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Any literary piece in verse form possess three most necessary elements of poetry, viz., chandas, 补濒补峁僰腻谤补 and rasa which are regarded as the unavoidable ingredients for making a poetical work worthy to its meaning. Of these chandas or metre takes the foremost position in a literary composition which is written in verses. The hymns of the Vedas are the oldest form of Sanskrit literature in verses which exhibit the application of various metres. The 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉 and the 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲蝉 too are composed in metres of different kinds. After the period of Vedic literature, the classical literature starting from the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺, the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, and the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 to the 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补蝉, the 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补蝉 and every other work, written in verse form, reveal the brilliant use of different metres in their own way. Among these, the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 were composed for general people and therefore, the importance was given to simple and natural descriptions of the popular tales. Hence, with a view to make the narrations easy and lucid as well as easily memorable, 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 were composed in verse form with the use of various metres.

After minute observation on the application of various metres in the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, Adam Hohemberger says,

鈥渁 closer examination of the different works leads us to the astonishing conclusion that, with regard to the number of metres employed, the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 do not lag behind the many famous classical poems.鈥�^[1]

The term chandas is derived from the root chad which means giving pleasure or delight or cover.^[2] A poem constructed in metrical form is accessible to readers and because of the rhythm of the metre, it is able to give pleasure to the reader effortlessly. A common tendency of human nature is that a poem read in the early childhood can easily be recited even in the old age, but at the same time, a prose passage read either in the childhood or afterwards is hard to remember word by word or line by line no matter how one tries to remember it. So, a poem and that is also in rhythmic tune can earn wide range of popularity among the connoisseurs.

For correct recitation of Vedic mantras, the knowledge of metre is necessary. It is said that if one utters or teaches a Vedic verse without knowing the seer, the presiding deity, applied metre and its application then great calamity will fall upon the speaker.^[3] The science of metre forms one of the six part of 痴别诲腻峁単补蝉 and is always referred to as the feet of the Vedapuru峁�a.^[4] The Nirukta has also used the expression 肠丑补苍诲腻峁僺颈 肠丑腻诲补苍腻迟 to show the importance of metre for correct recitation of Vedic verses.^[5]

The 峁欢惫别诲补, being the earliest Vedic work can be accepted as the first document showing the application of metre in it. Different Vedic metres are used in the hymns of the 峁欢惫别诲补 as well as in later Vedic works.

There are primarily seven principal metres in Vedic literature viz.,

1. 骋腻测补迟谤墨,
2. 鲍峁ａ箛颈办,
3. 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫,
4. 叠峁沨补迟墨,
5. 笔补峁卥迟颈,
6. 罢谤颈峁ａ弓耻辫 and
7. 闯补驳补迟墨.

These seven Vedic metres are established in the Yajurveda^[6] and also in the Atharvaveda.^[7] The 峁歬辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 has delineated on these metres.^[8] This book also deals with various other metres. Three entire chapters are dedicated to the discussion of Vedic metres with their varieties and sub-varieties. These Vedic metres can be said to be the source for the origination of classical metres of Sanskrit literature with transformation in time to time. The first metrical composition in classical Sanskrit is regarded as the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 the authorship of which is attributed to 痴腻濒尘墨办颈. After seeing the love-lorn condition of a paired bird, the seed of the pathetic emotion sprouted in the heart of 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 as a result of which a beautiful couplet^[9] came out from his lips.^[10]

With the new form of metre called 艢濒辞办补, the classical metres began to flourish with their own style and form. Most of the classical metres are formed with specific 驳补峁嘺 i.e., group of syllables either by short syllables or long syllables or with both short and long syllables.

There are eight 驳补峁嘺s as enumerated by the Prosody writers and they are:

1. ma-驳补峁嘺,
2. na-驳补峁嘺,
3. bha-驳补峁嘺,
4. ya-驳补峁嘺,
5. ja-驳补峁嘺,
6. ra-驳补峁嘺,
7. sa-驳补峁嘺 and
8. ta-驳补峁嘺.^[11]

The ma-驳补峁嘺 consists of three long syllables and na-驳补峁嘺 consists of three short syllables. The first syllable of bha-驳补峁嘺 is long and other two are short. On the other hand, the first syllable of ya-驳补峁嘺 is short and the other two are long. The middle syllable is long and other two are short in ja-驳补峁嘺 whereas in ra-驳补峁嘺 the middle one is short and other two are long. The last syllable of sa-驳补峁嘺 is long and other two are short whereas in ta-驳补峁嘺 the last syllable is short and other two are long. Besides these there are two one syllabic 驳补峁嘺s as ga-驳补峁嘺 and la-驳补峁嘺 in which the first indicates one long sound and the latter stands for one short sound.^[12]

The 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 is a poetical composition having verses only. A variety of metres has been used in it. This 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 has contained near about 14,000 verses. Most of the verses of the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 are eight syllabic i.e., 补峁ａ弓腻办峁�a谤腻 and 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫 is the main metre of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺. 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫 is a Vedic metre having altogether thirty-two syllables in its four 辫腻诲补蝉 divided equally into eight syllables in each of the four feet. This metre is also known as 艢濒辞办补, Vaktra etc. Different prosody writers have defined 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫 or 艢濒辞办补, the meanings of which are almost the same. According to them, in this metre, the 6^th syllable is long and the 5^th syllable is short in all the four quarters whereas the 7^th syllable is short in the second and fourth quarter and it is long in the first and third quarter. ¹³

The scholars of Prosody again opine that verses with eight syllables in each of the four feet are to be identified as 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫 only. According to 碍峁�e尘别苍诲谤补, as 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫 has many varieties and sub-varieties, it cannot be restricted by the placement of any particular 驳补峁嘺 or syllable, short or long. That is why the only criterion should be the possession of eight syllables in each 辫腻诲补 which have smooth sounding quality inherent in it.^[13] In the 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺 it is said that 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫 metre is formed with eight syllables. It has four 辫腻诲补蝉, though there are three 辫腻诲补蝉 sometimes.¹⁵ Therefore, all the verses of the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 which have eight syllables in each of the four feet should be considered as having 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫 metre.

The author of the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, like other authors of similar works, prefers this metre for his composition because of its simple structure and consumption of less labour as compared to others. For example the very first verse of the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 is eight syllabic which has altogether 32 syllables:

praca峁囜笉at膩峁囜笉a惫腻峁璷pe prak峁�ipt膩 yena diggaj膩/
bhavantu vighnabha峁単膩ya bhavasya cara峁嚹乵buj膩岣�// ^[14]

In this verse, the 6^th syllable is long and the 5^th syllable is short in all the four quarters. The 7^th syllable is short in the 2^nd and 4^th quarter and it is long in the first and third quarter. So, from every aspect the rule of 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫 is employed in this verse.

After 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻辫 the most used metre in the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 is 鲍辫补箩腻迟颈. Generally the mixture of 滨苍诲谤补惫补箩谤腻 and the 鲍辫别苍诲谤补惫补箩谤腻 metres is called 鲍辫补箩腻迟颈. But writers invariably agree with the fact that mixer of other metres also constitute 鲍辫补箩腻迟颈. ^[15] Almost 450 verses are composed with this metre.

The metre Vasantatilaka takes the third place for its application in the verses of the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺. There are fourteen syllables here. In this metre, one ta-驳补峁嘺, one bha-驳补峁嘺, two ja- 驳补峁嘺s and two long syllables are employed.^[16] Almost 47 verses are composed in this metre.^[17]

An example of this metre is:

腻苍补苍诲补诲腻 蝉补办补濒补诲耻岣�k丑补丑补谤腻峁� 迟峁泃墨测腻峁� 测腻 蝉迟谤墨 办补谤辞迟测补惫颈诲丑补惫腻鈥�惫颈诲丑补惫腻迟丑补 惫腻辫颈/
蝉腻 sve g峁沨e sukha艣at膩nyanubh奴ya bh奴测腻 驳补耻谤墨辫补诲补峁� 蝉补诲补测颈迟腻 诲补测颈迟腻 pra测腻ti// ^[18]

In this verse, one ta-驳补峁嘺, one bha-驳补峁嘺, two ja- 驳补峁嘺s and two long syllables are found in each of the four quarters. So it is an ideal example of Vasantatilaka.

The metre named 痴补峁兣沘蝉迟丑补惫颈濒补 has occupied the next place as it is used in 34 verses of the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺.^[19] This is a twelve syllabic metre. When there are one ja-驳补峁嘺, one ta-驳补峁嘺, one ja-驳补峁嘺 and one ra-驳补峁嘺 in each of the four quarters of a verse then it is an example of 痴补峁兣沘蝉迟丑补惫颈濒补 metre.^[20]

An example of 痴补峁兣沘蝉迟丑补惫颈濒补 from 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 is:

ni艣amya taddurgavidh膩namuttama 办峁泃补峁� 尘补测别苍腻诲产丑耻迟补惫墨谤测补办补谤尘补峁嚹�/
诲颈迟别岣�s耻迟腻 诲补颈惫补迟补谤腻箩补惫补颈谤颈峁嘺岣� 蝉补丑补蝉谤补艣补岣� 辫谤腻辫耻谤补苍补苍迟补惫颈办谤补尘腻岣�// ^[21]

Here one ja-驳补峁嘺, one ta-驳补峁嘺, one ja-驳补峁嘺 and one ra-驳补峁嘺 are found in each of the four quarters and thus this verse is said to be composed in 痴补峁兣沘蝉迟丑补惫颈濒补.

搁耻肠颈谤腻 metre has thirteen syllables with one ja-驳补峁嘺, one bha-驳补峁嘺, one sa-驳补峁嘺, one ja-驳补峁嘺 and one long syllable in all the four 辫腻诲补蝉.^[22] In the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 there are 23 verses where this metre has been employed.^[23]

An example is:

tato haro himagirikandar膩k峁泃im 蝉补尘耻苍苍补迟补峁� 尘峁沝耻驳补迟颈产丑颈岣� pracodayan/
mah膩v峁涐梗a峁叢挡贯箛atumul膩hitek峁�a峁嘺峁� sa bh奴dhr膩na艣aniriva prakampayan// ^[24]

Here, in this verse one ja-驳补峁嘺, one bha-驳补峁嘺, one sa-驳补峁嘺, one ja-驳补峁嘺 and one long syllable are present in all the four 辫腻诲补蝉. Hence it is a clear example of 搁耻肠颈谤腻.

Sragvin墨 metre has in all twelve syllables. When four ra-驳补峁嘺s are present in all the four quarters of a verse then it is a case of Sragvin墨.^[25] Sragvin墨 is used in 22 verses of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺.^[26]

In the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 there are total 18 verses where 笔耻峁�p颈迟腻驳谤腻 metre has been employed.^[27] When two na- 驳补峁嘺s, one ra-驳补峁嘺 and one ya-驳补峁嘺 are found in odd quarters and one na-驳补峁嘺, two ja- 驳补峁嘺s, one ra-驳补峁嘺 and one long syllable are available in even quarters then it is called 笔耻峁�p颈迟腻驳谤腻.^[28]

An example of this metre is as follows:

iti pathati 艣峁涐箛oti惫腻thabhakt测腻vidhimakhila峁� ravisa峁僰ramasya pu峁噛am/
matimapi ca dad膩ti so鈥檖i devairamarapaterbhavane prap奴jyate ca// ^[29]

In this verse, there is two na- 驳补峁嘺s, one ra-驳补峁嘺 and one ya-驳补峁嘺 in 1^st and 3^rd quarters and in 2^nd and 4^th quarters there are one na-驳补峁嘺, two ja- 驳补峁嘺s, one ra-驳补峁嘺 and one long syllable. Therefore, this verse can be said to be composed in 笔耻峁�p颈迟腻驳谤腻 metre.

惭腻濒颈苍墨 is applied in 13 verses of this composition.^[30] According to the writers of Prosody, when two na-驳补峁嘺s, one ma-驳补峁嘺 and two ya-驳补峁嘺s are found to be present in all the four 辫腻诲补蝉 of a verse then it is called a case of 惭腻濒颈苍墨.^[31]

For example:

苍颈惫颈岣峚苍颈肠耻濒补苍墨濒补峁� 苍墨濒补办补峁囜弓丑腻产丑颈谤腻尘补峁� 尘补诲补尘耻诲颈迟补惫颈丑补峁単补惫谤腻迟补苍腻诲腻产丑颈谤腻尘补尘/
办耻蝉耻尘颈迟补迟补谤耻艣腻办丑腻濒墨苍补尘补迟迟补诲惫颈谤别辫丑补峁� 苍补惫补办颈艣补濒补测补艣辞产丑腻艣辞产丑颈迟补辫谤腻苍迟补艣腻办丑补尘// ^[32]

This verse has two na-驳补峁嘺s, one ma-驳补峁嘺 and two ya-驳补峁嘺s in each of its four quarters and thus fulfilling the condition of 惭腻濒颈苍墨 metre.

Besides these metres, the names of other metres used more or less are:

1. Bhramaravilasita,
2. 罢辞峁璦办补,
3. Dodhaka,
4. 搁补迟丑辞诲诲丑补迟腻,
5. 艢腻濒颈苍墨,
6. Bhuja峁単apra测腻ta,
7. Drutavila峁僢ita [Drutavilambita],
8. 厂谤补驳惫颈峁嚹�,
9. 笔谤补丑补谤峁�i峁嚹�,
10. 笔补帽肠补肠腻尘补谤补,
11. 笔峁泃丑惫墨,
12. 厂谤补驳诲丑补谤腻,
13. Aparavaktra and
14. 膧r测腻.^[33]

In the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, it is seen that the author has not always completely followed the rules of Prosody. Some verses have followed the strict rules of a particular metre but there are other verses which do not follow the norm of that specific metre. Among the four feet of such verses if some quarters maintain the norm, there are, at the same time, some quarters from the same verse do not follow the standard rule. In this way, the verses of 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 have exhibited a wide range of peculiarities.

For example in the following verse, it appears that Vasantatilaka metre has been applied.

kas尘腻dvibh奴tiramal膩maramart测腻p奴j测腻 箩腻迟腻 ca 蝉腻 惫颈箩颈迟腻尘补谤补蝉耻苍诲补谤墨峁嚹乵/
bh膩r测腻 ma尘腻lpatapa蝉腻 辫补谤颈迟辞峁�i迟别苍补 诲补迟迟补峁� ma尘腻mbujag峁沨a帽ca mun墨ndra! dh膩tr膩// ^[34]

But in this verse, the 2^nd quarter bears only 13 syllables instead of 14 which makes it faulty in fulfilling the norms of Vasantatilaka metre. A faulty Vasantatilaka is also seen in another verse where one more syllable is added.^[35] The 3^rd quarter has 15 syllables which ultimately results in the partial fulfillment of this metre in the said verse.

Again in the verse

ath膩n测腻ni c膩p膩ni tasmin saro峁Ｄ� 谤补峁噀 濒辞办补辫腻濒腻 驳峁沨墨迟惫腻 蝉补尘补苍迟腻迟/
艣补谤补颈谤补办峁�a测补颈谤诲腻苍补惫别苍诲谤补峁� 迟补迟补办峁�u诲腻苍补惫辞鈥檓补谤峁�a蝉补峁价补办迟补苍别迟谤补岣�// ^[36]

The norm of Bhuja峁単apra测腻ta metre is not applied completely, as the last syllable of the third 辫腻诲补 is irregularly short. The Bhuja峁単apra测腻ta metre consists of four ya-驳补峁嘺s.^[37]

The following verse is in 痴补峁兣沘蝉迟丑补惫颈濒补 metre with a flaw where the last syllable of the first foot is irregularly short instead of long:

sa t膩rak膩khyasta岣峣尘腻lireva ca mayena 蝉腻rdha峁� 辫谤补尘补迟丑补颈谤补产丑颈诲谤耻迟腻/
辫耻谤补峁� 辫补谤腻惫峁泃测补苍耻迟别 艣补谤腻谤诲颈迟腻 测补迟丑腻 艣补谤墨谤补峁� pavanodaye gat膩// ^[38]

In the verse:

iti pathati 艣峁涐箛oti ya岣� prasa峁単膩t/ kalikalu峁�avimukta岣� 辫腻谤惫补迟墨 lokameti/
matimapi ca nar膩峁嚹佱箖 yo dad膩ti pri测腻rtham/ vibudhapativi尘腻ne 苍腻测补办补岣� s测腻damogha岣�// ^[39]

It appears that the metre 惭腻濒颈苍墨 is employed, but the 1^st foot possess 12 syllables instead of 15 and thus cannot be said to be a correct form of metre 惭腻濒颈苍墨.

Another verse is

iti danutana测腻nmayastathok惫腻 sura驳补峁嘺惫腻ra峁嘺惫腻谤补峁噀 vac膩峁僺i/
测耻惫补迟颈驳补苍补惫颈峁�a峁囜箛腻 尘腻苍补蝉补峁� tat tripura辫耻谤补峁� saha蝉腻 惫颈惫别艣补 谤腻箩腻// ^[40]

This verse is in 笔耻峁�p颈迟腻驳谤腻 metre with a defect in the 3^rd foot where a syllable is irregularly long instead of short and thus, cannot form the metre. Like the above mentioned verses there are a lot of verses which have some kind of faults in their quarters and in this way they are faulty in forming a particular metre. In this connection it is to be mentioned that as the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 have many editions, the readings of the verses vary from one to another. Likewise, the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 is available in various manuscripts which more or less have different readings within themselves. Hence, these faults in metre may not be always the faults of the authors.

Another peculiarity which can frequently be seen in the verses of the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 is that a good number of verses are composed with three feet only, whereas the general criterion of a verse is that it should contain four feet i.e., 辫腻诲补蝉.^[41]

As for example

苍腻谤墨 惫腻 kurute 测腻 tu 办耻尘腻谤墨 惫腻 惫补谤腻苍补苍别/
vidha惫腻 测腻 迟补迟丑腻 苍腻谤墨 蝉腻pi tat phala尘腻pnu测腻t/
蝉补耻产丑腻驳测补谤辞驳测补蝉补峁僷补苍苍腻 驳补耻谤墨 loke mah墨yate// ^[42]

Another instance of the same kind is

蝉补谤惫补办腻尘补辫谤补诲腻迟腻谤补岣� kecid 惫峁沰峁Ｄ� 尘补苍辞谤补尘腻岣�/
apare k峁Ｄ玶i峁噊 苍腻尘补 惫峁沰峁Ｄ乻tatra 尘补苍辞谤补尘腻岣�/
ye rak峁�anti 蝉补诲腻 办峁Ｄ玶补峁� 峁�a峁璸补帽肠腻尘峁泃辞辫补尘补尘// ^[43]

In this way it is seen that the use of metres in 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 has some unique characters.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Adam Hohemberger, 鈥楳etres of Classical Poetry in the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉,鈥� 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Volume XI, No 1, p.11

[2]:

Vaman Shivram Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p. 212

[3]:

avidit惫腻 峁涐梗icchandodaivata峁� yogameva ca/ yo鈥檇h测腻payejjaped惫腻辫颈 p膩p墨测腻n j膩yate tu sa岣�// 叠峁沨补诲诲别惫补迟腻, VIII.132

[4]:

肠丑补苍诲补岣� 辫腻诲补u tu vedasya/ 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补艣颈办峁Ｄ�, 41,42

[5]:

Nirukta, I.1.1

[6]:

g膩yatr墨 tri峁ａ弓ubjagatyanu峁ａ弓uppa峁卥t测腻 saha/ b峁沨atyu峁ａ箛ih膩 kakups奴c墨bhi岣� 艣amyantu t惫腻// 艢耻办濒补测补箩耻谤惫别诲补, XXIII.33

[7]:

驳腻测补迟谤墨峁� tri峁ａ弓ubha峁� jagat墨manu峁ａ弓ubha峁� b峁沨adark墨峁� yaja尘腻n膩ya svar膩bharant墨m// Atharvaveda, VIII.9.14; sapta c肠丑补苍诲腻峁僺颈 caturuttar膩峁噛anyo anyasminnadh测腻pit膩ni/ Ibid., VIII.9.19

[8]:

g膩yatryu峁ａ箛iganu峁ａ弓upca b峁沨at墨 ca praj膩pate岣�/ pa峁卥titri峁ａ弓ubjagat墨 ca saptac肠丑补苍诲腻峁僺颈 t膩ni ha// 峁歬辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补, XVI.1

[9]:

尘腻 苍颈峁Ｄ乨补 辫谤补迟颈峁ａ弓丑腻峁� 迟惫补尘补驳补尘补岣� 艣腻艣惫补迟墨 sa尘腻岣�/ yatkrau帽camithun膩dekamavadh墨岣� k膩mamohitam// 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺, I.2.1

[10]:

颁蹿.,鈥�.肠腻诲颈办补惫别岣� 辫耻谤腻/ krau帽cadvandvaviyogottha岣� 艣辞办补岣� 艣lokatva尘腻gata岣�// Dhvan测腻loka, I.5

[11]:

mastrigurustrilaghu艣ca nak膩ro bh膩di驳耻谤耻岣� punar膩dilaghurya岣�/ jo gurumadhyagato ralamadhya岣� so鈥檔ta驳耻谤耻岣� kathito鈥檔talaghusta岣�// 颁丑补苍诲辞尘补帽箩补谤墨, I.8

[12]:

gurureko gak膩rastu lak膩ro laghurekaka岣�/ Ibid., I.9¹³ 艣濒辞办别 峁�a峁ａ弓丑补峁� guru 箩帽别测补峁� sarvatra laghu pa帽camam/ dvicatu峁１枘寤宀箉orhrasva峁� 蝉补辫迟补尘补峁� 诲墨谤驳丑补尘补苍测补测辞岣�// 艢谤耻迟辞产辞诲丑补, II.4; 辫补帽肠补尘补峁� laghu sarve峁�u 蝉补辫迟补尘补峁� dvicaturthayo岣�/ guru 峁�a峁ａ弓丑补峁� ca sarve峁Ｄ乵etacchlokasya lak峁�a峁嘺m// 厂耻惫峁泃迟补迟颈濒补办补, I.14; sarvvatra pa帽camo hrasvo 驳耻谤耻岣� 峁�a峁ａ弓ho dvituryyayo岣�/ yatr膩峁単hryo岣� saptamo 丑谤补蝉惫补岣� sa 艣loko gururanyayo岣�// 痴峁泃迟补尘补帽箩补谤墨, V.2

[13]:

asa峁僰hyo bhedasa峁僺arg膩danu峁ａ弓upchanda蝉腻峁� 驳补峁嘺岣�/ tatra lak峁２饽錸u蝉腻re峁嘺 艣ravyat膩测腻岣� pradh膩nat膩// 厂耻惫峁泃迟补迟颈濒补办补, I.15 ¹⁵ 蝉腻峁ａ弓膩k峁�arairanu峁ａ弓ups测腻ccatu峁�p膩cca trip膩tkvacit// 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 330.7

[14]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, I.1

[15]:

anantarod墨ritalak峁�mabh膩jau 辫腻诲补u yad峁２饽鍁upaj膩tayast膩岣� / ittha峁� kil膩n测腻svapi mi艣rit膩su vadanti j膩ti峁�vidameva 苍腻尘补// 颁丑补苍诲辞尘补帽箩补谤墨, II.3, p.38

[16]:

箩帽别测补峁� 惫补蝉补苍迟补迟颈濒补办补峁� tabhaj膩 jagau ga岣�// Ibid., II.2, p.73

[17]:

Cf., 64.28; 83.21,22,23,24,25,26,27; 96.14,25; 100.8,9; 116.25; 138.46,47; 33,34,39,40,41,78,79; 255.24; 257.22,23; 270.35,36; 274.77,78; 276.17,18; 277.22; 11,12,13; 280.15; 281.15; 282.13,14,15; 283.17,18,19; 287.12,13; 288.15,16

[18]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 64.28

[19]:

Cf., 126.41; 130.27,28; 133.67,70,72; 136.66,67,68; 138.57; 140.43; 148.100, 101,102; 151,152,153,154; 154.397,398,399,400,401,402,403; 162.36; 24,25,26,27,29,30,32; 251.26

[20]:

vadati 惫补峁兣沘蝉迟丑补惫颈濒补峁� jatau jarau// 颁丑补苍诲辞尘补帽箩补谤墨, II.2, p.49

[21]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 130.21

[22]:

jabhau sajau giti rucir膩 caturgrahai岣�// 颁丑补苍诲辞尘补帽箩补谤墨, II.2, p.64

[23]:

Cf.,118.77; 153.28; 154.452,453,454,455,456,457,458,460,461,462,463,465, 466,467,468; 54; 251.27,29,31,33,34

[24]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 154.452

[25]:

k墨rtitai峁Ｄ� cat奴rephik膩 sragvi峁嚹�// 颁丑补苍诲辞尘补帽箩补谤墨, II.7, p.53

[26]:

Cf.,154.554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567, 569,570,571,572,573,574,575

[27]:

Cf., 54.31; 55.33, 60.49; 61.57; 62.39; 98.15; 100.37; 115.19; 134.33; 136.64; 137.31,33; 89; 276.19; 281.14; 285.21,23; 286.16

[28]:

ayuji nayagarephato yak膩ro, yuji ca najau jarag膩艣ca pu峁�pit膩gr膩// 颁丑补苍诲辞尘补帽箩补谤墨, III.5, p.145

[29]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 98.15

[30]:

Cf., 63.29; 82.31; 93.161; 180.31,44; 275.28,29; 278.29; 280.14; 282.16; 284.21; 288.17; 17

[31]:

nanamayayayuteya峁� 尘腻lin墨 bhogilokai岣�/ 颁丑补苍诲辞尘补帽箩补谤墨, II.4

[32]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 180.31

[33]:

C.R.Swaminathan, 鈥楢 Metrical Analysis of the Matsya 笔耻谤腻峁嘺,鈥� 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Volume II, No. 1-2, pp. 243-244

[34]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 100.8

[35]:

Ibid., 100.10

[36]:

Ibid., 153.191

[37]:

bhuja峁単apra测腻ta caturbhi yak膩rai岣�// 颁丑补苍诲辞尘补帽箩补谤墨, II.5, p.52

[38]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 136.67

[39]:

Ibid., 63.29

[40]:

Ibid., 134.31

[41]:

辫补诲测补峁� 肠补迟耻峁�p补诲墨/ 颁丑补苍诲辞尘补帽箩补谤墨, I.4, p.2

[42]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 63.28

[43]:

Ibid., 113.71