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Musical instruments in Non-Kavya works, Historical and Katha literature.鈥擱eferences to Musical Instruments are also found in Non-Kavya works, Historical and Katha literature. One work from each of these fields is chosen for illustration. Kautilya's Arthasastra, Kalhana's Rajatarangini and Somadeva's Kathasaritsagara are chosen for this purpose. 3.11.1 Kautilya's Arthashastra Kautilya while describing the various forms of professionals does not fail to mention the musicians and dancers, in his immortal Arthasastra. The Arthasastra describes the artisans such as Vadaka, Gayana and professionals such as actors, dancers, singers and players on musical instruments, buffoons, and a bard. nata-nartaka - gayana-vadaka - vagjivana - kusilava - plavaka - saubikacarana ..... | Arthasastra (2.27.25) & (1.12.9) Everyone shall supply information to the superintendent as to the amount of her daily fees (bhoga), her future income (ayati), and the paramour (under her influence). The same rules shall apply to an actor, dancer, singer, player on musical instruments, a buffoon (vagjivana), a mimic player (kusilava), ropedancer (plavaka), a juggler (saubhika), a wandering bard or herald (carana), pimps, and unchaste women.

A bard or Singer who sings praise is described as Sutamagadha karmantika naimittika mauhurtika pauranika sutamagadhah purohita purusah sarva adhyaksa ca sahasrah 220 Arthashastra (5.3.13) The superintendent of manufactories, the foreteller, the reader of omens, the astrologer, the reader of Puranas, the storyteller, the bard, the retinue of the priest, and all superintendents of departments shall receive their share of remuneration in thousands. The Musician is refered as Kusilava and a Trumpter as Turyakara. kusilavastvardhatrtiyasatah dvigunavetanacaesam turyakarah Arthasastra (5.3.15) Musicians shall receive three-fold, while, the trumpet-blowers shall get twice as much wages as others. A detailed list of artisans those will be under the maintenance of the state that includes musicians, dancers, instrumentalists, actors and others are given in the following verse. gita vadya pathya nrtya natya aksara citra vina venu mrdanga paracitta jnana gandhamalya samyuhana samvadana samvahana vaisika kala jnanani ganika dasi ranga upajivinisaca grahayato raja mandaladajivam kuryat Artha-sastra (2.27.28) Those who teach, prostitutes, female slaves, and actresses, those who are practicing singing, playing on musical instruments, reading, dancing, acting, writing, painting, playing on the instruments like Vina, Venu and Mrdanga, reading the thoughts of others, manufacture of scents and garlands, shampooing, and the art of attracting and captivating the mind of others shall be endowed with maintenance from the State.

221 The sound of the Sankha and Dundubhi drum is used as a signal. taskara amitra abhyagame sankhadundubhi sabdam agrahyah kuryuh saila vrksadhirudhavasighra vahana va Arthasastra (2.34.10) Hunters with their hounds shall reconnoitre forests. At the approach of thieves or enemies, they shall so hide themselves by ascending trees or mountains as to escape from the thieves, and blow conch-shells or beat drums. Dundubhi drum and Sankha tatastadvyanjanah pramatta vadhamavaskanda pratigraham abhipraharanam prsthatah sankha dundubhi sabdena va pravistam ityavedayeyuh Arthasastra (13.3.46) Then spies, disguised as priests, may announce to the enemy, blowing their conch shells and beating their drums, that a besieging army, eager to destroy all, and armed with weapons, is coming closely behind them. Dundubhi sadundubhim ulkam ca parasya naksatre darsayeyuh Artha-shastra (13.1.10) The men, who are soothsayers to the king, should not only attribute the contrary to his enemy, but also show to the enemy's people the shower of firebrand (ulka) with the noise of drums (from the sky) on the day of the birth-star of the enemy.

222 References on Turya - Musical Instruments turya sabde rajno grha abhyasa pada panam aksana tadanam prathama pascimayamikam madhyama yamikam dvigunam antascaturgunam Arthasastra (2.36.35) The trumpet having been sounded, whoever moves in the vicinity of royal buildings during the first or the last Yama of the period shall be punished with a fine of one pana and a quarter; and during the middlemost Yama, with double the above fine; and whoever moves outside (the royal buildings or the fort) shall be punished with four times the above fine. visannalikam ubhayatoratram yama turyam Arthashastra (2.36.34) Six nalikas before the dawn shall be the period when a trumpet shall be sounded prohibiting the movement of the people. sasthe turya ghosena pratibuddhah sastram itikartavyatam ca cintayet Arthashastra (1.19.21) The King having been awakened by the sound of trumpets during the sixth part, he shall recall to his mind the injunctions of sciences as well as the day's duties.