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Kalhana like the other poets describes and enlists various musical instruments in comparison with nature, warfare, aesthetics etc. The poet in his curiosity could count twelve hundred small drums such as are carried by Svapakas.

223 atha virurudhuste samnaddha balairnrpamandiram vyavahitajanakrandam bheriravairatibhairavaih | madakarighatoketucchayaniruddhaviprabha bhavanavalabhih samtanvanto divapi tamovrttah || Rajatarangini (I, 366) "They united with their forces, drowning the wails of the people with the terrible sound of their kettle-drums. Checking the rays of the sun with the shade of the standards (carried) on their elephant hosts, they kept the palace-roofs enveloped by darkness though it was daytime". The poet describes the effects of the violent beatings of the drums graphically. uccandaladanadandoghrstaughantaughatamkrtaih candairdamarunirghosai rdhardharam srutavandhavanim | udghatitatamorih sa tatah pitrvavanau dadarsa yoginistejah parivesantarasthitah || Raja-tarangini (II, 99-100) "On hearing a terrific noise produced by the ringing of many bells struck with big clappers and by the violent beating of drum, he opened the window and saw on the burial ground witches enveloped by a halo of light". The sound of war drums of a particular hero was just enough to subjugate enemies. vinihsarajjanataya bhayadganarbhavivamucan | dvisam vasatayo yasya nisamyaskanda dundubhim || Rajatarangini (IV, 129) "At the sound of the drums beaten in attack, the dwellings of his enemies were deserted by the (frightened) inhabitants, and thus resembled women dropping in fright the burden of their wombs". The music from Vallaki is said here to be harsh for those who do not have taste for music. lingapithaluthatsnanakumbhambhah ksobhamurdhvanih | sayanasyapyabhuttasya vallabho vallakidvisah || Rajatarangini (II-126) To him who hated the (music) of flutes, the noise produced by the water poured from pitchers and flowing round the base (pitha) of a linga, was dear even in his sleep.

224 The Sounds of Drums are compared with the roaring of the Elephants. vanakarirasitaih pade pade sa pratibhatatam patahadhvanerdadhanaih | amanuta ratitaisca rkak啷媡oh parigalitam gamanonmukhasriyamam || Rajatarangini (II-168) Fager to move on, he knew that the might had vanished (when he heard) on all sides the cries of the crane and the roars of the wildelephants, which resembled the noise of drums. We also have reference to martial music. tasminnavasare rajakulabhatta samayayau | turyaghosairdvisam sainyam bhindannanandayannijam || Raja-tarangini (VI-246) At that moment throne arrived Rajakula bhatta, scattering the enemy's force by the sound of his martial music, and delighting his own side. sasihamnadairuddamairbheri bhakaranirbharaih | balairbharitadikkosah sussalah pravisatpuram || Rajatarangini (VIII 953) In all directions the ground was covered by his wide-spreading forces sluting war cries, and accompanied by the music at kettledrums. Thus Sussala entered the city. nadatah svabaladvadyam tumulam srrnvatonmisam | prthviharenaganyanta vadyabhandani kautukat || hitva bhuryatha turyadi paricchetum sa kautuki | svapakadundubhibhandasatani dvadasasakat || Rajatarangini (VIII- 1080) & (VIII - 1081 ) Prthvihara, on hearing the noisy music, which rose from his shouting army, counted from curiosity of the musical instruments. Apart from the numerious kettledrums (Turya) and other Big Instruments, he could in his curiosity, count twelve hundred small drums such as are carried by Svapakas.

225 ityasam bhramayamasa patahodghosanaih pure | sasirdhosastatah paurastatrarajyanta sarvatah || Rajatarangini (VIII-1379) The king's troops circulated the city under the beating of drums. The troops themselves vain in hardships, returned back, which were being sent out, by the orders of the King. bhurituryadinirghosairnirnidrah kottavasinah | krta rajocitakalpamapasyannatha lothanam || Rajatarangini (VIII-1826) When then the inabitants of the castle were roused from sleep by the sound o the Kettledrums and other musical instruments, they saw before them Lothana with the ornaments sit for a king. As for funeral music there is a reference in the eighth sarga. virarama tada dese na muhartamapi kvacit | bandhavakrandatumulam pretavadyamaharnisam || Raja-tarangini (VIII-1907) Day and night there did not cease at that time anywhere in the land, even for a moment, the tumultous wailings of relaties and funeral music.