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碍补耻峁璱濒测补 mentioned that kingship is possible only with the aid of assistants. Among the assistants ministers are very important aid. A single wheel of a chariot can not work. In the same manner king should appoint minister.

Sage Manu also says in this context鈥�

鈥渁pi yat 蝉耻办补谤补峁� karma tadapyekena du峁�karam |
vi艣e峁�ato'sah膩yena kimu (ki峁� tu) 谤腻箩测补峁� mahodayam || 7. 55 ||^[1]

鈥楨ven an undertaking easy (in itself) is (some times) hard to be accomplished by a single man, how much (harder is it for a king) especially (if he has) no assistant (to govern), a prosperous kingdom.^[2]

鈥淭he term 鈥�mahodaya [mahodayam]鈥� means 鈥渁 kingdom yielding great revenue鈥�. It appears to us, however, that the sense which has been sought to be conveyed here is this; governing a prosperous kingdom is really a difficult task. Good administration of a prosperous kingdom requires really capable and intelligent leadership which must be reinforced by worthy counsels and devoted assistants鈥�.^[3]

It is very appropriately said by 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 that鈥攔ulership can be successfully carried out (only) with the help of associates. One wheel alone does not turn. Therefore, king should appoint ministers and listen to their opinion.

The king should select a number of ministers for the efficient running of administration. Manu discussed the quality of 补尘腻迟测补.

He 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥渕aul膩n 艣膩stravida岣� 艣奴r膩n lavdhalak峁�y膩n kulodgat膩n |
蝉补肠颈惫腻苍 sapta c膩峁ａ弓au v膩 prakurv墨ta par墨k峁�it膩n ||鈥�7. 54 ||^[4]

鈥淟et him appoint seven or eight ministers whose ancestors have been royal servants who are versed in the sciences heroes skilled in the use of weapons and descended from (noble) families and who have been tried.鈥�^[5]

Commentator 碍耻濒濒奴办补bha峁�峁璦 says in his commentary of above 艣濒辞办补鈥�

鈥榤aul膩n pit峁沺it膩mahakrame峁嘺 sevak膩n, te峁Ｄ乵api droh膩din膩 vyabhic膩r膩da, 诲峁涐梗峁�膩d峁涐梗峁�膩r迟丑补 艣膩straj帽膩n vikr膩nt膩n lavdhalak峁�y膩n lak峁�y膩dapracyuta 艣ar墨ra艣aly膩d墨n 膩yudhavida ityartha岣�, vi艣uddhakula产丑补惫腻n devat膩spar艣膩di niyat膩n补尘腻迟测补n sapt膩峁ａ弓au v膩 mantr膩dau kurv墨ta |鈥�

And commentator 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥榩it峁沺it膩mah膩nvay膩gat膩 vahusutadhanav膩ndhav膩岣� praka峁璦gobh奴midhan膩stadde艣av膩sino 尘补耻濒腻岣�m奴la峁� 辫谤补迟颈峁ａ弓丑腻 tatra 产丑补惫腻 尘补耻濒腻岣� | 艣膩stravida岣� 艣腻蝉迟谤补峁� 艣腻蝉补苍补峁� bh峁泃yavidhij帽膩na峁� ten膩nye'pi 驳耻峁嚹佱弗 g峁沨yante | tadyath膩鈥�辫谤腻箩帽补岣� d峁涐笉hak膩r墨 dh膩rayi峁ａ箛urdak峁�a岣� 惫腻驳尘墨 辫谤补惫补濒补岣� pratipattim膩n uts膩haprabh膩vayukka岣� kle艣asaha岣� 艣ucird膩na艣墨la岣� yogyasattvayuktastambhac膩palah墨na岣� priyo vair膩峁嚹乵akarteti | 艣奴ra艣avdena r膩jak膩rye 艣ar墨rakalatr膩patyadhan膩di峁�vapi 苍颈谤补辫别办峁�a ucyate | tath膩 mara峁噀'产丑墨谤耻岣� yuddhots膩h墨 ekaeva paribhavabhay膩dvahabhirvirudhyate | d峁涐笉haprah膩r墨 valav膩n | lavdhalak峁Ｄ佱弗 parid峁涐梗峁璦karmat膩 mananoh膩岣� d峁涐梗峁璦kha岣峠a vy膩p膩r膩岣� k峁泃膩rth膩dhik膩r膩岣� 膩nubh奴tamantribh奴maya岣� | kulodgat膩n kul膩峁卥u艣anig峁沨墨t膩 hyak膩rye na vartante | 蝉补肠颈惫腻苍 sah膩y膩n | nityamete r膩j帽a岣� p膩r艣avartino bhaveyu岣� | sapta鈥攙膩峁ａ弓au v膩 niyamo'ya峁� yena c膩lpa ekacitt膩 bhavanti | tata艣ca r膩jamantrodgh膩峁璦ka岣� sy膩t vahun膩mapi mantrabheda岣� | tasm膩det膩vanta eva 办补谤迟补惫测腻岣� | supar墨k峁�it膩n dharm膩rthak膩mabhayopadh膩bhi岣� 蝉别测补峁� par墨k峁�ocyate | pur墨hita岣� svalpak膩rye r膩j帽膩 vy膩jen膩dhik峁�ipta岣� vahun膩rthasampad膩nen膩ptapuru峁�airekaikam补尘腻迟测补mupajayet r膩javin膩艣aya | etacca 蝉补谤惫补峁� mantrimyo rocate | atha 办补迟丑补峁� bhavata iti, pratyakhy膩te arthopadh膩艣uddha岣� | parivr膩jik膩nta岣�pure lavdhavi艣v膩s膩 ekekam补尘腻迟测补m奴pajeyata s膩 r膩jamahi峁Ｄ� bhavanta峁� k膩mayate k峁泃asam膩gamop膩yeti | pratyakhy膩ne k膩mopadh膩艣uddha岣� | r膩japrayukt膩eva kecit 辫耻谤耻峁Ｄ佱弗 pram膩dam膩vi峁�kuryyu岣� k峁泃asamayair补尘腻迟测补i 谤腻箩腻 hanyata iti | upalavdhapram膩da岣� purohitasy膩pta岣� ka艣cidam膩tye峁�u 尘补苍迟谤补峁� 艣r膩vayet | ima峁� prav膩damupa艣rutya bhavat膩峁� nigraho r膩j帽膩 kriyata iti te峁Ｄ乵eva c膩nyatama岣� p奴rvameva k峁泃asa峁僾itka岣� pratyeka峁� r膩j帽膩m膩tye峁Ｅ玹s膩hayet | tatra ye pratyacak峁�ate te bhayopadh膩艣uddh膩岣� | athav膩 mail膩st膩vat kuryy膩darthapram膩da鈥攌art峁泂annidh膩t峁漬 ye 补谤迟丑补峁� gr膩mebhya岣� sam膩haranti sam膩h峁泃a帽ca rak峁�anti viniyu帽jate ca sarvath膩rtha vyavah膩ri峁噊 尘补耻濒腻岣� 办补谤迟补惫测腻 颈迟测耻办迟补峁� bhavati | 艣膩stravido vuddhisaciv膩 mantri峁嘺岣� | 艣奴r膩n val膩dhyak峁Ｄ乶 | 艣avdalak峁Ｄ乶ityadi sarve峁Ｄ佱箖 vi艣e峁�a峁嘺mekaikasya | samuditapar墨k峁Ｄ� ca yokt膩 r膩javi峁�ay膩 谤腻箩腻m膩tye峁Ｅ玹s膩hanamiti s膩 na yukteti manyante | e峁�a eva hi vuddhibhedo bhaved补尘腻迟测补n膩m | tasm膩dany膩 k膩cit 蝉迟谤墨 蝉腻诲丑惫墨 prayojy膩 anya艣ca vin膩艣膩vi峁�aya ud膩h膩rya岣� |鈥�

鈥湶驯鸹宄竽宄倬背俪缶� Points out that the restriction to a small number makes unity possible. In case of a greater number it is difficult to obtain unanimity on a aparticular issue鈥� The appointment of a prime minister has not been mentioned by Manu. It is worthy of notice that pedigree is one important point for consideration at the time of selection of ministers. The expression 鈥�尘补耻濒腻帽鈥� and 鈥�碍耻濒辞诲驳补迟腻苍鈥� should be studied in this light鈥�.^[6]

Here 碍耻濒濒奴办补 interprets the word 鈥�濒补产诲丑补濒补办峁Ｄ乶鈥� as skilled in the use of weapons鈥�^[7]. 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 and 骋辞惫颈苍诲补谤腻箩补 interpret that as 鈥渢hose who do not fail in their undertakings.鈥�^[8]

笔补谤墨办峁�i迟腻苍 or 厂耻辫补谤墨办峁�i迟腻苍 means according to 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 鈥渨ho have been tried i.e., by tempting them in various ways鈥�^[9]. According to 骋辞惫颈苍诲补谤腻箩补鈥斺�渨ho have been examined by spies鈥�.^[10] 碍耻濒濒奴办补 叠丑补峁�峁�补 and R膩ghav膩nanda say that 鈥渨ho have been bound to fidelity by touching images of gods鈥� etc.^[11]

Manu says which subjects will be discussed by the king with the ministers.

鈥渢ai岣� s膩rdha峁� cintayen苍颈迟测补峁� 蝉腻尘腻苍测补峁� sandhivigraham |
蝉迟丑补苍补峁� 蝉补尘耻诲补测补峁� 驳耻辫迟颈峁� lavdhapra艣aman膩ni ca ||鈥�7.56 ||^[12]

鈥淟et him daily consider with them the ordinary (business referring to) peace and war, 厂迟丑腻苍补 (the four subjects, viz., the army, the treasury, the town and the kingdom), the sources of revenue (like fields mines etc.), the manner of protecting (himself and his kingdom) and the sanctification of his gains (by pious gifts)鈥�.^[13]

Here according to commentator 碍耻濒濒奴办补, Govindor膩ja, R膩ghav膩nanda and sarvaj帽an膩r膩yana 鈥�厂迟丑腻苍补鈥� means 鈥渢he army, the treasury, the town and the kingdom.鈥� According to Nandana 厂迟丑腻苍补 means 鈥榟alting鈥� (腻蝉补苍补).^[14]

Commentator 碍耻濒濒奴办补bha峁�峁璦 says about the commentary of this verse鈥�

鈥渢ai岣� sacivai saha 蝉腻尘腻苍测补峁� mantre峁�vagopan墨ya峁� sandhivigrah膩di tannir奴payet | tath膩 ti峁ａ弓atyaneneti s测腻苍补峁� da峁囜笉apo峁�a峁嘺ko峁�apurar膩峁ａ弓r膩tmaka峁� 肠补迟耻谤惫颈诲丑补峁� cintayet | da峁囜笉yate'neneti da峁囜笉o hastyakharathapad膩taya岣�, te峁Ｄ佱箖 辫辞峁�a峁嘺峁� rak峁�a峁嚹乨i taccintayet | ko峁�o'narthanicaya岣� tasy膩yavy膩y膩di | purasya rak峁�a峁嚹乨i | 谤腻峁ａ弓谤补峁� 诲别艣补岣� | tadb膩simanu峁�yapakh膩didh膩ra峁嘺k峁�amatv膩di cintayet | tath膩 samudayantutpadyante asm膩darth膩 iti samudayo dh膩nyahira峁噛膩dutpatti蝉迟丑补苍补峁� tannir奴payet | tath膩 驳耻辫迟颈峁� rak峁Ｄ乵膩tmagat膩峁� r膩峁ａ弓ragat膩帽ca supar墨k峁�itamann膩dyamady膩t, 鈥減ar墨k峁�it膩岣� striya艣caivami鈥� tyadin膩tmarak峁�a峁嘺峁� 鈥渞膩峁ａ弓rasya sa峁僩rahe nityami鈥漷yadin膩 r膩峁ａ弓rarak峁Ｄ伱眂a vak峁�yati | lavdhasya ca dhanasya pra艣aman膩ni satp膩tre pratip膩dan膩d墨ni cintayettath膩 ca vak峁�yati鈥� 鈥渏itv膩 sampujayeddev膩ni鈥� tyadi |鈥�

Commentator 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 says in his commentary of this 艣濒辞办补鈥�

鈥渢airvuddhisacivaimurkhyair艣c膩rthadhik膩ribhi岣� saha 蝉腻尘腻苍测补峁� yann膩tirahasya taccintayet sandhivigraham, ki峁� 蝉补苍诲丑颈岣� samprati yuktoatha 惫颈驳谤补丑补岣� | ubhayatra gu峁嘺do峁Ｄ乶 vic膩rayet | ida峁� 办补谤迟补惫测腻vadh膩ra峁嘺ntu svavuddhy膩 kury膩t yath膩sya paraprayojyat膩 na bhavati | ida帽c膩para峁� cintayet 蝉迟丑补苍补峁� tac肠补迟耻谤惫颈诲丑补峁� da峁囜笉ako峁�apurar膩峁ａ弓r膩峁噄 | tatra da峁囜笉o hastyakharathapad膩taya岣� te峁Ｄ佱箖 pratikarma 辫辞峁�a峁嘺谤补办峁�a峁嚹乨颈 肠颈苍迟测补峁� pratikarma | na hyasam膩dh膩na峁� pradh膩na帽ca yath膩 ko艣asya hemarupyav膩hulya峁� pracurarupyat膩 膩yavyayalak峁�a峁嘺帽ca ko艣asya | tath膩 ny膩yasthan膩ni na vy膩yitavy膩ni na vilamvan墨y膩ni bh峁泃yan膩m | tath膩 r膩峁ａ弓rasya de艣apary膩yasya sv膩j墨va 膩nmasandh膩ra峁嘺峁� parasandh膩ra峁噀na nad墨b峁沰峁Ｄ佱弗 pa艣ava岣� 艣atrudve峁Ｄ乲r膩ntapr膩ya岣� guptigocara岣� pa艣um膩n adevam膩t峁沰a岣� 膩padi ca da峁囜笉akaragraha ityevam膩di | purasya vak峁�yati tasm膩d膩yadhasampannamiti | 膩thav膩 蝉迟丑补苍补峁� svade艣acc膩pracyavanam eva峁� samudayo'pi 肠颈苍迟测补岣� | tatra k峁涐梗irvrajagulmasthan膩ni v膩峁噄jyamuktada峁囜笉a ityevam膩di岣� | 驳耻辫迟颈峁� svar膩峁ａ弓ragat膩峁� vak峁�yati | labdhapra艣amana帽ca devat膩sama峁� vidy膩vat膩峁� dh膩rmik膩峁嚹伱眂a m膩nad膩natyag膩yoga岣� 膩bidy膩n膩帽c膩bhyanuj帽膩na峁� sarvavandhanamok峁�a岣� | anugraho d墨navyadhit膩n膩m utsav膩n膩帽c膩p奴rv膩峁嚹佱箖 辫谤补惫补谤迟补苍补峁� prav峁泃t膩n膩manuv峁泃ti岣� | yacca ko艣ada峁囜笉op膩dhikamadh膩rmikacaritra峁� tadapan墨ya dharmavyavah膩r膩n sthapayet | adharmac膩rikramak峁泃amanyasya 办峁泃补峁� v膩nyai岣� pravartayet na v膩 dharmak峁泃a帽c膩nyairnibartayediti | eva峁� sthan膩d墨ni cinty膩ni | 鈥渢e峁Ｄ佱箖 sva峁� svamabhipr膩yamupalabhya 辫峁泃丑补办 辫峁泃丑补办 | samast膩n膩帽ca k膩rye峁�u vidadhy膩d hitam膩tmana岣� ||鈥� 7.57 ||^[15]

鈥淗aving (first) ascertained the opinion of each (minister) separately and (then the views) of all together let him do what is (most) beneficial for him in his affairs.鈥�^[16]

King should know the opinion of each minister separately and of all together because some persons who can not express their expression among many people. Again some persons are able to express their sharp intellect among all.

In this context commentator 碍耻濒濒奴办补bha峁�峁璦 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥渢e峁Ｄ佱箖 蝉补肠颈惫腻苍膩峁� rahasi ni峁�pratipak峁�atay膩 h峁沝ayagatabh膩vaj帽膩nasam产丑补惫腻t pratyekamabhipr膩ya峁� samast膩n膩mapi yugapadabhipr膩ya峁� 产耻诲诲丑腻 k膩rye峁�u yad膩tmano 丑颈迟补峁� tat kury膩t鈥� |

According to 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈鈥�

鈥渢e峁Ｄ佱箖 辫峁泃丑补办 p峁泃hagekaikasya rahasyabhipr膩ya峁� h峁沝ayani丑颈迟补峁� bh膩vamupalabhya samast膩n膩峁� sa峁僪at膩n膩峁� yat 办腻谤补峁嘺峁� 办补艣肠颈迟 辫耻谤耻峁�a岣� pari峁�adi apratibh膩nav膩n bhavati rahasi 辫谤补驳补濒产丑补岣� 办补艣肠颈迟 pari峁�ady膩s膩ditapraj帽a岣� tata艣ca t膩n samast膩n p峁沜chet | 迟补迟补岣� svaya峁� yadyukkatara峁� hitam膩tmane sadvyavasyedvidadhy膩t | tat 辫谤腻尘腻峁噛补峁� te峁Ｄ乵ev膩nyatamenopadi峁ａ弓a峁� v膩 yadapratyan墨ka峁� nirdo峁�a帽ca |鈥�

鈥業t is worthy of notice that the king must have at least one 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 minister and that this minister should be in charge of external affairs. It is implied, therefore, that this minister occupies a status more important than all other ministers鈥�.^[17]

Manu 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥渟arve峁Ｄ乶tu vi艣i峁ａ弓ena br膩hma峁噀na vipa艣cit膩 | mantrayet 辫补谤补尘补峁� 尘补苍迟谤补峁� 谤腻箩腻 峁Ｄ佱笉gu峁噛asa峁儁utam ||鈥� 7.58 ||^[18]

鈥淏ut with the most distinguished among them all, a learned 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺, let the king deliberate on the most important affairs which relate to the six measures of royal policy鈥�.^[19]

The six measures of royal policy are:

1) treaty, (sandhi),
2) war (vigraha),
3) marching (测腻苍补),
4) halting (腻蝉补苍补),
5) double dealing (诲惫补颈诲丑墨产丑腻产补),
6) seeking protection (蝉补峁兣况补测补).

鈥�苍颈迟测补峁� tasmin sam膩艣vasta岣� sarvak膩ry膩峁噄 ni岣�k峁�ipet |
tena s膩rddha峁� vini艣citya 迟补迟补岣� karma sam膩rabhet ||鈥�7.59 ||^[20]

Let him, full of confidence, always entrust to that (official) all business, having taken his final resolution with him, let him (afterwards) beging to act.鈥�^[21]

Beside this king should appoint some minister according to his necessity.

鈥渁n测腻苍补pi prakurv墨ta 艣uc墨n pr膩j帽膩navasthit膩n |
samyagartha sam膩hart峁漬补尘腻迟测补n supar墨k峁�it膩n ||鈥� 7.60 ||^[22]

鈥淗e must also appoint other ministers, (men) of integrity, (who are) wise, firm, well able to collect money, and are well-tried鈥�.^[23]

It has been said before that the number of ministers should be seven or eight; but the number may be increased.

So, Manu 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥渘irvartet膩sya y膩vadmiriti kartavyat膩 n峁沚hi岣�
t膩vato'tandrit膩n dak峁Ｄ乶 prakurv墨ta vicak峁�a峁嚹乶 ||鈥� 7. 61 ||^[24]

鈥淎s Many persons as the due performance of his business requires, so many skillful and clever (men), free from sloth, let him appoint.鈥�^[25]

碍补耻峁璱濒测补 points out that these additional ministers are executive ministers, they are to be appointed for the purpose of doing additional work.

Manu in 艣濒辞办补 no sixty two (62) mentions some of the works to be done by these additional ministers.

鈥渢e峁Ｄ乵arthe niju帽j墨ta 艣奴r膩n dak峁Ｄ乶 kulodgat膩n |
艣uc墨n膩karakarm膩nte bh墨r奴nantarnive艣ane ||鈥� 7.62 ||^[26]

鈥淎mong them let him employ the brave, the skilful, the high born, and the honest in (offices for the collection of) revenue, e.g., in mines, manufactures and store house, but the timid in the interior of his palace.鈥�^[27]

To save the kingdom king does not play tricks his ministers. In this content Manu 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥渁m膩yayaiva varteta na katha帽cana m膩yay膩 |鈥� 7.104 ||^[28]

Let him ever act without guil and on no account treacherously. In this context the commentary of 碍耻濒濒奴办补 is鈥�

鈥渕ayay膩 chadmatay膩 膩m膩tyadi峁�u na varteta | tath膩 sati sarve峁Ｄ乵avi艣vasan墨ya岣� sy膩t | dharmarak峁Ｄ乺tha峁� yath膩tattenaiva vyavaharet | yatnak峁泃墨tmapak峁�arak峁�a艣ca 艣atruk峁泃膩峁� prak峁泃ibhedar奴p膩峁� 尘腻测腻峁� c膩radv膩re峁嘺 j膩n墨y膩t鈥�

The commentary of 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 is鈥�

鈥�尘补测腻 chadma tena na varteta na ca paraprak峁泃墨raj帽膩tar奴p膩 upajayet | ari峁嚹乸rayukt膩帽ca 尘腻测腻峁� yath膩vadvudhyeta vuddhy膩 k峁泃vopaj膩pa峁� kury膩t | tatra k峁泃yapak峁�a艣caturvidha岣� kruddhaluvdhabh墨t膩vam膩nitai岣� | tatra yena 丑峁泃补峁� 艣补濒测补峁� ki帽cidupak膩ro v膩 诲补谤艣颈迟补岣� sa vipralabhyate pras膩dena niyojyate avamanyate v膩 tadarthe'pi tatsam膩na岣� 艣alyopak膩r墨 krudhyati n膩sy膩smad墨ya峁� 艣alyamupak膩ro vopayujyate, t膩d峁浥浤� 耻辫补箩腻辫补sah膩 bhavanti | tath膩 v膩llabhyenopag峁沨墨ta岣� pa艣c膩nm膩n膩dhik膩r膩bhy膩峁� 产丑谤补峁ａ弓补岣� prav膩sitavandhustadvallabha岣� prasabhamabhip奴jya 蝉惫墨办峁泃补岣� sakulyairantarhita岣� sarvasvam膩h膩ritastat sam膩nakarmavid yo'nya p奴jyate so'vadh墨ryyate ityevam膩di岣� 办谤耻诲诲丑补岣� | kenacit 办峁泃补峁� 辫补颈艣耻苍测补峁� tatsam膩nado峁�ebhyo da峁囜笉ina岣� tat sarv膩dhik膩rastha岣� sahayopap膩dit膩rtha ityadi luvdhavarga岣� 辫补谤颈办峁Ｄ�峁嚥贯�� kadaryo vyasanavahula ityadibh墨tavarga岣� | 腻迟尘补蝉补尘产丑腻惫颈迟补岣� 艣atrup奴j膩rcanarata岣� t墨k峁ａ箛as膩hasiko homen膩santu峁ａ弓a ityevam膩diravam膩nitavarga岣� | etat parasyopajapet 膩tmana艣ca rak峁�et |鈥�

The King is also careful about his ministers etc. 谤腻箩测腻峁単补 Manu 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥�苍腻蝉测补 肠丑颈诲谤补峁� paro vidy膩t vidy膩c肠丑颈诲谤补峁� parasya tu |
驳奴丑别迟 办奴谤尘补 iv膩峁単膩ni rak峁�edvivaram膩tmana岣� ||鈥� 7.105 ||^[29]

鈥淗is enemy must not know his weaknesses, but he must know the weaknesses of his enemy; as the tortoise (hides its limbs), even so let him secure the members (of his government against treachery), let him protect his own weak points.鈥�^[30]

鈥淢anu says that 鈥榯here may be occasions when the enemy king succeeds in creating dissension among his subjects. But the king should be careful enough to see through the 耻辫补箩腻辫补 of the enemy king and he must counteract the influence of his opponent by successful personal efforts. Inspite of his best endeavour to conceal dissatisfaction among some of his subjects the enemy might come to know of it through the instrumentality of his spies. But in case there is leakage of information it is his duty to see that he can undo the activities of the enemy in that direction鈥�.^[31]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhay, (Ed. & trans.): 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, p. 656.

[2]:

Ashokanath Shastri, (Ed. & trans.): 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 (7th chap.) pp. 69-70.

[3]:

ibid., p. 70.

[4]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 655.

[5]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op. cit., p. 67.

[6]:

ibid., p. 68.

[7]:

ibid., p. 69.

[8]:

loc. cit.

[9]:

loc. cit.

[10]:

loc. cit.

[11]:

loc. cit.

[12]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 657.

[13]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op. cit., pp. 70-71.

[14]:

ibid., p.71.

[15]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 658.

[16]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op. cit., p. 72.

[17]:

ibid., p. 73.

[18]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 658.

[19]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op. cit., p. 72.

[20]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 658.

[21]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op. cit., p. 73.

[22]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 659.

[23]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op. cit., p. 74.

[24]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 659.

[25]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op. cit., p. 75.

[26]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op. cit., p. 659.

[27]:

Ashokanath Shastri,: Op. cit., p. 76.

[28]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhay: Op. cit., p. 679.

[29]:

loc.cit.

[30]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op. cit., p. 122.

[31]:

loc.cit.; ^31a Ashokanath shastri: Op. cit., pp. 69-70