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Manu discussed the qualities of ambassador. According to him鈥�

鈥�诲奴迟补峁� caiva prakurv墨ta sarva艣膩stravi艣膩radam |
颈峁単颈迟腻办腻谤补肠别峁ａ弓补箩帽补峁� 艣耻肠颈峁� 诲补办峁�a峁� kulodgatam鈥� ||^7.63 ||^[1]

鈥淗e should employ envoys who should be versed in all the Shastas, expert in reading the intentions, the external manifestations and demeanours, honest, cleaver and of noble birth.鈥�^[2]

鈥淢anu has mentioned the number of ministers to be appointed by the king. But he seems to be silent on the member of envoys. It is quite obvious that the singular number in the text is not intended. The number of envoys to be appointed by the king would very according to necessity. It is to be noted that ambassador (诲奴迟补) and spy (肠腻谤补 or cara) are different persons. 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 has devoted no less than four chapters to spies. Manu has not discussed the duties of 肠腻谤补鈥檚 or spies. The duties of ambassador (诲奴迟补) have been mentioned by 碍腻尘补苍诲补办补: determining those who are inimical to the king to whom he is sent, winning over to his side the friends and relations of the enemy king, finding out the number and equipment of forts, the economic resources and military strength of the enemy king, collection of news as to what the enemy intends to do, bringing over to his side the officers in charge of the districts of the enemy country, collecting news about the places of the enemy where battle can be waged by his king or whence he can pass away swiftly.鈥�^[3]

In this respect the views of 碍腻尘补苍诲补办补 and 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 is the same.

In this connection commentator K奴llkabha峁�峁璦 said about the quality of ambassador.

鈥溁迮�迟补帽ca d峁涐梗峁�膩d峁涐梗峁�膩rtha艣膩straj帽am, i峁単itamabhipr膩yas奴caka峁� vacanasvar膩di, 膩k膩ro dehadharm膩dimukhapras膩davaivar峁噛膩dir奴pa岣� pr墨tyapr墨tis奴caka岣�, 肠别峁ａ弓腻 kar膩sph膩lan膩di办谤颈测腻 kop膩di 蝉奴肠颈办腻, 迟补诲墨测补 tattaj帽am, arthad膩nastr墨vyasan膩dya鈥攂h膩v膩tmaka艣aucayukta峁� 肠补迟耻谤补峁� kul墨na峁� kury膩t 触鈥�

And commentator 尘别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 said about the quality of envoy鈥�

诲奴迟补sy膩yamadhiko gu峁嘺岣�i峁単it膩k膩race峁ａ弓aj帽at膩 | paravi峁�aye r膩j帽o mantri峁嚹伱眂a sandhitsat膩mi峁単it膩ni 诲奴迟补sy膩dare峁嘺 sa峁僷arigraha岣� | 惫颈艣惫补蝉补苍补峁� 尘耻丑耻谤尘耻丑耻岣� samp奴r峁嘺tadv膩kyasya tasya c膩bhinandanam | et膩ni viparyyast膩nyupek峁�eta | 腻办腻谤补岣� 艣ar墨ravaik峁泃ya峁� ml膩nirmukhasya var峁嘺vaik峁泃yam | t奴峁ａ箛墨mbh膩vo d墨rgho峁ａ箛ani岣ヅ泇膩sat膩 evam膩divik膩rairdainya峁� s奴cayati | asti k膩cid膩padasya ten膩ya峁� 惫颈惫补谤峁嘺 iti v膩kyavai艣膩radyam | 艣膩r墨rasa峁僺k膩ra岣� prasannamukhat膩 evam膩di岣� 丑补谤峁�a峁� s奴cayati | 艣耻肠颈岣� str墨gate'rthe gamanavi艣e峁�air测补迟补岣� str墨samvandhe mantrabheda岣� paribhava艣ca 触鈥�

In this context commentator R膩ghab膩nanda said鈥�

鈥溑浤乻迟谤腻惫颈艣腻谤补诲补峁� 艣腻蝉迟谤补峁� pratipattihetu 蝉补峁僺办峁泃补 pr膩k峁泃ade艣abh膩峁Ｄ乨harma艣膩strakarapallav膩di, tatra 惫颈艣腻谤补诲补峁� nipu峁嘺m | 颈峁単颈迟腻办腻谤补肠别峁ａ弓补箩帽补峁� i峁単it膩k膩r膩bhy膩meva 肠别峁ａ弓腻j帽a峁� paracik墨r峁�itaj帽amiti 触鈥�

And Commentator Gobindar膩ja said,

鈥溁迮�迟补峁� ca d峁涐梗峁�膩d峁涐梗峁�膩rtha艣膩str膩rthap膩ragamiti tasy膩bhipr膩ya s奴cakasya............. v膩kk膩yavy膩p膩ravi艣e峁�asy膩k膩rasya c膩bhipr膩yas奴cakasya 艣ar墨ravik膩rasya肠别峁ａ弓腻y膩艣ca kvac膩yudhabhojan膩tmik膩y膩 vij帽膩t膩ramarthastr墨艣auc膩diyukkam 触鈥�^[4]

It means the king should appoint the ambassador who is well known in all subjects. He should realise the eye expression etc. hints. He should able to understand about the happiness of the king, seeing his (kings) graceful facial expression and able to understand dissatisfaction of the king seeing his disgraceful facial expression. The ambassador should realize the mental condition of the king observing the perseverance of kings clapping, the sign made by fingers or slightest hint. And the another quality of an ambassador should be of pure character, skillful in his work and should be of noble family.

He should be pure character about women, money etc. also.

鈥渁nurakata岣� 艣ucir诲补办峁�a岣� sm峁泃im膩n de艣ak膩lavit, |
惫补辫耻峁�m腻苍 v墨tabh墨r惫腻驳尘墨 d奴to r膩j帽a岣� pra艣asyate |触鈥� 7.64 ||^[5]

鈥淟oving (hence popular), honest, clever, not forgetful, a discerner of time and place of impressive appearance, fearless and eloquent such an envoy of the king is commended.鈥�^[6]

In this verse Manu has discussed about the quality of ambassador also. Here he discussed about the seven qualities of an ambassador. According to him an ambassador must be loving and loyal, which means that he must have affection for the people. In view of this he will not be disfavored by a rival king. Secondly, he must be incapable of being won over by any kind of gift and allurement. He is very much pure about women and money. The enemy king can not seperate this type of ambassador cheating or pretending with money and women. Thirdly, he must be very clever and should not, therefore, allow the opportune moment to pass by. Fourthly, he must have good memory so that he does not forget his message. He does not forget his masters advice. Fifthly, he must have the power to study time and place so that if required he may change the message and deliver it to the person for whom it is meant. Sixthly, he must possess an impressive personality, so that his words are accepted by a rival king. Seventhly, he must be fearless, so that he does not hesitate to communicate even an unpleasant message. Lastly he must be a good orator, so that his speech can impress even those who hold different opinions in different language. He can response his opinion with the Sanskrit, 辫谤补办峁泃 etc. languages in respect of the argument of any kind of people or every people.

The opinions of commentator K奴llkabha峁�峁璦 and Medh膩tithi are reflected in the above said discussion.

According to the opinion of commentator K奴llkabha峁�峁璦:

鈥測asm膩t jane峁�u anur膩gav膩n tena pratir膩j帽膩derapi adve峁�avi峁�aya岣� | arthastr墨艣aucayukka岣� tena dhanastr墨d膩n膩din膩 abhedya岣� | dak峁�a艣catura岣� tenak膩ryyak膩la峁� n膩tikr膩mati | sm峁泃im膩n tena 蝉补苍诲别艣补峁� na vismarati | de艣ak膩laj帽a岣� tena de艣ak膩lau 箩帽腻迟惫腻 anyadapi sandi峁ａ弓a峁� de艣ak膩locitamanyath膩 kathayati | 蝉耻谤耻辫补岣� ten膩deyavacana岣� | 惫颈驳补迟补产丑补测补岣� ten膩priyasande艣asy膩pi vakt膩 | 惫腻驳尘墨 tena sa峁僺k峁泃膩dyukti办峁�a尘补岣� | eva峁僾idho duto r膩j帽a岣� pra艣asyo bhavati 触鈥�

And commentator Medh膩tithi said about quality of envoy. According to him鈥�

鈥�补苍耻谤补办迟补岣� ah膩ryyo bhavati | 诲补办峁�a岣� de艣ak膩lau n膩tikr膩mati | sm峁泃im膩nam奴峁�itasm峁泃i岣�prasa峁単ena sv膩mi蝉补苍诲别艣补峁� kathayati | de艣ak膩lavit de艣ak膩lau 箩帽腻迟惫腻 anyadapi sandi峁ａ弓a峁� tatk膩layogya峁� kathayati | 惫补辫耻峁�m腻苍 sv膩k峁泃i岣� priyadar艣anatv膩nnipu峁嘺mucita峁� vakti岣� | v墨tabh墨岣� anena nipu峁嘺mucyate | 惫腻驳尘墨 sande艣asyottare prativacanasamartho bhavati 触鈥�

鈥渁尘腻迟测别 诲补峁囜笉补 膩yatto da峁囜笉e vainayik墨 办谤颈测腻 | n峁沺atau ko艣ar膩峁ａ弓re ca dute sandhiviparyayau |触鈥�7.65 ||^[7]

鈥淯nder the control of a minister (in the person of the commander-in chief) is the army, under the control of the army are the acts relative to government, under the control of the king are the treasury and the country, and (likewise) under the control of the envoy are peace and its reverse(i.e.war).鈥�^[8]

In this connection commentator K奴llkabha峁�峁璦 said鈥�

鈥渁尘腻迟测别 sen膩patau hastya艣varathap膩d膩t膩dy膩tmako 诲补峁囜笉补 膩yatta岣�, tadicchay膩 tasya k膩rye峁�u prav峁泃te岣� | vinayayeg膩t vainayik墨, yo 惫颈苍补测补岣� sa 诲补峁囜笉补 膩yatta岣� | n峁沺at膩varthasa帽cayasthanade艣膩v膩yattau r膩j帽膩 par膩dh墨nau na kartavyau | svayameva cintan墨ya峁� 诲丑补苍补峁� gr膩ma艣ca | dute sandhivigrah膩v膩yattau tadicchay膩 tatprav峁泃te岣� 触鈥�

And according to Medh膩tithi鈥�

鈥渦kka诲奴迟补gu峁嚹乶膩峁� samp膩dan膩ya tatprayojanam膩ha | am膩tye sen膩patau da峁囜笉o hasty膩divalam膩yatta峁�, tadicchay膩 k膩rye峁�u prav峁泃te岣� | da峁囜笉e vainayik墨, yo vineya岣� svaparar膩峁ａ弓ragata岣� sa da峁囜笉yo, 测补迟补岣� vinay膩艣rit膩 vainayik墨 办谤颈测腻 k膩ryam | n峁沺atau ko峁�ar膩峁ａ弓re 膩yatte | sa帽cayasthana峁� 办辞艣补岣� | 谤腻峁ａ弓谤补峁� 箩补苍补辫补诲补岣� | dve ca te par膩dh墨ne na kartavye svayameva vilambhan墨yaphalagr膩s膩cca | dute sandhiviparyyayau priyavacanena sv膩mik膩ryyapradar艣anena 蝉补苍诲丑颈岣� 迟补诲惫补颈辫补谤墨迟测别苍补 惫颈驳谤补丑补岣� etadubhaya峁� d奴t膩yattam 触鈥�

鈥淭his verse speaks of the part that the ambassador may play in establishing peace and prosperity or in creating trouble and disorder. It is through the efforts of an efficient ambassador that impending wars may be avoided and lasting peace may be secured. When two or more countries are involved in war the successful mediation of an ambassador may avert the catastrophe. On the other hand, it is only due to the incompetence of an ambassador that other wise peaceful countries may get involved in war. Manu emphasizes this when he say that the militia is controlled by the commander-in-chief, the subjects by the army, the treasury and the government by the king and peace and war by the envoy. Peace and prosperity of a country, therefore, largely depend on the envoy.鈥�^[9]

It means, the army depends on the minister. That minister is the person of the commander in chief. Here army means complete army. Army consisting of four division they are elephant, chariot, horse and infantry.

These are called 诲补峁囜笉补:

鈥渉补蝉迟测补艣惫补谤补迟丑补辫腻诲腻迟腻诲测腻迟尘补办补耻 诲补峁囜笉补岣� 触鈥�

The army force become active according to the order of commander-in-chief. Punishment of the subjects depends upon complete force. Or the due control of the subjects on the army.

Here,

鈥淚t is to be noted specially that the word 诲补峁囜笉补 has been used in the sense of the four elements of the state i.e, elephant, horse, chariot and infantry. Hence the meaning of 诲补峁囜笉补 in the present context differs from the sense in which it is employed by Manu (verses鈥�14-20) and also by other writers like 碍补耻峁璱濒测补鈥�.^[10]

The punishable person will be punished by the complete force who is well known in his own subject. The state and the treasure depend upon the king. These two subjects are not trustable except the king. Because, they (other) can capture money and profit. War and peace depend upon spy. If the ambassador clearly explains the purpose of his master by his polite speech to the enemy king, then the peace will be establish in between two kings. And if the spy is failure to perform his duty then war will be start. So, these two subjects depend upon the spy.

In this context Manu said:

诲奴迟补 eva hi sandhate bhinattyeva ca 蝉补峁僪补迟腻n |
诲奴迟补stat kurute karma bhidyante yena m膩nav膩岣� || 7.66 ||^[11]

鈥淔or the ambassador alone makes (kings) allies and sepatates allies the ambassador transacts that business by which man are disunited.鈥�^[12]

In this context commentator K奴llkabha峁�峁璦 says鈥�

鈥測asm膩d诲奴迟补 eva bhinn膩n膩峁� sandhi 蝉补尘辫腻诲补苍别 办峁�a尘补岣� 蝉补峁僪补迟腻n膩帽ca bhedane, tath膩 parade艣e 诲奴迟补statkarma karoti yena 蝉补峁僪补迟腻 bhidyante na v膩 bhidyante tasm膩d d奴te sandhiviparyayau sandhivigrah膩v膩yatt膩viti yadukta峁� tasyaivaya峁� 辫谤补辫补帽肠补岣� 触鈥�

And according to Medh膩tithi鈥�

鈥测补迟丑腻 诲奴迟补岣� sandhatte | yathokta峁� sa峁僩at膩nek墨bh奴t膩n sa eva bhinatti | anuktamapi 辫谤颈测补峁� sandi艣ati | pratik奴laman膩caritamityadi | 蝉耻惫补谤峁嚹乨颈 dravyamaprati艣r奴tamityaha eva峁� bhinatti 诲奴迟补岣� | tadetat karm膩nantaropadi峁ａ弓a峁� yena r膩j膩no bhidyante na v膩k p膩ru峁�y膩pann膩 eva峁� sambhavati 触鈥�

And

鈥渟a vidy膩dasya k峁泃ye峁�u nigu峁璭峁単ita ce峁ａ弓itai岣� |
腻办腻谤补尘颈峁単颈迟补峁� 肠别峁ａ弓腻峁� bh峁泃ye峁�u ca cik墨r峁�itam |触鈥� 7.67 ||^[13]

鈥淲ith respect to the affairs let the (ambassador) explore the expressions of the countenance, the gestures and actions of the (enemy king) through the gestures and actions of his confidential (advisers) and (discovery) his disigns amongs his servants.鈥�^[14]

In this context commentator K奴llkabha峁�峁璦 says about the another duty of ambassador鈥�

鈥渟a d奴to'sya pratir膩jasya kartavye 膩k膩re峁単ita肠别峁ａ弓腻 j膩n墨y膩t | nij奴岣峢膩岣� 补苍耻肠补谤腻岣� pratipak峁�an峁沺asaiva parijan膩岣� tasmin niyukt膩岣� tat sannidh膩vapi te峁Ｄ乵i峁単itece峁ａ弓itai bh峁泃ye峁�u ca lubdhalubdh膩pam膩nite峁�u pratir膩jasya kartum墨psita峁� j膩n墨y膩t 触鈥�

In this context Manu has said also鈥�

鈥渧uddh膩 ca 蝉补谤惫补峁� tattvena parar膩ja cikor峁�itim tath膩 prayatnam膩ti峁ａ弓hed yath膩tm膩na峁� na p墨岣峚yet |触鈥� 7.68 ||^[15]

鈥淗aving learnt exactly (from his ambassador) the designs of the enemy king, let (the king) adopt such measures that he does not bring evil on himself.鈥�^[16]

Setlelment or battle depend upon the information of the ambassador.

So Manu said鈥�

鈥渄奴te sandhiviparyayau鈥� | (7/65).

In this context Kull奴ka said鈥�

d奴te sandhi vigrah膩v膩y膩ttau tadicchay膩 tat prav峁泃te岣� || (commentary of the verse No-7/65).

鈥淭his verse states according to Kull奴ka some more duties of the ambassador. Firstly, he should try to understand the facial expressions gestures and movements of the enemy king. Secondly, in order to win over such people in the enemy鈥檚 kingdom who are dissatisfied, avaricious and insulted, the king should instruct his ambassador to study the attitude of the enemy king towards them from the gestures and actions of officers closely associated with him. For the purpose of undermining the strength of the enemy dissension (upaj膩pa) is a most fruitful weapon and it is the dissatisfied, avaricious and insulted people who fall victims to upaj膩pa. If the enemy king is carelss in his treatment with regard to them it becomes easy to sow seeds of discord disintegration through them鈥�.^[17]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p. 660.

[2]:

Ashoka kumar Bandyopadhaya, (Ed.): 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, p.120.

[3]:

Ashokanath Shastri, (Ed.): 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, pp. 77-78.

[4]:

ibid., p.78.

[5]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p.660.

[6]:

Ashoka kumar Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p.121.

[7]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit.,p.661.

[8]:

Ashoka kumar Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p.123.

[9]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., (7th Chap.) p. 81.

[10]:

ibid., pp. 81-82.

[11]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p. 662.

[12]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p.82.

[13]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p.662.

[14]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p. 83.

[15]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p. 663.

[16]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p. 84.

[17]:

ibid., p. 83.