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碍补耻峁璱濒测补 gives his opinion about ambassador basing the conception of Manu and the commentators like Kull奴kabha峁�峁璦 and 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 etc. and he classified them basing there qualities which were discussed by Manu.

鈥淭here is a reference to the appointment of a 诲奴迟补 or an envoy, when a policy decision has been taken after consultation with ministers (1.16.1).

The 诲奴迟补 is not to be thought of as a permananent ambassador stationed at the court of a foreign prince, but as an envoy sent for placing the case of his state before the foreign prince with respect to some specific matter. According to the nature of his mission, the 诲奴迟补 may be 苍颈蝉峁涐梗峁�膩r迟丑补, envoy plenipotentiary, with full powers to negotiate with the foreign ruler, or 辫补谤颈尘颈迟腻谤迟丑补, envoy with a limited mission with powers to negotiate only up to a certain limit, or 艣腻蝉补苍补丑补谤补, the mere bearer of a message from his state (1.16.2-4).

It may be assumed that for the three types of mission, officers of different status would be selected. One may expect a 苍颈蝉峁涐梗峁�膩r迟丑补 诲奴迟补 to be either a mantrin or the 蝉别苍腻辫补迟颈 or the 测耻惫补谤腻箩补, while an officer of lower status may be expected to be appointed as a 辫补谤颈尘颈迟腻谤迟丑补 诲奴迟补; a 艣腻蝉补苍补丑补谤补 can be an officer of a still lower status. It would thus seem that the office of the 诲奴迟补 is not an independent office; it is a special duty entrusted to some one who is already occupying some other office, the assignment of this duty being temporary. This seems supported by the fact that there is no salary prescribed for the 诲奴迟补; there is only what may be called a travelling allowance according to mileage laid down for the 诲奴迟补. For, it is said that a madhyama 诲奴迟补 by which we have apparently to understand the 辫补谤颈尘颈迟腻谤迟丑补 诲奴迟补 should be paid at the rate of ten 辫补峁嘺蝉 per yojana up to a distance of ten yojanas and at twenty 辫补峁嘺蝉 per yojana for a distance beyond ten and up to one hundred yojanas (5.3.19)

It is obvius that an uttama 诲奴迟补, that is, the 苍颈蝉峁涐梗峁�膩r迟丑补, would be entitled to a higher rate, while the avara, that is, the 艣腻蝉补苍补丑补谤补, would receive the allowance at a lower rate. These, therefore, appear as allowances, over and above the regular salaries of the officers concerned, which they are entitled to in order to meet the expenses of the journey which they are expected to undertake with a suitable entourage (1.16.5).鈥�^[1]

碍补耻峁璱濒测补 said about the employment of a messenger.

According to him鈥�

[诲奴迟补pre峁�a峁嘺sya mantrani艣ca测腻苍补ntara kartavyatvam, 诲奴迟补bhed膩艣ca; prasthitasya ca dutasya m膩rge cintanakrama岣�] udv峁泃amantro 诲奴迟补pra峁噄dhi岣� | 补尘腻迟测补sampadopeto 苍颈蝉峁涐梗峁�膩r迟丑补岣� | p膩dagu峁嘺h墨na岣� 辫补谤颈尘颈迟腻谤迟丑补岣� | ardhagu峁嘺h墨na岣� 艣腻蝉补苍补丑补谤补岣� || suprativihita鈥�测腻苍补鈥攂腻丑补苍补鈥�辫耻谤耻峁�a鈥�辫补谤颈惫腻辫补岣� prati峁ａ弓heta | 鈥溑浤宀醪共圆筸eva峁� 惫腻肠测补岣� 辫补谤补岣�, sa vak峁�atyevam, tasyeda峁� prativ膩kayamevapratisandh膩tavyam鈥�, ityadh墨y膩no gacchet | a峁璦vyanta岣� 辫腻濒补鈥攑urar膩峁ａ弓ramukhayai艣ca pratisa峁僺arga峁� gacchet | an墨kasthanayuddha pratigrah膩pas膩rabh奴m墨r膩tmana岣� parasya c膩vek峁�eta | durgar膩峁ａ弓ra辫谤补尘腻峁嘺峁� s膩rav峁泃tigupticchidr膩峁噄 copalabheta | (pr膩ptaparade艣asya ca tasya taistai岣� cihnai岣� 艣atrupras膩d膩di parij帽膩nam, 艣atro岣� aprasannat膩j帽膩ne tasmin nivedan墨y膩岣� vi峁�ay膩岣�) par膩dhi峁ａ弓h膩namanuj帽膩ta岣� pravi艣et | 艣腻蝉补苍补峁� ca yathokra峁� vr奴y膩t, pr膩峁嘺b膩dhe'pi d峁涐梗峁璭 | parasya v膩ci vakred峁涐梗峁瓂膩峁� ca 辫谤补蝉腻诲补峁� v膩k yap奴janami峁ａ弓aparipra艣na峁� gu峁嘺kath膩鈥� sa峁単am膩sannam膩sana峁� satk膩rami峁ａ弓e峁�u 蝉尘补谤补峁嘺峁� vi艣v膩sagamana峁� ca lak峁�ayettu峁ａ弓asya, vipar墨tamatu峁ａ弓asya | ta峁� pr奴y膩t鈥� 鈥渄utamukh膩 vai 谤腻箩腻苍补岣�, tva峁� c膩nye ca | tasm膩dudyate峁�vapi 艣astre峁�u yathokra峁僾akr膩ro d奴t膩岣� | te峁Ｄ乵ant膩vas膩yino'pyavadhy膩岣�, kima峁単apurnavr膩hma峁嚹佱弗 | parasyaitadv膩kyam, e峁�a 诲奴迟补dharma岣モ�� iti |鈥� (1.16.1-17)^[2]

鈥淲hen consultation has led to a choice of decision, the employment of the envoy (should follow). One endowed with the excellence of a minister is the plenipotentiary. One lacking in a quarter of the qualities is (the envoy) with a limited mission. One lacking in half the qualities is the bearer of a message. He should start after making proper arrangements for vehicles, draught animals and retinue of servants. 鈥楾he message is thus to be delivered to the enemy; he will (probably) say this (in reply), for that this will be the suitable reply; thus is (the enemy) to be outwitted-鈥�, reflecting in this manner, he should proceed. And he should establish contacts with forest chieftains, frontier-chiefs and chief officials in the cities and the countryside (on the way). He should observe terrains suitable for the stationing of an army, for fighting, for reserves and for retreat, for his own (state) and for the enemy. And he should find out the size of the forts and the country as well as the strong points, sources of livelihood, defences and weak points (in the enemy鈥檚 territory). He should enter the enemy鈥檚 residence with permission. And he should deliver the message as given to him even when danger to his life is seen (in so doing). He should notice graciousness in speech, expression and eyes of the enemy, esteem of the (envoy鈥檚) words, inquiries about (his) wishes, keen interest in talk about the qualities (of the envoy鈥檚 master), offer of a seat close by, respectful welcome, remembering (the envoy) on pleasant occasions, and putting trust in him, as the signs of one pleased; the opposite of these as the signs of one displeased. To such a one he should say, 鈥�Kings indeed have envoys as their mouthpieces, you no less than others. Therefore, envoys speak out as they are told even when weapons are raised (against them). Of them even the lowest born are immune from killing; what to speak then of Brahmins? These are the words of another. This is the duty of an anvoy.鈥�^[3]

Means, the 痴颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king will think about sending of the ambassador after the ascertained subject which is finalised by the consultation. According to 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 there are three kinds of 诲奴迟补 viz.

1. Nis峁涐梗t腻谤迟丑补 诲奴迟补
2. Parimit腻谤迟丑补 诲奴迟补
3. 艢膩sanahara 诲奴迟补

1. Nis峁涐梗t腻谤迟丑补 诲奴迟补:

According to 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 Nis峁涐梗t腻谤迟丑补 诲奴迟补 is one who has full discretion as to the message he has been entrusted with. He should posses the qualification required by a minister 鈥�

碍补耻峁璱濒测补 says 补尘腻迟测补鈥�

鈥榮ampadopeto 苍颈蝉峁涐梗峁�膩r迟丑补:鈥� (1.16.2)鈥�

That means 鈥渁 plenipotentiary鈥�.

2. Parimit腻谤迟丑补 诲奴迟补:

Parimit腻谤迟丑补 诲奴迟补 is one who is interested with a definite mission and has little power of discretion.

According to 碍补耻峁璱濒测补鈥�

鈥減膩dagu峁嘺h墨na岣� 辫补谤颈尘颈迟腻谤迟丑补岣モ�� (1.16.3):

That means, 鈥渁mbassador with a limited mission鈥�.

3. 艢膩sanahara 诲奴迟补:

艢膩sanahara 诲奴迟补 is one who is a mere carrier of royal messages.

碍补耻峁璱濒测补 says about 艢膩sanahara 诲奴迟补鈥�

鈥渁rdhaguh墨na岣� 艣腻蝉补苍补丑补谤补:鈥� (1.16.4)

That means, 鈥渁 bearer of a message鈥�.

If the arrangement of palanquin etc. vehicle, horse etc. riding animal, male nurse etc. persons, bed and bedcovers etc. essential matters of the 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king are ready then the ambassador will go to the enemy king鈥檚 kingdom. The news of the governing system of his own master will be informed in this way. The enemy king will say about that in this way. Then the ambassador will answer in this way. The enemy king would be brought under control in this way by the ambassador. When these matters are well known then the ambassador will go to the kingdom of the enemy king.

There he (ambassador / 诲奴迟补) will make friendship with the a峁璦v墨辫腻濒补, anta辫腻濒补, puramukhaya and r膩峁ａ弓ramukhya. (anta辫腻濒补, puramukhya, and r膩峁ａ弓ramukhya).

Arriving to the kingdom of the enemy king the ambassador will observe the suitable place of mobilize armed force and the suitable place of taking away to a different place from the battle field for his own master and for the enemy king also. 诲奴迟补 or the ambassador will be informed about the limit of the fort and the state.

The way of occupation, the saving arrangement of the state and the weak point of the state of the enemy king should be known by the ambassador.

With the permission of the king the ambassador will enter into the kingdom of the enemy king. If there is life risk yet he (诲奴迟补) will inform the message of his king to the enemy king.

D奴ta or ambassador will say the dissatisfied king鈥擠奴ta鈥檚 are forepart of a king like you and all of other kings.

It means, kings will say their own opinion with the face of their own ambassador. For this in fear of the life he must represent his master鈥檚 message boldly.

A Brahmin ambassador even an low cast ambassador should not be killed. So, ambassador of any state should not be killed. Actually an ambassador鈥檚 speech is not his own. He represents message of other people.

This is ambassador鈥檚 duty.

[k膩ra峁嘺vi艣e峁�e峁嘺 r膩j帽膩 诲奴迟补sy膩visarjane tatr膩vasthitikrama岣�, pari艣墨lan墨ya岣� vi峁�ay膩艣ca | ] 鈥渧asedavis峁涐梗峁璦岣�, pujay膩 notsikra岣� pare峁�u valitva峁� na manyeta , v膩kayamani峁ａ弓a峁� saheta, 蝉迟谤颈测补岣� 辫腻苍补峁� ca varjayeta, eka岣� 艣ay墨ta, supta鈥攎attayorhi bh膩vaj帽膩na峁� d峁涐梗峁璦ma | k峁泃yapak峁�opaj膩pamak峁泃yapak峁�e g奴岣峢apra峁噄dh膩na峁�, r膩g膩par膩gau bhartari, 谤补苍诲丑谤补峁� ca prak峁泃墨n膩峁� t膩pasavaidehakavy膩帽jan膩bhy膩mupalabheta | tayorantev膩sibhi艣cikitsaka鈥�辫腻峁�a峁囜笉补鈥� vy膩帽janobhayavetanairv膩 | te峁Ｄ乵asambh膩峁Ｄ亂膩峁� y膩cakamattonmatta鈥攕uptapral膩pai岣� pu峁噛asthanadevag峁沨acitralekhyasa峁僯帽膩bhirv膩 c膩ramupalabheta | upalavdhasyopaj膩pamupey膩t | pare峁嘺 cotta峁� sv膩s膩峁� prak峁泃墨n膩峁� 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺峁� n膩cak峁Ｄ玹a | 鈥�蝉补谤惫补峁� veda bhav膩n鈥� iti vr奴y膩t | k膩ryasiddhikara峁� v膩 |鈥� (1.16.18-28) 24

鈥淚f not permitted to depart, he should stay on, not feeling elated by honour (shown). Among the enemies he should not think of (himself) being possessed of strength. He should put up with disagreeable words. He should avoid women and drink. He should sleep alone. For, it is (often) seen that the intentions of a person are revealed in sleep or intoxication. He should find out (about) the instigation of seducible parties, the employment of secret agents against non seducible parties, the loyalty or disaffection (of the enemy鈥檚 subjects) towards their master and the weak points in the constituent elements (of the enemy鈥檚 realm), through spies appearing as ascetics or traders or through their disciples or assistants or through agents in the pay of both appearing as physicians or heretics. In case conversation with them is not possible, he should find out secret information from the utterances of beggars, drunken persons, insane persons or persons in sleep, or, from pictures, writings or signs in holy places or temples of gods. When (such information is) found out, he should make use of instigation. And when asked by the enemy, he should not declare the size(and strength) of his own constituents. He should say, 鈥榶our Majesty knows every thing鈥�, or (should say) what is conducive to the success of his mission.鈥�^[4]

Means, the ambassador will stay in the kingdom of enemy king until the enemy king permits to go. He will not be proud with the enemy-kings honour, He will not think himself strong among the enemies. He will tolerate even the undesirable opinion of the enemy king. He will keep away himself from female and wine. He will sleep alone because the sleeping and intoxicated persons sometimes express their purposes.

The ambassador will divide the subjects who are divided party and he will informed about the kingdom of the enemy king appointing the spy like t膩pasavya帽cana (sage like persons) 惫补颈诲别丑颈办补惫测补帽箩补苍补 (marchant like persons) upon the undivided party, ministers etc. He will know the loopholes of the enemy king and be sure how much the subjects are attached or dissatisfied to their master.

Ambassador will be informed all news with the help of the pupils of the spies like 迟腻辫补蝉补惫测补帽箩补苍补 (sage like persons) and 惫补颈诲别丑颈办补惫测补帽箩补苍补, (merchant like persons) hypocrite doctors or atheist (the people who belong to the various community of obverse religion) and ambisalarids.

If there is no scope of these spies to speak with others then they will know all the news from the incoherent speech of beggars, intoxicated persons, lunatics, and the sleeping persons. At the place of pilgrimage, holy place and temples the spies will collect informations from the hints of particular pictures which are painted on the pillars of the temples and walls of the houses and from the hints of the particular letter. Basing on the collected news of the enemy he will take the policy of divide and rule among the subjects of the enemy. Being asked by the enemy king the ambassador should not express anything about the measurement, extent and quality of the state and regiment of the same. He should say鈥斺�測ou know all鈥�. Nothing is unknown to you with the help of your eyes like spies鈥� If the enemy king is not pleased by the compliments and flattery of the ambassador then he will say to that extent by which the duties of a messenger will be successful.

It means, he will not discuss the message about his master to the enemy king broadly.

[ 艣atrur膩jena 诲奴迟补sya cirak膩lauparodhe tatk膩ra峁嘺paricintanakramya岣� ] 鈥渒膩ryasy膩siddhau uparudhyam膩nastarkayet鈥斺�渒i峁� bharturme vyasanam膩sanna峁� pa艣yan, sva峁� v膩 惫测补蝉补苍补峁� prati办补谤迟耻办腻尘补岣�, p膩r峁ａ箛颈驳谤腻丑补m腻蝉腻谤补manta岣� kopam腻峁璦惫颈办补峁� v膩 samutth膩payituk膩ma岣�, mitram腻办谤补苍诲补峁� v膩 vy膩p膩dayituk膩ma岣�, sva峁� v膩 parato vigrahamanta岣�kopam腻峁璦惫颈办补峁� v膩 prati办补谤迟耻办腻尘补岣�, sa峁僺iddha峁� me bhartury膩tr膩k膩lamabhihantuk膩ma岣�, 艣asyakupyapa峁噛asa峁僩raha峁� durgakarma balasamutth膩na峁� v膩 办补谤迟耻办腻尘补岣�, svasainy膩n膩峁� vy膩y膩masya de艣ak膩l膩v膩k膩峁卥峁�am膩峁嘺岣�, paribhava鈥攑ram膩d膩bhy膩峁� v膩, sa峁僺arg膩nubandh膩rth墨 v膩, m膩muparu峁嘺ddhi鈥� iti |鈥� [补苍补苍迟补谤补峁� ca 膩nuk奴lye j帽膩te 惫腻蝉补岣�, pr膩tik奴lye svayam膩Wv膩pasara峁嘺峁� ca | ] 鈥�箩帽腻迟惫腻 vasedapasaredv膩 | prayojanami峁ａ弓amavek峁�eta v膩 | 艣腻蝉补苍补m ani峁ａ弓amuktv膩 vandhavadhabhay膩davis峁涐梗峁璷'pyapagacchet , 补苍测补迟丑腻 niyamyeta | 鈥�(1.16-29-32)^[5]

鈥淲hen he is being detained although his mission has not succeeded, he should thus reflect鈥斺�業s he detaining me because he sees an imminent calamity befalling my master, or because he wants to take remedial steps against his own calamity, or because he wants to rouse (against my master) the enemy in the rear or his ally or (to stir up) an internal revolt-or a forest chieftain, or because he wishes to obstruct my master鈥檚 ally in front or ally in the rear, or because he wants to take remedial steps in a war of his own with another enemy or against an internal revolt or a forest chieftain (of his own), or because he wants to spoil the seasion for expedition for which my master has thoroughly prepared, or because he wants to collect stores of grains, commodities and forest produce or carry out fortifications or raise troops, or because he is awaiting time and place suitable for the operations of his own forces, or because of (a feeling of) contempt or through negligence, or because he seeks a continuation of (close) association (with my mastir)? Having found out (the enemy鈥檚 motive), he should stay on or escape. Or he should take into consideration some purpose (regarded as) desirable. After delivering an unpleasant message, he should, for fear of imprisonment or death, go away even when not permitted; else he might be put under restraint.鈥�^[6]

It means, if the spy is solicited by the enemy king even after the fulfilment of the purpose or the spy is confined by the enemy king getting no permission to return to his master鈥檚 kingdom then the ambassador will realise the cause of his confinement in this way: It may be that 鈥渢he enemy king does solicite me realising the imminent danger of my master, or he willing to remedy of calamity or he is willing to harry 笔腻谤峁ａ箛颈驳谤腻丑补 (p膩r峁ａ箛颈驳谤腻丑补,) who is ally king of enemy king and 腻蝉腻谤补 (腻蝉腻谤补,) ally king of 笔腻谤峁� 峁� 颈驳谤腻丑补 (p膩峁ａ箛颈驳谤腻丑补) against my lard or willing to occur internal rebellion among tenants or try to harry 膩峁� abika (腻峁璦惫颈办补) kings. He may be willing to kill all king or 腻办谤补苍诲补 (腻办谤补苍诲补), friend of my lord King. He may do remedy against the war made by his enemies or internal displeasure in the kingdom or 膩峁� abika (腻峁璦惫颈办补) king inside the territory.

He may be wishing to spoil the time of joyful journey of my master or wishing to collect the grain, base metal (hard wood, bamboo, creepers, medicinal plants) and the goods for sale for the activies of reformation of fort etc. or to increase the power of his force or willing to assemble the scattered soldiers or to occupy the territories which are worth of physical exercise to declare war against my lord. To drive away defeat or disregard which is fallen on himself. He may make cohabitation with my master. Or matrimonial alliance with my master. The enemy king may confine me. Being aware of all these the messenger should live there or go away.

He should be alert to fulfil the intention of his master. That means when he will stay at the enemy king鈥檚 kingdom then he should be alert about the time of sending message of the secret motive of the enemy king.

He (诲奴迟补) will come back to his master鈥檚 kingdom informing the undesired news of his own master to the enemy king with the fear of imprisonment and murder.

Other wise his movement will be controlled by the enemy-king.

摆丑奴迟补办补谤迟补惫测补蝉补峁僩谤补丑补岣�]
鈥�辫谤别峁�a峁嘺峁� sandhi辫腻濒补tva峁� prat膩po mitra鈥�蝉补峁僩谤补丑补岣� |
耻辫补箩腻辫补岣� 蝉耻丑峁沝 bhedo g奴岣峢ada峁囜笉膩tis膩ra峁嘺m ||
vandhuratn膩pahara峁嘺峁� c膩raj帽膩na峁� 辫补谤腻办谤补尘补岣� |
sam膩dhimok峁�o 诲奴迟补sya karma yogasya c膩艣raya岣� ||
sva诲奴迟补i岣� k膩rayedetat parad奴t膩峁兣沜a rak峁�ayet |
pratid奴t膩pasarp膩bhy膩峁� d峁浥泍膩d峁浥泍ai艣ca rak峁�ibhi岣� || (1.16.33-35)^[7]

鈥淪ending communication, guarding the terms of a treaty, (upholding his king鈥檚) majesty, acquisitions of allies, instigation, dividing (the enemy鈥檚) friends, conveying secret agents and troops (in to the enemy鈥檚 territory), kidnapping (the enemy鈥檚) Kinsmen and treasures, ascertainment of secret information, showing velour, (helping in) the escape of hostages, and resort to secret practices,鈥攖hese are the functions of an envoy. He should cause all this to be carried out by his envoys, and should cause a watch to be kept over the envoys of the enemy by means of counter-envoys and spies as well as through open and secret guards.鈥�^[8]

It means, to convey the order of the master king to the enemy king and to convey the enemy king鈥檚 matter to master is the duty of the messenger. He should send massage from the enemy king and maintain the previously made alliance. He should show the strength of the master as far as practicable. He should collect friends and continue the policy of divid and rule. He should make division among the friends of the foe. He should deviate the army leaders and top secret of facials from their master. He should steal friends and gems of the enemy king. He should have knowledge about the top secret officials. He should show strength in the enemy kingdom occassionally. At the time of alliance he should make arrangement to set free the enemy鈥檚 persons and take shelter secretly.

The king will perform all the aforesaid activities by his ambassadors. Appointing the Prati诲奴迟补 (prati诲奴迟补) and spy named apasarpa (apasarpa) and will arrange the security system with the help of defenders who are seen in his own country and invisible in other state. It means the 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u King will observe that may not arrange any friends.

碍补耻峁璱濒测补 said that a messenger should have the qualities of 补尘腻迟测补. There is no great difference between these two in describing the merits of a messenger.

In this connection the great qualities of messenger may be discussed pointly.

1) A messenger should be experienced and hand some looking. Whether the enemy king was pleased or dissatisfied should be determined through his gestures and behaviors. If the enemy king expresses his pleasure and satisfaction though his words and face hearing the words of the messenger, if he hears the speech of the messenger attentively, if he asks about the health of his master and shows interest to hear the merits of his master, makes sit for the messenger beside him, show him honour, remembers him at the time festival and believes his embassy then it may be said that he, (the enemy king) is pleased with his king. If the reveres occurs he (messenger) will consider the enemy king as dissatisfied.

2) A messenger must be dauntless. 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 said that if there was the possibility of his murder a messenger must present the message to his master fearlessly. In fear of life he should never distort the message of his master or pleased the enemy king with this. He must represent the message boldly.

3) A messenger should possesses a good memory. If he wants to represent the message to his master without any distortion, he must possess this because there was every possiability of danger if any part of the message remainded untold or distorted due to forgetfulness.

4) A messenger must be a eloquent and a man with greater personality. He should have the capacity to speak. He must present the message of his master in such a way that the enemy king would regard it to be acceptable. If he could not cast a spell over the other by his personality and eloquence then he would not be a successful one.

5) A messenger must tested character. He should not be lured by any faultsity. He should have such a rigidity in his character that he could easily ignore any temptation. 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 wanted a messenger saying that he must not be addicted to women and win in the enemy kingdom, because it is found that in a dorment or drunker state a man generally expresses his own views.

According to 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 there are three kinds of ambassador (诲奴迟补) 1) 苍颈蝉峁涐梗峁�膩r迟丑补岣� 2) parimitat腻谤迟丑补 and 艣腻蝉补苍补丑补谤补 which are already discussed vastly before.

碍腻尘补苍诲补办补 said about the classification of ambassador in 鈥�狈墨迟颈蝉腻谤补鈥浓赌�

nis峁涐梗峁�膩rthomit腻谤迟丑补艣ca tath膩 艣腻蝉补苍补v膩haka岣� |
s膩marth膩t padato h墨no 诲奴迟补stu 迟谤颈惫颈诲丑补岣� sm峁泃a岣� ||

Manu mentions the qualitie of a good ambassador. But he has not mentioned any classification of ambassadors which we find in 碍补耻峁璱濒测补鈥檚 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补.

碍补耻峁璱濒测补 ays that ambassador is of three kinds鈥�

(i) nis峁� 峁ａ弓 腻谤迟丑补鈥擮ne who has full discretion as to the message he has been entrusted with. He is possessed of the qualifications required in a minister (补尘腻迟测补).

(ii) Parimit腻谤迟丑补鈥攐ne who is entrusted with a definit mission and has little power of discretion,

(iii) 艣腻蝉补苍补 hara鈥攐ne who is a mere carrier of royal message.

The Udyogaparvan and the 艢腻苍迟颈辫补谤惫补苍 mention seven or eight qualities of a messenger which are not identical with those mentioned here,鈥�^[9]

Though Manu and 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 mentioned the number of ministers, yet they remained silent about the numbers of ambassadors. It can be assumed that as the number of ambassadors were not fixed, so it could be increased or decreased according to deed.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

R.P. Kangle: The kau峁璱l墨ya 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补, part鈥揑II, pp. 202-203.

[2]:

R. P. Kangle: Op. cit., part-I, pp. 21-22.

[3]:

ibid., part鈥揑I, pp. 36-37.

[4]:

ibid., part鈥揑I, pp. 37-38.

[5]:

ibid., part鈥揑, p. 22.

[6]:

ibid., part鈥揑I, pp. 38-39.

[7]:

ibid., part-I, pp. 22-23.

[8]:

ibid., part-II, p. 39.

[9]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p. 80.