuri that the two brothers began to build a series of religious edifices-Indramandapa with temples of Stambhana Parsvanatha, and Neminatha on Girnar; images of their ancestors by the sides of the temple of Adinatha on Satrunjaya. He built at Dholka a temple on the model of the temple at Satrunjaya and the Pancasara temple at Anhilapataka. He also built the temple of Asvavatara and consecrated there in the image of Muni Suvrata. He also restored the temple of Parsvanatha at Stambhana (Skamna near Umareth) and restored the nineteen golden capitals taken by Subhatavarmana, King of Malava, from the temple of Vaidyanatha at Dabhoi. 2 2 3 The Sukritasankirtana of Arisimha which was composed about V. S. 1285 also gives a long list of temples and other public buildings erected by Vastupala. With the exception of few minor details Arsimha's list 224 agrees with those of the Vastupala Tejapala-prasasti and Sukrtakirti Kallolini. From all these sources it becomes evident that Vastupala and TeJapala 222. VTP. vv. 45-69. 223. Sukritakirti Kallohni vv. 157-176. 224. Buhler: 'Arisimha', Sitzungberichte, Bd. CXIX, (1889) also ASWI, Vol. II. pp. 169 ff.

Structural Temples of the Caulukyan Period 179 spread their building activities over the following places: Anhilpataka, 224/1 Stambhatirtha (Cambay ), Dhavalakka, (Dholka), Satrunjaya, Padliptapura ( Palitana ) Arkapalita-grama (Ankavaliya) Stambhana (Thamna) Ujjayayanta (Girnar ), Darbhavati (Dabh蓴i) and Arbuda (Abu). Thus in the case of Vastupala and Tejapala we find that the literature of the period credits them with having built a very large number of temples of which only a few survive; the rest were probably broken by the Muslims. Of these those temples which can be definitely ascribed to them are the temples at Girnar and Abu. Vastupala Temple At Girnar. The present temple of Vastupala at Girnar consists of three shrines (Triple shrines), Mallinatha the 19 th Tirthankara is enshrined in the central, while in the shrines on the sides are Sumeru (Astapada) and Sameta Sikhara, 225 There are six incriptions embedded over many doors of this temple which give an idea of the religious activities of two brothers. The temple at Girnar is said to have been built by Vastupala to increase his own merit and that of his wife Lalitadevi. The inscriptions then claim that Vastupala and his younger brother Tejapala had by the year (V)S. (12)76 erected one crore of temples and renovated many old ones at great and renounced places of pilgrimage such as Satrunjaya, Arbudacala and in prosperous cities such as Anhilapura, Bhrigupura, Stambhanakapura, Stambhatirtha, Darbhavati, Dhavalakka and many other places. Of these only at Abu the temple of Tejapala can be definately identified.226 224/1. Vastupalacaritram (A. D. 1441) of Jinaharsa refers to Ahadadeva caitya, Korantavalagacchiya caitya, Sanderavala-vasti, and Mallinatha Jinalaya at Patan where Vastupala or Tejapala did one or other sort of Sukrta (good deed). 225. Antiquities of Kaccha and Kathiawada Plts. XXXIII & XXXIV. Here Figs. 118, 232. 226. Girnar Inscriptions: ARBP, 283-302 also Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat Vol. 3 nos. 207- 212. Somesvara, the author of Kirtikaumudi, was responsible for drafting

180 The Structural Temples of Gujarat The temple of Tejapala otherwise known as Lunavasahi at Abu is dedicated to Neminatha, the 22 nd Tirthankara, and was built by Tejapala for increasing the religious merits of his wife Anupamadevi and their son Lunasinha (sk. Lavanyasimha ). There are 32 inscriptions in this temple of which three relate to the erection of the main temple and contain historical information of importance while the rest are small ones recording that Tejapala in the years following the erection of temple ( V. S. 1287 A. D. 1231) did not cease to enlarge and embellish the sanctuary which he had created. These small inscriptions are engraved on the lintels of several cell shrines in the corridor of the temple and record the erection of those shrines, or of images of Jinas and Tirthankaras, by Tejapala for the religious merit of the various members of his family, amongst whom was also included Tejapala's second wife. Sri Suhadadevi. 227 Situated near the Vimalavasahi, it has similar fine carvings and is composed of the garbhagriha (main sanctum) the Gudhamandapa, the Navacoki, the rangamandapa, balanaka ( i. e. Dvarmandapa, a pavilion on the main entrance) Khatakas (big niches looking like miniature shrines on two sides of wall) row of cells or Devukulikas in pillared-corridor and also is adorned with Hastisala. The Mulanayaka in the temple was consecrated in V. S. 1287 (1230 A. D.) 227/1 In this Lunavasahi, on two sides of the entrance from Navacoki into Gudhmandapa are two big niches (Khatakas) with ornamental frame-work of fine carvings which were built by three of the six Girnar Inscriptions. The number of temples and amount spent by Vastupala and Tejapala as narrated by him is quite fantastic and were recorded due to the predilection for gross flattery _ on the part of Somesvara. Similarly accounts given by him in his Kirtikaumudi are also exaggerated. 227. E. I. VIII, 200-209 also BPSI. pp. 218-220. 227/1. Here Figs. 119-123 & 240.

Structural Temples of the Caulukyan Period 181 Tejapala for the spiritual welfare of his wife Suhadadevi. (these niches are wrongly known as Gokhas of Derani and Jethani).227/2 All the cella in the corridor were consecrated during the years 1287 V. S. & 1293 V. S. while the consecration of aforesaid two big and excellent ornamented niches took place in V. S. 1297 (1240 A. D.) 228 Like Vimala Vasahi, Lunavasahi is an example of fine chiselling of marble. The walls, entrance doors, pillars, Mandapas, Toranas, cellings or domes etc. are adorned with ornamental relief carvings of inanimate motifs like flowers, trees, crepers, lamps, bells etc; of animals like horses, elephants, camels, tigers and lions or fishes and birds, besides various representations of gods and men, of scenes from life such as courts, royal processions, marriage processions, marriage scenes, drama, music parties, battle scenes, grazing animals, voyages by sea, life of shepherds, rites of monks and Jain layman and women, and scenes from the Lives of Tirthankaras or other great men of Jain mythology.29 229 Along with the Vimalavasahi, the Musalman army destroyed almost completely the main sanctum and the adjecent Gudhamandapa is also damaged with certain other parts of the Lunavasahi in c. 1368 V. S. (13117 A. D.). Pethada, a rich merchant, who was tho son of Chandasimha, carried out extensive repairs to this shrine in V. S. 1378 (1321 A. D.), installing a newly fashioned image of Neminatha.230 227/2. Here Fig. 123/c 228. Holy Abu pp. 91-92. 229. Holy Abu pp. 92-93. The architect (Sutradhara) of this shrine was Sobhanadeva by name. 230. H. A. pp. 95-96. Number of images in the temple proper and the account of different cells (Devakulikas) and the structure known as Hastisala surrounding the temple have been discussed in detail at great length by Muni Jayant Vijayaji in his work 'Holy Abu ' ( Edited by U. P. Shah) pp. 96-125.

182 The Structural Temples of Gujarat The inscription of Vastupala dated V. S. 1291 (A. D. 1235) records the erection of a mandapa by Vastupala to Ganesa temple at Ghumali. 2 3 1 There existed a temple dedicated to sun-god Jayaditya at Nagara (near Cambay). The said temple was damaged by heavy rainfall in V. S. 1220 (A. D. 1233), therefore, according to an inscription found in the vicinity of the temple Vastupala repaired the temple and new images were enshrined therein in the year V. S. 1292 (A. D. 1236).*3* The temple does not exist to-day. From the size of the image found from the site, Shri Ratnamani Rao Jote guesses that the temple may be as large as that of the sun temple at Modhera.293 The Jain temple at Sankhesvar (Dist. Banas-Kantha) is said to have been restored by Vastupala-Tejapala and enclosed by series of Devakulikas (cells) around it in V.S 1286 (A. D. 1230). 234 There are other temples notably at Satrunjaya which are Isaid to have been built by Vastupala and Tejapala, but these have been renovated to such an extent that in the absence of any ephigraphic record, it is not possible to identify them with any certainty. 235 p. 231. Ganesa inscription V. S. 1291. Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, IX, 179, Watson Museum Report 1923-24 18. This inscription also states that Vastupala had installed (somewhere) two images of Ratnadevi and Rajadevi consorts of Surya. The reference, has some relation to the temple of Jayaditya at Nagara (near Cambay) which was repaired and new images were enshrined therein by Vastupala. 232. Bhavnagar Pracin Lekha saingrha. pt. l., A.V. Pandya 'cult of Brhama in Gujarat.' pp. 2-3 233. Ratnamani Rao Jote 'Khambhatno Itihasa' p. 149. 234. Jain Tirtha Sarva Sangraha Vol. I. pt. 1. p. 49. Originally the temple was built by Sajjansimha in V. S. 1155 (1099 A. D.) vide pp. 196-197 also foot note no. 125 on p. 197, above. 235. Cousens, Somanatha and other Medieval Temples of Kathiawad p. 73; Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat p. 107.

Structural Temples of the Caulukyan Period 183 The Jain temple of Siddhapala Vasati was erected in V. S. 1241 (A. D. 1185) at Anahilapura. 236 The temple cannot be traced so far. Vadhu, the ancestor of Sobhandeva who was the Governor. of Lata in V. S. 1247 (A. D. 1187) built a temple to Mahavira. in Sangama Khetaka (probably modern Sankheda which is situated on the confluence of the rivers Shedhi and Meshwo). His son Kaparadi built a temple to Adinatha in Vatasara. 237 None of these temples exists. Sresthi Pethada erected a Jain temple dedicated to Mahavira at Vijapura in V. S. 1256 (A. D. 1200). 238 The temple does not survive. The dates in the inscriptions found on serval images of Pahalaviya Parsvanatha temple at Palanpur (Dist. Banaskantha) imply that the temple was built in the Solanki period. The principal image of Prahaladan Parsvanath bears an inscription of V. S. 1274 (A. D. 1218). The said image was consecrated by Kakkasuri. 89 The original temple does not exist but a new three-storeyed temple is erected on the old site. 39 The inscription dated V. S. 1290, (1234 A. D.) engraved on the one of the Southern pillars of the temple of Nilkantha Mahadeva at Miyani records the erection of Mandapa of the said temple. 240 236. Jain Tirtha Sarva Sangraha Vol. I. Pt. I. P. 57 also Peterson Reports: 'Pattanastha Jain Bhandagariya Granthsuci Prasastio. 237. Jain Sahitya no Samkshipta Itihasa, pp. 342 para, 499. 238. Jain Tirtha Sarva Sangraha Vol. I. Pt. I. p. 90., It is said that the said Pethada built the city of Vijapura named after his father Vijaladeva. Jain Sahitya Pradasna Shri Prasasti Samgraha. p. 76. MSS no. 270. 239. Jain Tirtha Sarva Sangraha Vol. 1. Pt.l, p. 33. 240. Inscriptions in Kathiawad Inscp. No. 6 p. 688

184 The Structural Temples of Gujarat According to the inscription on the pedestal of the Sun-image found in a Vaishnava temple (Gosavaji's temple) at Kheralu (Dist. Mehsana), the image of the Sun and his consorts were set up in V. S. 1293 (A. D. 1237). 241 The original temple enshrining the image seems extinct. One of the inscriptions at Abu clearly mentions that a Jain temple dedicated to Adisvara was erected by Sresthi Devacandra at Carupa, in V. S. 1296 (A. D. 1240) 242 The temple does not survive at present. One of the inscriptions dated V. S. 1296 (A. D. 1240) at Lunavasahi refers to the renovation of Suvidhinatha temple near Hathia Vapi at Patan. There is an old temple of Sandalesvara at village Kamboi Solanki* (Taluka Chanasma, Dist. Mehsana). The shrine is still in use, having a linga as an emblem of Siva. The temple faces west, is rather plain and appears to have been clumsily rebuilts at some remote period. The basement is burried beneath the present surface of the ground, and the Sikhara has a shattered look. 243