Ushaharana Kavya of Trivikrama Pandita (Study)
by Pranesh R. Archak | 1999 | 56,897 words
This is a study and English summary of the the Ushaharana Kavya—an Sanskrit epic poem written by Trivikrama Pandita in the 13th century. The thesis highlights Trivikrama’s dual identity as a philosopher and poet, showcasing his profound contributions to Sanskrit literature, especially through the Usaharana, which remains overshadowed by works of mo...
Part 11 - Description of the Battle Scene
The description of battle scene too is one of the essential features of a Mahakavya. Unlike others, Trivikrama Pandita has incorporated this description in an unique way so as to make the scene more natural and heart-touching. This scene, as is evident from the text, covers an half portion of the seventh canto and the entire eighth canto. Therein, battle takes place between Lord Krsna and Lord Siva as well as demon king Bana. The battle between the two opposite forces took place due to Aniruddha's abduction from Dwaraka. Having known from Narada the whole story regarding Aniruddha's abduction, Krsna decided to march against Sonitapura, wherein Aniruddha was imprisoned by Banasura. Accordingly, Lord Krsna reached Sonitapura and blew His Pancajanya conch to call Bana for fight. This sound of Pancajanya pervaded everywhere on the earth and reached the nether world too! This dreadful sound of the conch made Bana's army frightened. Still, all enemies in rage rushed to the battle-field, attacked Lord Krsna from all sides and started discharging their weapons. Consequently, Lord Krsna accompanied by Balarama and Pradyumna, shot sharp ablazing arrows at them. As a result, some portion of Bana's army ran away, some enemies were screaming out helplessly as their bodies were severely wounded, and some were stained in urine.112 112. petustasyamudgaladbhimadamstrairvaktrairvyattairattasastraisca hastaih | chinna marmanyulbanairbanavegairudgirnasna daityabharturbhujisyah || kecidyatah pranamatravasesah snasta gatraih prasravanmutradigdhaih | artaravavyaptavisvadigantanyuddharambhodghosanayaiva visnoh || (VII. 25-26)
148 Observing the plightful condition of Bana's army, Lord Siva who was guarding Bana's city, emanated out of his fierceful form, Mahajvara in the form of his attendant possessing three arms. The Mahajvara attacked Lord Krsna as Rahu the full moon. 113 This Mahajvara was as fierceful as a dreadful serpent; though Balarama made it disappear in the cavity of his shoulder, it retained its existence. Seeing this, Lord Krsna with his tender hands crushed Mahajvara down and said to it the following manner : "O wicked one, you are really tormenting one, you possess only demerits by birth. You have come here as per your will. You are indeed fit to be denounced and abandoned."114 Saying thus, Lord Krsna forcibly hit the Mahajvara with His fist. Yet, it found its place in Krsna's stomach. In consequence of this, Lord Krsna felt Himself pained a bit as it were due the scorching heat of Mahajvara. 115 113. athagrato grasitumivogravigrahah parigrahastripuraripoh krtagrahah | samagraruggraha iva rahuragranirjagadguhamiha dadrse mahagadah || ( VII.27) 114. bhujaistribhissarabhayabhogibhairavaih phanaprabhagratalavilagnabhasmabhih | rujam patih praharanamaksipatsvakam visodbhatam bhuvanabhrto bhujantare || amusya tadbhasitarajamsyurasthale parisphuratsphatikasilatalatvisi | virejire rajatagireryatha tate visarpibhirghanatuhinani renubhih || visadavanmanasi mukhe visosavadvisesato musitabalam balasya tat | nisedusah patagapatau kasayitam nimesatah plusitamivabhavadvapuh || niriksya tannalinadalayateksanastadangamudgiradiva vahniviplusah | parisvajannapi mrdunasma panina nirasyati jvararujamantarim bata || sramaturam kimiti mukham guroridam prasida he tridasaganarimardana | kaniyasa tava bhagavanmaya mrdhe vidhiyate virahitadarpakah sakah || nivartayannanunayavartmanamuna ranadamum rananipunaridaranah | madoddhatam muditamana gadadhipam jagada sa sphuritagado gadagrajah || upagato'syabhiruciteksanah svayam vidherbaladiha khalu lokakantaka | samagama srutamahimatirekinah svarupatascirataramarthitastava || ( VII.28-34) 115. tamirayanniti sa jaghana bahuna pura hatah praharadanistamustibhih | sa vistarasravasamatha pravistavanaristakrdghanaghanamustipistahrt || alaksayan ksanikasalaksanam bahirnirakulah kalahacalo na ca skhalan | nimilayan bhrsamadhikosmanantaram nidanavedyamanuta madhavo jvaram || (VII.36-37)
149 In order to silence the scorching heat of Mahajvara, Lord Krsna manifested out of His lustre, Vaisnavajvara, and sent it forth to hit at Mahajvara. Then, both the juaras one belonging to Siva and other belonging to Krsna, began to graple with each other. The armies on the both sides were to witness both the juaras moving in the Antariksa with their ablazing flames of fire. 116 Both the juaras were hitting against each other with their tight fists. One was biting other's lips with its sharp teeth, one was binding the other with its tight arms. Seeing the movements of these two juaras, they appeared like lovers in close confidence. 117 Due to overpower of Vaisnavajvara, all efforts of Mahajvara were rendered fruitless. Violently beaten by Vaisnavajvara commanded by Lord Krsna, the Mahajvara loudly cried and surrendered unto the feet of Lord Krsna. Seeking shelter under Lord Krsna, the Mahajvara glorified Him with folded hands. Lord Krsna was pleased and favoured Mahajvara with His shelter from any fear or danger. 119 He At this moment, Lord Krsna saw Siva preparing himself to attack Pradyumna. He asked His son to be alert of resulting encounter. then explained to Pradyumna the power of Lord Siva. But Pradyumna did 116. drsi gocarau ca jagato'bhimatau krtaniscayau harimahesvarayoh | gadapungava gaganasangisikhau samaveyatuh samudayaya tada || (VII.40) 117. upaguhane nakhavilekhanonmukhau ksanacumbanavadharadamsanirdayau | bhujamadhyaghattanapatu ca mustibhih parivartiteksananiriksanau mithah || viparitakarmacatulavuparyadhau luthanalasavapi viramanisprhau | kalahapriyau klamajalavilavimau pravirejatuh pramadadampati iva || (VII.41-42) 118. mukharam mukhaih svagunagauraveranapravanaih prasadasumukhastamunmukhah | abhayam bhayaskhalitasamstutastavam sa tatana manamiva manmathadvisah || (VII.46) 119. sadrsakrtina samiksya yoddhum sa drsa yantamupantamantakarim | jagadekapatih sutena vakyam jagade'nena manoramarthabandham || (VII.48)
150 not entertain any kind of fear but told Lord Krsna that Siva would be made a target for his infallible weapon. 120 Afterwards, a tumultous and astounding encounter took place between Lord Krsna and Lord Siva. Krsna and Siva holding their Sarnga and Pinaka bows respectively employed the volleys of arrows on each other. 121 This encounter was really making one's hair stand on end. On the other side, the demon-enemies attacked the leader of the Yadavas, Lord Krsna. But, they were in no time engulfed in ceaseless waves like arrows discharged by the latter. However, Lord Krsna caused a noisy and violent atmosphere in the battle-field.122 In such violent atmosphere, all demon-enemies protected by Siva, found no other resort than Lord Krsna. 123 The poet continues to describe the battle scene between Lord Krsna and Lord Siva in the eighth canto also. Describing the brilliant form of Lord Krsna in battle-field, the poet enumerates that Lord Krsna who was endowed with His glorious disc, the Sudarsana, was appearing most resplendent. He held His Sarnga bow prepared to discharge the arrows. At that time, Krsna blew His Pancajanya conch. As Lord Krsna shone with His brilliant black complexion like that of water-laiden clouds, the glorious Nandaka sword held by Him sparkled like the lightning in a heap of black clouds." 124 120. iti satyalanghitajano'tra tanayamativelavismayat | vyahrtavacanamavagamayattamimam puranapurusah puradvisam || (VII. 55) 121. utkarmukau kanakanirmitavarmavitau nirmuktabananikarau dyutimadadhate | sandhyambudaviva nirantaravrstimantavulkasataih suradhanussakalakulau tau || (VII. 67 ) 122. dhvanatam gabhiramabhitah prasarpatamupari sriya samabhisisriye harih | bahupatpalasasayano mahiyasi pralaye mahabdhipayasamivocchraye || (VII. 70) 123. yudhyadhyamadya pura eva harasya yuyamityattajalpamasura ditijesvarena | ajnapitah paramapalitapalanaya pratyudyayurvibhumaho yudhi yadavanam || (VII.69) 124. nandojjvalito reje kiritangadakundalaih | yun faylaohcal yarnakarge: || (VIII.5)
151 Those who perceived Lord Krsna, the very form of divine splendour, felt themselves blessed. Such glorious Lord Krsna was appeared as the friend to the Yadavas, God of death to the demons, Great leader to the gods, the Highest Brahman to the ordinary people and as the Supreme Person to the sages. 125 In contrast to this, Bana's army loked like a river-belt encircled by tremulous trees on the either sides. It means, his army appeared much frightened and had lost the sense of duty to be attended to at appropriate moment.126 Within a moment, just as the rivers mingle and disappear in the sea, all enemies lost their existence being overpowered by Krsna's brilliant sharp arrows. 127 The horse-limb of Bana's army had reached a pitiable condition.128 A heap of the dust arising from wheels of the chariots, veiled elephant's temples exuding ichor in rut. The dreadful swords of the enemies were shaking out of fear. 130 The wounded heads of the enemies were wetted in blood. 131 129 125. suhrdam yadava mrtyumasurah svaminam surah | prakrtah krsnamisanam menire munayah param || (VIII. 8) 126. pasya banambuvahinyo bhirutiradrumadruhah | vyakulam banavahinya apatantyapaga iva || (VIII. 10) 127. ativelojjvalairastrairabhibhuta ivormibhih | astam gacchanti casmasu prayasah sagaresviva || (VIII. 11) 128. aksata khuraviksepaih ksitirasparsanadiva | aho laghavametesamasvanam patatamiva || (VIII. 12) 129. rathanganemipistanam haimanam dhuliradhvanam | vayuna kumbhikumbhesu madardresupabadhyate || (VIII. 13) 130. atipatitakalanamahampurvikaya yudhi | karaladhara yaudhanamuddhuyante mahasayah || (VIII. 14) 131. ami prthutarakara madasikarasitalah | sinduranikasasnigdhavidyudadiptamastakah || (VIII. 15 )
152 132 Having found the mournful condition of Bana's army, the minister Kumbhanda disuaded Bana from his marching to the battle-field, as it was dangerous time.- Moreover, Banasura who had become more haughty by his riches, by the support of Lord Siva, Parvati, Guha and by the intoxication of his youthful stage, was not in a position to descriminate the things before him.133 Addressing to Pradyumna, Lord Krsna further said: "During His Nrsimha incarnation, the belly of demon-king Hiranyakasipu was torn opened by Me. Yet his son, Prahlada was ardent devotee. 134 Again during Vamana incarnation of Mine, Bali though a grandson of Prahlada, could not obtain heaven, but placing My foot on his head, I thrusted him down to Patala. And, now however it is no task for Me to defeat Bali's son, Banasura possesses of a thousand arms. " 135 Continuing His speech Krsna said thus "the Sakti weapon of Sanmukha is not at all dreadful to us. Besides, Siva now is not in a position to protect his devotee Banasura. For, the glory of Siva with the help of which he attacks, is due to Me only. 136 Hence, such army of Bana 132. krtagasamimam dhiman dharmatatvapariksaya | nivarayati kumbhando nunam banam ranarthinam || (VIII. 17) 133. aisvaryadapratikaradviryadaryasutesayoh | tarunyaccaparaddrvapto na vijanatyupasthitam || (VIII. 18) 134. avatarantare yasya nirabhedi nakhairurah | hiranyakasipostasya prahlado matparah sutah || (VIII. 19) 135. tasya pautro balih svarganna canyenapa vicyutim | sahasrabahostatsunoh sukaro me parabhavah || (VIII. 20 ) 136. panina vidhrta ma bhucchaktih pranabhrta yatha | atyasankapadam naikajanmanah sarajanmanah || avijitya harah satrun bhaktam na tratumarhati | apakriyayam casmasu kimaisvaryam mahesvare || (VIII. 21-22)
153 would disappear in no time being hit by scorching heat of the flames of arrows discharged, just like a piece of ice disappears by the Sun's rays. 137 Being much boosted up by Lord Krsna, Pradyumna got his steadiness broke open and having seen the enemy army, he spoke in great rage 138 : "O Lord Krsna, you are the very form of the bliss. All soldiers around us are curious to know about Your unsurpassable glory. O Lord, you are the ultimate cause of creation and dissolution of the universe. This is the work of Your mere will power. In such case, does Your will power remain unfunctioned in vanquishing Bana ? It is never. (VIII.30-31) O Lord, Your divine power is increased by the addition of that of Your elder brother Balarama, who is an incarnation of Adisesa whose venomous breath in wrath through his thousand mouths reduces the world to ashes. 139 This Balarama in anger, becomes like an intoxicated elephant, fierceful like a lion, deep-hearted like the Ocean and burning like fire in the summer season. 140 Balarama even not being influenced by wrath, can destroy the enemies with ease, just as Davagni burns a heap of dry grass. O God, a person though possessing little knowledge of discrimination, if remains in the company of your devotees, would secure 141 137. bhasura samaranarthya sasurasca varanaya | yanaravaparasatya kanarasamarasabha || seyam sena himaniva siryate suryarasmibhih | utpatatpradararcismannikaraprasarairitah || ( VIII. 25-26 ) 138. vigato vinayat pitroh samrambhatpriyasahasah | manyuna dipitah satrun viran viksyabravididam || (VIII. 28) 139. yasyocchvasastravatsarvamujjvalisyati rusyatah | sahasrasirasah so'yamanantastvadanantarah || (VIII.32) 140. matto gaja iva ksubdhah kruddhah simha ivaujasa | velabdhiriva gambhiro grismagririva tapanah || (VIII. 33 ) - 141 tadanarabhya samrambham sosayedesa vidvisah | durdaho nahi davagnerucchuskatrnasancayah || (VIII.34)
154 knowledge, devotion and all his mundane relations would perish. 142 O Lord, your obedient servant Garuda, who can achieve impossible things, would make Bana's army including Siva flee away. 144 143 The battle-field though dreadful does not cause any fear in me, by the grace of you two i.e. Lord Krsna and Balarama. I certainly destroy the army of Bana with my sharp arrows. O Lord Krsna who else in the three worlds can stand before me in fight? None. Although, being afraid of us, Bana were to give back our son, Aniruddha, I would not let Bana free. 145 As Bana has bound my son Aniruddha by faul means, he is unfit to be pardoned. 146 If Siva protects such wicked and deceitful demon, then Bana's offence will cling to Siva; and in such case, I will attack Siva too.147 I do not care for Skanda, a son of Lord Siva and Banasura possessing thousand arms, in the battle-field. 1 Such agitated Pradyumna was cooled down by Krsna. At that moment, all enemy-soldiers including the attendants of Siva began discharging against Balarama, Krsna and Pradyumna. It caused 142. pumsamalpavivekanam deva tvatsevisanginam | satvadayah prakasante prasamyanti bhavadayah || (VIII.35) 143. garudatmanamatmasau kinkaro'tibaleritah | sune senannate'sadhyam kim karoti bale'ritah || (VIII. 36 ) 144. avicchinnorusamgrame bahuso bahuvairini | edhitam madhure dhamni bhayam na sprsatiha mam || ayamadya prasadadvamekah sampadayamyaham | nirasunasuran sarvamstvaraya nisitaih saraih || (VIII. 37-38) 145. ruddhadvaran puratsamna pratyudgamyasuresvarah | yadi dasyati nah putramapi sandhirna sampade || (VIII. 40) 146. suptasyantah puracyauryam yuddhe trijayinah punah | balasyasivisairbandho mayayeti ksamatra ka || (VIII. 41 ) 147. api visvesamisanamanvitamamarasuraih | pratyayatpratyavasthane yuddhaya vijayotsukam || (VIII. 42) 148. purnayoh karnayostulyam sankusampatasankibhih | badhiraih sankhasabdena viksito visvato'khilaih || (VIII. 4 )
155 151 terrifying atmosphere in the battle-field. The arrows shot by the armies. on the both sides, appeared like birds flying in the sky. 149 Then being forcibly pierced by the arrows, the enemy-soldiers became distitute of power like the birds with the wings cut off. At that time, Lord Krsna discharged the arrows at enemies. 150 As a result, the enemies in the battle-field being hit by the well known weapons like Kaumodaki, Nandaka of Lord Krsna, were wetted in blood, some fell in swoon, and some were disposed of their lives (VIII. 54-58). Moreover, infallible plough of Balarama hurled on the enemies, made their heads roll down to the ground. Then, Pradyumna was wonderstruct to see Krsna's display of His weapons. For, enemies were pained, wounded, handicapped, and killed in the battle-field. Thus, the land of Sonitapura appeared as if besmeared with the blood. 152 Thus in the fierceful atmosphere of the battle-field, the blood was flowing, and it appeared like a river. And, in this river of blood, the tremulous eyes in the faces cut off, were seen like fishes. The arms of the soldiers detached from their bodies were looked like crocodiles. The faces wetted in blood appeared like lotuses. The hair were seen as moss along the river-bed; and in such flow of blood, the chariots were looked like the boats floating on the river surface. 153 Lord Siva saw this acute condition of Bana's army, and showed 149. yaudhamukhya balattasmanniriyustarasa khagah | vanadakulitodvigna gaganadiva paksinah || (VIII.49) 150. tatah sarngadharasturnam sayakanvyasrjaccharan | visayesvindriyaniva mahayogesvaro'risu || (VIII. 51 ) 151. gandasailaghanonmurdho nispimsan musali halam | prahinodahitangesu prthusvasuvikarsanam || (VIII. 59 ) 152. sonitapuranaragitarorvi vairividaranakaranabhutaih | sonitapuranaragitarorvibhartrpatatribhiratra babhuva || (VIII. 68) 153. netrairdirghervijitasapharivibhramaih sambhramadbhih bahugrahe vadanakamale kesasaivalamale | raktaughe'smin saridupamite sandramastiskapanke mandam mandam dadhurudupatam syandanah syandamanah || (VIII.69)
156 his agitated prowess before Krsna. Both Siva and Krsna started once again discharging the arrows at each other. This fight between Siva and Krsna was witnessed by the demigods, Siddhas, divine sage Narada etc. Being filled with anxiety, these divine-beings earnestly asked both Lord Siva and Lord Krsna for stopping the fight causing much destruction to the world. 154 Then in order to put an end to the fight, and to silence the dreadful form of Siva, Lord Krsna discharged Jrmbhana missile at him. 155 As a result, vehemence of fighting in the minds of demon-enemies and of Siva disappeared. All enemies fell infatuated. 156 Banasura then came to know about the defeat of his army, and therefore rushed to the battlefield in great anger. But, Lord Krsna cut off Bana's thousand arms by His Sudarsana disc. 157 All gods then proclaimed the words of Krsna's victory, and they showered on Him the heavenly flowers as a token of honour. Seeing Bana with his arms lopped off, Lord Siva took compassion on him, approached Lord Krsna and requested Him thus: O Lord, it is indeed a worthy act to lop off the arms of Bana. Just as a goad to the elephant, so too, punishment to the wicked souls is quite necessary to remove their haughtiness. 158 O Lord, this demon Bana is My beloved devotee; I have given him an assurance of my protection. Hence, I beg you to forgive him and to extend Your favour to him. 159 154. vaksassthalaksmipriya paksiketo daksayanimi srasarira sanbho | prasidatam samharatam viharam viksobhikaya jagatah svasakteh || (VIII. 82) 155. ittham munindrairmahito mukundo mahanmahimna ramamana ajau | sajrmbhanastraprahitoruviryam mumoca banam haramohanaya || (VIII. 85) 156. dhvastarasaparasuratah samudayalilasa tatra saparasuratah mohamayanmanasibhavadvesi tasmatprabhamayanmanasibhavah || (VIII. 87) 157. sahasramasmadbrhatam bhujanam prthakkrtam cakrabhrta babhuva | vatyahatantena yatha yuganam mahadrisrngadrumasannipatah || (VIII.90) 158. satyam prabho prakharamudgarakarkaranam dosnam nikartanamavarnaratasya sadhu | dandena mardavamasatsu samarthayante santo matangabhuvi matta ivankusena || (IX.9) 159. dattabhayo'yamasurah saparigraho me palyah sa karanavasat sadayam tavatah | bhrtyesu sistiravadhena vidhanayogya tatksamyatam yadaparadhamanena mohat || (IX.10)
157 However Lord Krsna pleased at Siva. He withdrew His disc and said to him: "O dearer to the devotees, as per your will, I assure that Bana will henceforward have nothing to fear from any quarter. He will be the foremost among your attendants. 160 Thus ended the description of the battle-scene. In fine, Trivikrama Pandita has described the dreadful and loathsome pictures of the battle-field through a flow of Raudra and Bhayanaka sentiments. Besides, in the description of the battle-scene, direct fight between Lord Krsna and Banasura is briefly given at the end of the eighth canto in two stanzas only; while the fight between Siva and Krsna is explained in detail. Therefore it appears rather imbalanced way of presentation. As Banasura is the main target in the battle, his fight with Krsna should have been described in detail. Despite this, since Lord Siva has borne entire responsibility of guarding Banasura and his city, he had to play a major role in the battle-field. And, when Lord Siva, the direct and principal guardian of Bana, has submitted himself to Lord Krsna, then what to say about the defeat of Bana ! It is obvious that Bana guarded by Siva is defeated as well. With this view in mind, the poet has given very less scope for the description of fight between Krsna and Bana, and suggested the defeat of the latter in only two verses. Hence wider scope given for the description of fight between Siva and Krsna is no doubt significant. * 160. tadbhaktavatsala bhavedbhavadagrahena nirbhitiresa tava bhutavarah prabhutah | sreyasvinam prthugunah prathame prathantam te'pyasmadihitamidam bahumanvate ye || (IX. 12)