Vitarka: 24 definitions
Introduction:
Vitarka means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: Wisdom Library: N膩峁瓂a-艣膩straVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿, 鈥渟upposition鈥�) refers to 鈥榗onsequent supposition鈥� or hypotheses expressing doubt. Vitarka represents one of the thirteen garbhasandhi, according to the N膩峁瓂a艣膩stra chapter 21. This element is also known by the name R奴pa. Garbhasandhi refers to the 鈥�segments (sandhi) of the development part (garbha)鈥� and represents one of the five segments of the plot (颈迟颈惫峁泃迟补 or vastu) of a dramatic composition (苍腻峁璦办补).
: archive.org: Natya ShastraVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿, 鈥渄eliberation鈥�) is caused by determinants (惫颈产丑腻惫补) such as doubt, cogitation, perplexity and the like. It is to be represented on the stage by consequents (补苍耻产丑腻惫补) such as various discussions, settling the definition, accepting the deliberation and the like.
Natyashastra (啶ㄠぞ啶熰啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya鈥攖heatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
: archive.org: Puranic EncyclopediaVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿).鈥擜 son of Dh峁泃ar膩峁ａ弓ra of the Kuru dynasty, (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 膧di Parva, Chapter 94, Stanza 58).
: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English TranslationVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿) refers to 鈥渄oubt鈥�, according to the 艢ivapur膩峁嘺 2.5.18 (鈥淭he conversation between N膩rada and Jalandhara鈥�).鈥擜ccordingly, as N膩rada said to Jalandhara: 鈥淸...] O lord of Daityas, I had been to the summit of Kail膩sa casually. There I saw 艢iva seated along with P膩rvat墨. He is fair-complexioned and exquisitely handsome. He has three eyes and the moon for his crest. On seeing this wonderfully great thing, a doubt (vitarka) arose in my mind. Can there be anywhere in the three worlds such a splendour as this? [...]鈥�.
: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and placesVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿) is a name mentioned in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (cf. I.89.51) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (mentioning Vitarka) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 艣濒辞办补蝉 (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.
The Purana (啶啶班ぞ啶�, pur膩峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation by Jason BirchVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿) refers to 鈥�(philosophical) speculations鈥�, according to the Amanaska Yoga treatise dealing with meditation, absorption, yogic powers and liberation.鈥擜ccordingly, as 莫艣vara says to V膩madeva: 鈥淸...] Some have intellects which have become insensitive through reasoning and [philosophical] speculations (vitarka), [and some] are elevated by [their] conceit and ego. Some are self-satisfied with pride, [rendered] stupid by [their obsession with] caste, and [some] are confounded by activities such as meditation. Generally speaking, the multitudes of people have deluded minds and various [mental] disturbances, for, those who experience nothing but the bliss of the undisturbed, natural [no-mind] state, are not seen in the world. [...]鈥�.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as 膩sanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)
: archive.org: Syainika Sastra of Rudradeva with English Translation (art)Vitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿) refers to 鈥渘eedless apprehension鈥� (of recollections of the past), according to the 艢测补颈苍颈办补-艣腻蝉迟谤补: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by R膩j膩 Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥�Hunting on horseback (腻艣惫颈苍补) represents one of the eight subdivisions of Hunting (尘峁沢补测腻). [...] But something should be said in brief about hunting, for the diffusion of its knowledge. [...] If unsuccessful the disappointment is great and it leads to needless apprehension (vitarka) of evil recollections of the past, a change of complexion and lamentation. These and other things happen therefore equally both in hunting and in the love of women Therefore hunting, too, is desirable for the attainment of the three objects of life. [...]鈥�.
This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (鈥減erforming arts鈥�) and Shastras (鈥渟ciences鈥�) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita SastraVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿, 鈥渆xamination鈥�) refers to one of the five characteristics of the first 诲丑测腻苍补 according to the 2nd century Mah膩praj帽膩p膩ramit膩艣膩stra (chapter XXVIII).鈥斺赌渁谤别 vitarka and 惫颈肠腻谤补 one and the same thing or are they two different things? Answer.鈥擳hey are two different things. Vitarka is the first moment of a coarse mind, 惫颈肠腻谤补 is a more subtle (蝉奴办峁补) analysis. Thus, when a bell is struck, the first sound is strong, the subsequent sound is weaker; this is 惫颈肠腻谤补鈥�.
Also, 鈥渁lthough the two things reside in the same mind, their characteristics re not simultaneous: at the moment of vitarka, the 惫颈肠腻谤补 is blurred (补辫补峁璾); at the moment of 惫颈肠腻谤补, the vitarka is blurred. Thus, when the sun rises, the shadows disappear. All the minds (citta) and all the mental events receive their name prorata with time: [vitarka and 惫颈肠腻谤补 are distinct names of one single mind]鈥�.
Mahayana (啶す啶距く啶距え, mah膩y膩na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of which some of the earliest are the various Praj帽膩p膩ramit膩 蝉奴迟谤补蝉.
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
: archive.org: The Indian Buddhist IconographyVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿, 鈥渃ogitation鈥�) refers to one of the five classes of Dhy膩na (meditation) which is one of six limbs of Yoga to be employed in Uttamasev膩 (excellent worship), according to the Guhyasam膩ja chapter 18.鈥擺...] Dhy膩na (meditation) is explained as the conception of the five desired objects through the five Dhy膩ni Buddhas, namely, Vairocana, Ratnasambhava, Amit膩bha, Amoghasiddhi and Ak峁bhya. This Dhy膩na is again subdivided into five kinds [viz., Vitarka (cogitation)].
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (惫补箩谤补测腻苍补) are collected indepently.
General definition (in Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-samgrahaVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿, 鈥渢hinking鈥�) refers to one of the fourty 鈥渃onditions鈥� (蝉补峁僺办腻谤补) that are 鈥渁ssociated with mind鈥� (citta-samprayukta) as defined in the Dharma-sa峁僩raha (section 30). The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (e.g., vitarka). The work is attributed to Nagarjuna who lived around the 2nd century A.D.
Vitarka also refers to one of the 鈥渢wenty-four minor defilements鈥� (耻辫补办濒别艣补) as defined in the Dharma-sa峁僩raha (section 69).
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra 9: Influx of karmas1) Vitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿).鈥擲criptural knowledge is called vitarka i.e. knowledge which is free from contradictions /doubts/ arguments.
2) Vitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿, 鈥渟criptural knowledge鈥�).鈥擮ne of the seven sub categories of ascetics (nirgrantha-muni);鈥擶hat are the peculiarities amongst different kind of ascetics with reference to 鈥榮criptural knowledge鈥� (vitarka)? The husk (辫耻濒腻办补), the tainted (产补办耻艣补), and 辫谤补迟颈蝉别惫补苍补-办耻艣墨濒补 ascetics have knowledge of ten 辫奴谤惫补蝉 maximum. The 办补峁Ｄ乱补-办耻艣墨濒补 and unbound (nirgrantha) ascetics can have knowledge of all 14 辫奴谤惫补蝉.
At the minimum level the knowledge of husk (辫耻濒腻办补) ascetic can be of the first limb of inner corpus of Jains, namely: 膧c膩r膩峁僩a, while those of the spotted (产补办耻艣补) and 辫谤补迟颈蝉别惫补苍补-办耻艣墨濒补 ascetics the minimum knowledge and practice of the five attitude of self-control (samitis) and three attitudes of restraint (guptis) called collectively eightfold alphabet of scriptures (尘腻迟谤补办腻辫补诲补) is essential.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryvitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿).鈥攎 (S) A thought, a reasoning, a conjecture, a fancy, conceit, scheme, device, speculation. In this sense the use is generally plural, and the implication is of Deviousness, wildness, airiness, flightiness. 2 S Reasoning or considering widely and largely; contemplating the bearings, the alternatives, the contingencies, the possible issues.
: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishvitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿).鈥�m A thought, a reasoning.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿).鈥�
1) Argument, reasoning, inference.
2) Guess, conjecture, supposition, belief; 啶多た啶班啶粪お啷佮し啷嵿お啶距ぇ啶苦啶膏啶曕啶ぞ啶班啶 啶ぞ啶灌 啶むう啷�啶ぞ啶掂た啶むた 啶 啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿啶� (艣ir墨峁pu峁膩dhikasaukum膩ryau b膩h奴 tad墨y膩viti me 惫颈迟补谤办补岣�) Kum膩rasambhava 1.41.
3) Fancy, thought; 啶班ぞ啶�- 啶椸啶班ぞ啶灌さ啶む 啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿啶掂た啶灌啶� (r膩ga- gr膩havat墨 vitarkavihag膩) 叠丑补谤迟峁沨补谤颈 3.45.
4) Doubt; 啶ㄠ啶ㄠ啶� 啶むじ啷嵿く 啶膏啶ムげ- 啶う啷嵿ぎ啶苦え啷�啶椸い啶� 啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿啶 (nunoda tasya sthala- padmin墨gata峁� vitarkam) Kir膩t膩rjun墨ya 4.5;13.2.
5) Deliberation, discussion.
6) A teacher in divine knowledge.
7) False or adverse conjecture; 啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿啶� 啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く啶距啷嵿啶啶む (vitarka峁� ni艣cay膩jjayet) 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (Bombay) 12.274.11.
8) Purpose, intention.
Derivable forms: 惫颈迟补谤办补岣� (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿啶�).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿).鈥攎.
(-谤办补岣�) 1. Reasoning, discussion. 2. Doubt, deliberation. 3. A teacher, an instructor in divine knowledge. 4. Consideration of probabilities, mental anticipation of alternatives, conjecture. E. vi implying discrimination, &c., tark to reason, aff. ac .
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿).鈥擺vi-tark + a], m. 1. Deliberation, [笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补] i. [distich] 226. 2. Consideration. [贬颈迟辞辫补诲别艣补] iv. [distich] 96. 3. Opinion, [Johnson's Selections from the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补.] 55, 143; conjecture, [M膩lat墨m膩dhava, (ed. Calc.)] 20, 3. 4. Discussion, [Prabodhacandrodaya, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 116, 9. 5. Doubt, [Lassen, Anthologia Sanskritica.] 2. ed. 21, 1. 6. A teacher in divine knowledge.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿).鈥擺masculine] conjecture, supposition, deliberation, doubt.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Vitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿):鈥擺=vi-tarka] [from vi-tark] m. conjecture, supposition, guess, fancy, imagination, opinion, [惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补; K膩vya literature] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] doubt, uncertainty, [Yoga-s奴tra; Sarvadar艣ana-sa峁僩raha]
3) [v.s. ...] a dubious or questionable matter, [Yoga-s奴tra]
4) [v.s. ...] reasoning, deliberation, consideration, [K膩vya literature; S膩hitya-darpa峁嘺]
5) [v.s. ...] purpose, intention, [J膩takam膩l膩]
6) [v.s. ...] a teacher, instructor in divine knowledge, [Horace H. Wilson]
7) [v.s. ...] a [particular] class of Yog墨s, [J膩takam膩l膩]
8) [v.s. ...] Name of a son of Dh峁泃a-r膩峁ａ弓ra, [惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补]
9) [v.s. ...] [plural] Name of the five principal sins, [J膩takam膩l膩]
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿):鈥擺vi-tarka] (谤办补岣�) 1. m. Reasoning; doubt; conjecture; a teacher.
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Vitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Viakka.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿) [Also spelled vitark]:鈥�(nm) discussion, reasoning; ~[rkita] discussed; thought over, reasoned; ~[rkya] to be or worth being discussed/reasoned.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpusVitarka (嗖掂部嗖む舶喑嵿矔):鈥�
1) [noun] a statement, reason or fact for or against a point putforth during a discussion; an argument.
2) [noun] a conjecture; a supposition; a guess.
3) [noun] a doubt; uncertainty.
4) [noun] (rhet.) the act of analysing the favourable and unfavourable points, pros and cons, etc. of a proposition.
5) [noun] (budh.) sincere application of the mind in considering or deliberating something.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English DictionaryVitarka (啶掂た啶むぐ啷嵿):鈥攏. 1. argument; logic; reasoning; 2. conjecture; estimate; guess; 3. thought imagination; 4. doubt; suspicion; discussion; debate;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with: Vitarka Mudra, Vitarkan, Vitarkana, Vitarkanem, Vitarkapadavi, Vitarkavant, Vitarkavat, Vitarkonmulana.
Full-text (+46): Durvitarka, Nirvitarka, Savitarka, Savitarkam, Avitarka, Parivitarka, Vitarkapadavi, Vitarkavat, Vitark, Vicara, Tarkavitarka, Kamavitarka, Viakka, Saukumarya, Vitarkana, Vitarka Mudra, Vyabhicaribhava, Avitarkita, Vitarkavant, Bahibhashya.
Relevant text
Search found 63 books and stories containing Vitarka, Vi-tarka; (plurals include: Vitarkas, tarkas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 9.43 - Vitarka is scriptural knowledge < [Chapter 9 - Stoppage and Shedding of Karmas]
Verse 9.42 - Ekatvavitarka is free from shifting (v墨c膩ra) < [Chapter 9 - Stoppage and Shedding of Karmas]
Verse 9.41 - Definition of P峁泃haktvavitarka and Ekatvavitarka < [Chapter 9 - Stoppage and Shedding of Karmas]
Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu (by 艢r墨la R奴pa Gosv膩m墨)
Verse 2.4.132 < [Part 4 - Transient Ecstatic Disturbances (vy膩bhic膩ri-bh膩va)]
Verse 2.4.204 < [Part 4 - Transient Ecstatic Disturbances (vy膩bhic膩ri-bh膩va)]
Verse 2.4.6 < [Part 4 - Transient Ecstatic Disturbances (vy膩bhic膩ri-bh膩va)]
Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra (by Gelongma Karma Migme Ch枚dr枚n)
I. The three concentrations (sam膩dhi) according to the Abhidharma < [Part 2 - The three meditative stabilizations]
2. First 诲丑测腻苍补 < [Part 3 - Definition of the various 诲丑测腻苍补s and sam膩pattis]
3. Second 诲丑测腻苍补 < [Part 3 - Definition of the various 诲丑测腻苍补s and sam膩pattis]
Jainism and Patanjali Yoga (Comparative Study) (by Deepak bagadia)
Part 4.9 - Samadhi and Samapattis < [Chapter 2 - Yoga philosophy and practices]
Part 4.4 - Yogic techniques for control of Vrttis (2): Astangayoga < [Chapter 2 - Yoga philosophy and practices]
Part 4.10 - Samyama and its effects (parinama) < [Chapter 2 - Yoga philosophy and practices]
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Madras (by M. Seshagiri Sastri)
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada D膩sa)
Text 7.130 < [Chapter 7 - Literary Faults]
Text 4.56 < [Chapter 4 - First-rate Poetry]
Text 4.25 < [Chapter 4 - First-rate Poetry]
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