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Parshva, ś: 30 definitions

Introduction:

Parshva means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

The Sanskrit term ś can be transliterated into English as Parsva or Parshva, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).

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In Hinduism

Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)

Source: Wisdom Library: Nṭya-śstra

ś (पार्श्�) refers to the “sides�. It is one of the six major limbs (ṅg) used in dramatic performance, according to the Nṭyaśstra chapter 8. With these limbs are made the various gestures (ṅg첹), which form a part of the histrionic representation (abhinaya).

These are the five kinds of movements made with the sides (ś):

  1. nata (bent),
  2. samunnata (raised),
  3. ٲ (extended),
  4. vivartita (turned round)
  5. 貹ṛt (drawn away).
: Shodhganga: The significance of the mūla-beras (natya)

ś (पार्श्�) refers to the “two sides� representing one of the seven “major limbs� (ṅg), which represents a division of Āṅg󾱲Բⲹ (gesture language of the limbs) as used within the classical tradition of Indian dance and performance, also known as Bharatanatyam.—Āṅgika-abhinaya is the gesture language of the limbs. Dance is an art that expresses itself through the medium of body, and therefore, ṅg󾱲Բⲹ is essential for any dance and especially for any classical dance of India. Aṅgas or major limbs include the head, hands, chest, sides (viz., ś), waist, and feet; at times the neck is also used as a separate limb.

ś refers to the “movements of the sides�.—In Bharatanatyam, according to Abhinayadarpṇa, there are no descriptions of the movements of the hip and the waist. However, in Nṭyaśstra, there are five movements each of the sides and the hip.

The movements of the sides (ś) are:�

  1. nata (bent),
  2. samunnata (lifted up),
  3. ٲ (extended),
  4. vivartita (turned round),
  5. 貹ṛt (withdrawn slightly).
Natyashastra book cover
context information

Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, ṭyśٰ) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).

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Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

[«𱹾dzܲ Ա»] � Parshva in Purana glossary
: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and places

ś (पार्श्�) is a name mentioned in the Ѳٲ (cf. VI.10.54) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Ѳٲ (mentioning ś) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 śǰ첹 (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.

Purana book cover
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The Purana (पुरा�, purṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

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Ayurveda (science of life)

: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of terms

1) ś (पार्श्�):—Sides of the Chest, Flanks

2) [śm] Side of thorax. Side of the part of the body between the base of the neck superiorly and diaphragm inferiorly

Ayurveda book cover
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Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

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Kavya (poetry)

[«𱹾dzܲ Ա»] � Parshva in Kavya glossary
: OpenEdition books: վ󲹳īٳ󲹰첹貹� (Kvya)

ś (पार्श्�) or śntha is mentioned in the վ󲹳īٳ󲹰첹貹 by Jinaprabhasūri (13th century A.D.): an ancient text devoted to various Jaina holy places (īٳ󲹲).—Accordingly, “Curious when seeing the people carrying flowers, etc., śntha goes to the places where the ascetic Kamaṭha (or Kaṭha) practices the asceticism of the five fires. As he is in possession of the threefold knowledge, ś knows that there is a great serpent in the piece of wood which is about to be burned. He notifies the ascetic of this and has the piece of wood split to prove it to him. We see a large snake coming out [...]�.

Cf. Uttardhyayana: Charpentier in ZDMG 69 335.21-45 (text), 353.6-40 (translation); ŚC (i.e., Śīlṅka’s Cauppṇṇamahpurisacariya ?) 261.24-262.14: Bruhn 1954 p. 95; Triṣaṣṭiśalkpuruṣacaritra IX 3 v. 212-230; Prsvanthacarita (Bhvadeva) VI v 50-68: Bloomfield 1903 p. 113-114.

Kavya book cover
context information

Kavya (काव्�, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or ‘epic poetry� and natya, or ‘dramatic poetry�.

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Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)

Source: Wisdom Library: Brihat Samhita by Varahamihira

ś (पार्श्�) refers to “sides�, according to the Bṛhatsaṃhit (chapter 4), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Varhamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “If the two horns of the moon should appear but slightly raised and far from each other presenting the appearance of a boat, she brings trouble on the sailors but prosperity on mankind at large. [...] If, when the northern horn is a little higher than the other and bent aside [i.e., ś-śyin], the southern horn is straight like a carriage pole, pilgrim parties will suffer and there will be no rain. If one of the horns should appear higher than the other and bent down at the end, cows will suffer�.

Jyotisha book cover
context information

Jyotisha (ज्योति�, dzپṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy� or “Vedic astrology� and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.

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Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions

ś (पार्श्�) refers to the “sides�, according to the Guhyasūtra chapter 9.—Accordingly, “[...] [The Lord spoke]:—[...] On one half, there should be a forehead mark; on one half a [forehead] eye. A ring [should be] in one ear; a [pendant] ear-ornament in one ear. He should put a trident in his right hand and a breast on his left side (vma-ś), a girdle on the left half, a bangle on the left arm, a woman’s anklet on the left leg, a man’s anklet on the right leg and a ñᲹ-grass belt. At the hips, he should put a loin-cloth on the right and wear a woman’s garment on the left.�.

Shaivism book cover
context information

Shaiva (शै�, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

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Vastushastra (architecture)

: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions (architecture)

ś (पार्श्�) refers to “one’s side�, according to the Devymata (in the section śǻ-貹ṭa or “excavation of extraneous substances�).—Accordingly, “[...] If [someone] touches his back, there is [an extraneous thing] arising from the back (ṛṣṻᲹ) [, i.e. a back-bone at the depth up to the back]. If [someone touches] his belly, [there is an extraneous thing related to the belly] at the depth up to the [belly]. If [someone] touches his side (śś saṃsparśand), one should prognosticate that there is an extraneous thing arising from dust. The best knower of extraneous things [= the officiant] should remove that extraneous thing which exists [at a depth of] that measurement [= up to the side] [underground]. [...]�.

Vastushastra book cover
context information

Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्�, vstuśstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.

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In Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Tibetan Buddhism

ś (पार्श्�) is the name of a Pratyekabuddha mentioned as attending the teachings in the 6th century Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa: one of the largest Kriy Tantras devoted to Mañjuśrī (the Bodhisattva of wisdom) representing an encyclopedia of knowledge primarily concerned with ritualistic elements in Buddhism. The teachings in this text originate from Mañjuśrī and were taught to and by Buddha Śkyamuni in the presence of a large audience (including ś).

: MDPI Books: The Ocean of Heroes

ś (पार्श्�) refers to the “side (of a house)�, according to the 10th-century Ḍkrṇava-tantra: one of the last Tibetan Tantric scriptures belonging to the Buddhist Saṃvara tradition consisting of 51 chapters.—Accordingly: “Now, [the Blessed One] has taught [holy sites] such as the ī and upaī in sequence. [...] The ī [sites] are recited to be the border of a village, Kuṅkara (for Koṅkana), Karmra-pṭaka (or a district of [many] artisans), and the village where many Yoginīs reside. [Every site is] powerful. (12) Likewise, in this [system], the upaī [sites] are an ancestor forest, a side of a house (gṛha-ś), a pond, and a lotus pool. Girls who are in these places are of [the nature of] the innate, born in their own birthplaces. [...]�.

Tibetan Buddhism book cover
context information

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (Բ) are collected indepently.

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Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

ś (पार्श्�) refers to the “thighs� (of the body), according to Mahprajñpramitśstra (chapter 31).—Accordingly, “What is the impurity of the place of birth? Head (ś), feet (), belly (udara), back (ṛṣṻ), thighs (ś), that which is called a woman’s body (ٰīⲹ) is a collection of impure things. Inwardly, it contains a stomach (峾śⲹ), a belly (貹챹śⲹ), excrement (), urine (ūٰ) and [other] impurities (śܳ). Outwardly (󾱰), there is a wind (ٲ) conditioned by the afflictions (ś) and actions (karman), a wind that blows on the seed-consciousness (ñԲīᲹ) and introduces it within the two viscera. During eight or nine months, the seed-consciousness dwells in a pit of excrement and urine (vinūٰgarta). [...]�.

Mahayana book cover
context information

Mahayana (महायान, mahyna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many ūٰ of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñpramit ūٰ.

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In Jainism

General definition (in Jainism)

[«𱹾dzܲ Ա»] � Parshva in Jainism glossary
Source: Wisdom Library: Jainism

ś (पार्श्�):—The twenty-third Tīrthaṅkara (Janism recognizes 24 such teachers or Siddhas). He is also known by the name śntha. His colour is green (harita), according to Aparjitaṛcch (221.5-7). His height is 9 hatha (4 hatha equals 1 󲹲Գṣa, which equals 6 feet), thus, roughly corresponding to 4.1 meters. His emblem, or symbol, is a Snake.

ś’s father is Aśvasena and his mother is Vm according to Śvetmbara or Varmil according to Digambara. It is an ancient Jain practice to worship the Tīrthaṅkara’s parents in various rites, such as the پṣṭ屹, according to the Ācradinakara (14th work on Jain conduct written by Vardhamna Sūri).

: archive.org: The Jaina Iconography

ś (पार्श्�) (or Vmana, Dharṇendra) is the name of the Yakṣa accompanying śntha: the twenty-third of twenty-four Tīrthaṃkaras or Jinas, commonly depicted in Jaina iconography.—śntha is one of the greatest Tīrthaṃkaras or Prophets of Jainism. [...] From all sources, we gather his emblem or cognizance is a snake. In sculpture, snake seems to be everything with him. Not only do we find snake in the usual place of the symbol, we find, snakes canopy him with three or seven or eleven hoods. His Yakṣa is called ś or Vmana or Dharṇendra and Yakṣiṇ� is called Padmvatī. The king, who stands by his side as a Chowri-bearer is known as Ajitarja. The Devadru (Deodar) or Dhtaki is his Kevala-tree.

ś Yakṣa of śntha is one of the most important amongst the members of his class. His image whether Śvetmbara or Digambara has the common points of snake-hoods, snake-attribute and a tortoise as vehicle. The Śvetmbara books, in points of difference, make him appear with four hands holding an ichneumon, snake, citrus and snake (again). The Digambara texts, in turn, give his hands snake, noose and Varada.

: archive.org: Trisastisalakapurusacaritra

ś (पार्श्�) or śntha refers to the twenty-third of the twenty-four Tīrthaṅkaras praised in the first book (īś-ٰ) [chapter 1] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalkpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.

ś is the son of Vm and Aśvasena, according to chapter 1.6, “[...] In Bharata there will be twenty-three other Arhats and eleven other Cakrins. [...] Son of Vm and Aśvasena, ś, in Vrṇasī, dark blue, nine cubits tall, living for a hundred years, will be initiated for seventy years, and the interval will be eighty-three thousand seven hundred and fifty years�.

: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve Reflections

Parśva (पर्श्व) is the name of an ancient king, according to the 11th century Jñnrṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “Indeed, previously there was King ś (貹śᲹ�), Śrī Toḍara was the sun for the lotus of his family, Śrī Ṛṣidsa Sha, may he live always, was the intense sun [rising from behind] the eastern mountain of his family�.

General definition book cover
context information

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

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India history and geography

: archive.org: Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions

ś (पार्श्�) is an example of a name based on some sect mentioned in the Gupta inscriptions. Various names indicated Buddhist or Jain sects. The Gupta empire (r. 3rd-century CE), founded by Śrī Gupta, covered much of ancient India and embraced the Dharmic religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Derivation of personal names (e.g., ś) during the rule of the Guptas followed patterns such as tribes, places, rivers and mountains.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary

ś.�(HRS), extra charge upon land over and above the king's grain-share, which was a branch of ‘accidental re- venue� according to the Arthaśstra. See Ghoshal, H. Rev. Syst., pp. 28, 38. (IE 8-4), explained by some as a small territorial unit; but may be ‘side�; cf. prveśya. Note: ś is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

India history book cover
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The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

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Languages of India and abroad

Marathi-English dictionary

[«𱹾dzܲ Ա»] � Parshva in Marathi glossary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

ś (पार्श्�) [or पार्श्वि�, prśvika].—a S Relating to a side of the body, lateral.

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

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Sanskrit dictionary

: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

ś (पार्श्�).�a. Near, proximate.

-ś�, -rśvam [parśūn� samūha�]

1) The part of the body below the arm-pit, the region of the ribs; वामं पार्श्वं विनिर्भिद्� सुतः सूर्� इव स्थितः (vma� ś� vinirbhidya suta� sūrya iva sthita�) Ѳٲ (Bombay) 3. 126.27; शयने सन्निषण्णैकपार्श्वाम� (śayane sanniṣṇṇaikaprśvm) Meghadūta 91.

2) The side, flank (in general) (of animate or inanimate objects), पिठर� क्वथदतिमात्र� निजपार्श्वानेव दहतितराम� (piṭhara� kvathadatimtra� nijaprśvneva dahatitarm) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.324.

3) Vicinity.

4) Ved. A curved knife.

-ś� An epithet of the twentythird Tīrthaṅkar of the Jainas.

-rśvam 1 A multitude of ribs.

2) A fraudulent expedient, a dishonourable means.

3) The extremity of the fore-axle of a wheel. (śm is used adverbially in the sense of 'near to', 'by the side of', 'towards'; kenpyutkṣipateva paśya bhuvana� matśmnīyate Ś.7.8; so ś 'from the side of, away, from'; ś 'near', 'at hand', 'at the side'; name dūre kiṃcit kṣṇamapi na ś rathajavt Ś.1.9; 󲹰ṛh 3.37.)

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary

ś (पार्श्�).�(m., nt. ?), lying or leaning on one's side, leaning, slouching: in composition with -sukham, (diva� nidr- sukha�) śsukha� śayanasukha� ca svīkurvata� ǻ󾱲ٳٱū 156.18, of one who is attached to the pleasures of sleeping by day or lying (leaning) on his side or (keeping to) his bed; (nidrsukha� śayanasukha�) śsukha� ca ǻ󾱲ٳٱū 172.2; as object of verb of giving, (na tv akle) śm anu- prayacchati mañce v pīṭhe v tṛṇasaṃstare v�ǻ󾱲ٳٱū 193.(19�)20, but he does not lie down (? lean, slouch; lit. give a side) at improper times on a couch or stool or grass- bed; na jtu ś� dattavn, na styna-middham (q.v.) avakrmitavn ṣṭ貹ṛc 57.10, he did not at all ‘give a side�, nor give way to sloth and torpor; in ū-پ岹-վԲⲹ i.237.7�8, 11 seems to mean leans, lounges, slouches: (bhikṣava�) pr- śva� dattv tiṣṭhanti…kimartha� ś� dattv tiṣṭhatha?…kṣudhrt durbal jt�, ata� (11) ś� dattv sthit�; possibly, however, it may mean stays (at home) lying down.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

ś (पार्श्�).—mfn.

(-ś�-rśv-ś�) Near, proximate, by the side of. mn.

(-ś�-ś�) 1. A side, the part of the body below the armpit. 2. The curve or circumference of a wheel. 3. Side of any square figure. n.

(-ś�) 1. A multitude of ribs, the thorax. 2. A fraudulent or crooked expedient. m.

(-ś�) The twenty-third Jina or Jaina pontiff. E. ṛ� to touch, ś� Unadi aff., and substituted for the root; or 貹ś a rib, aff. .

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

ś (पार्श्�).—i. e. 貹ś (ved. a rib), + a, n. and m. 1. The part of the body below the armpit. 2. A side, Ѳٲ 13, 2749. 3. = prṣṇi 3, q. cf. 4. Proximity. 5. ve, loc. Near, [Śkuntala, (ed. Böhtlingk.)] [distich] 9. 6. vam, acc. Near to, [Ჹٲṅgṇ�] 5, 467.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

ś (पार्श्�).—[neuter] ([masculine]) the region of the ribs, [plural] the ribs; flank, side, immediate neighbour-hood. Acc. near to, towards, [locative] close to, near; [ablative] away from, on the part or by means of.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) ś (पार्श्�):—[from ś] a n. (rarely m. [gana] 󲹰徱; ifc. f(). [from] 1. 貹ś) the region of the ribs ([plural] the ribs), side, flank (either of animate or inanimate objects), [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc.

2) [v.s. ...] the side = nearness, proximity (with [genitive case] or ifc.; ⲹ�, on both sides; am, aside, towards; e, at the side, near opp. to dura-tas; t, away, from; by means of, through), [Ѳٲ; Kvya literature] etc.

3) [v.s. ...] a curved knife, [Śatapatha-brhmṇa]

4) [v.s. ...] a side of any square figure, [Horace H. Wilson]

5) [v.s. ...] the curve or circumference of a wheel, [ib.]

6) [v.s. ...] (only) a multitude of ribs, the thorax, [Horace H. Wilson]

7) [v.s. ...] the extremity of the fore-axle nearest the wheel to which the outside horses of a four-horse chariot are attached, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

8) [v.s. ...] a fraudulent or crooked expedient, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

9) [v.s. ...] m. the side horse on a chariot, [Ѳٲ]

10) [v.s. ...] Name of an ancient Buddhist teacher

11) [v.s. ...] (with Jainas) Name of the 23rd Arhat of the present Ava-sarpiṇ� and of his servant

12) [v.s. ...] ([dual number]) heaven and earth, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

13) [v.s. ...] mfn. near, proximate (cf. [compound] below).

14) b See [column]1.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

ś (पार्श्�):—[(rśva�-ś�)] 1. m. n. A side; curve of a wheel; many ribs; crooked expedient. m. 23rd Jaina pontiff. a. Near, by the side of.

: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

ś (पार्श्�) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Psa, Psalla.

[Sanskrit to German]

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम� (ṃsṛt), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

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Kannada-English dictionary

[«𱹾dzܲ Ա»] � Parshva in Kannada glossary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

ś (ಪಾರ್ಶ್�):�

1) [noun] the region either to the left or right of a person, thing, etc.

2) [noun] the region of the ribs in humans or any other animals; flank.

3) [noun] proximity; nearness.

4) [noun] a fradulent or crooked expedient.

5) [noun] the outer face of any of the outer faces of a solid object; surface.

6) [noun] the outer, circular part of a wheel; a rim.

7) [noun] (jain.) the twenty third tīrthaṃkara, the jaina spiritual teacher.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

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Nepali dictionary

[«𱹾dzܲ Ա»] � Parshva in Nepali glossary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary

ś (पार्श्�):—n. 1. ribs; side of the body; 2. edge; 3. adjacent position; neighborhood; 4. company;

context information

Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.

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See also (Relevant definitions)

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Let's grow together!

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