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Kalpa, Manvantara and Caturyuga.

The 笔谤补辫补帽肠补 (universe) is perishable. At one time, it takes its origin, at another time it perishes. 叠谤补丑尘腻, the creator of the universe has birth and death. The period between the birth and death of a 叠谤补丑尘腻 is known as a "惭补丑腻办补濒辫补". The flood that comes at the death of a 叠谤补丑尘腻 is called "惭补丑腻辫谤补濒补测补". One day of 叠谤补丑尘腻 is called Kalpak膩la. In the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 one Kalpa or one day of 叠谤补丑尘腻 is divided into fourteen parts. The master or ruler of each of these divisions is a Manu. There are fourteen Manus. The life span of each Manu is called a "Manvantaram".

There are seventy one Caturyugas in each Manvantara. The four yugas namely 碍峁泃补测耻驳补, 罢谤别迟腻测耻驳补, 顿惫腻辫补谤补测耻驳补 and Kaliyuga make np one Caturyuga. At the end of seventyone such Caturyugas, that is, at the end of every two hundred and eightyfour (71 x 4) yugas, a Manu completes his life-span. Along with that, the Devas who were born at the time of the birth of that Manu, also come to the end of their lives. Fourteen such Manvantaras make one day of 叠谤补丑尘腻. It is at the end of that day that the original universe perishes. 叠谤补丑尘腻鈥檚 life-span is 120 years. At the end of that period, that 叠谤补丑尘腻 perishes. That is to say, at the end of every 42,200 divine days (120 x 360) which is the life-span of a 叠谤补丑尘腻, a deluge takes place. Thus in one 叠谤补丑尘腻鈥檚 time 42,200 Kalpas take place. A 叠谤补丑尘腻鈥檚 life span is known as "惭补丑腻办补濒辫补" and the close of a 叠谤补丑尘腻鈥檚 period is called "惭补丑腻辫谤补濒补测补".

Human year (Manu峁�ya var峁�a) and Divine year (Deva var峁�a).

When two leaves are placed one over the other and they are pierced by a needle, the time required for the needle to pass from the first leaf to the second is called "Alpak膩la". Thirty such alpak膩las make one "罢谤耻峁璱". Thirty 迟谤耻峁璱蝉 make one "碍补濒腻". Thirty 碍补濒腻s make one "碍腻峁ａ弓丑腻", which is also known as "Nimi峁�a" "No峁璱" or "惭腻迟谤腻". Four "Nimi峁�as" make one "骋补峁噄迟补". Ten 骋补峁噄迟补s, one "Ne峁璾v墨rppu". Six ne峁璾v墨rppus, one "Vin膩zhik膩". Sixty vin膩zhik膩s one "骋丑补峁璱办腻". Sixty 驳丑补峁璱办腻蝉 one day (day and night together). Fifteen days, one "笔补办峁�a". Two 笔补办峁�as, one "C膩ndra m膩sa" (lunar month). One 颁腻苍诲谤补尘腻蝉补 for human beings is one "补丑辞谤腻迟谤补" (one day and night making up one full day) for the 辫颈迟峁泂. Twelve C膩ndra m膩sas make one year for human beings. One year for human beings is one 补丑辞谤腻迟谤补 for the gods. Three hundred 补丑辞谤腻迟谤补s of gods make one "Deva Vatsara" or "Divya vatsara". 4,800 divyavatsaras make one 碍峁泃补测耻驳补. 3,600 divyavatsaras make one 罢谤别迟腻测耻驳补, 2,400 divyavatsaras make one 顿惫腻辫补谤补测耻驳补. 1,200 divyavatsaras make one Kaliyuga. 12,000 divyavatsaras comprising a set of 碍峁泃补, 罢谤别迟腻. 顿惫腻辫补谤补 and Kaliyugas make one Caturyuga. A Manu鈥檚 period is completed at the end of 71 Caturyugas. With that, the first group of gods also comes to an end. At the end of fourteen such Manus, one "Kalpa" is over and a deluge takes place. The whole of this period comprises one night for 叠谤补丑尘腻. Night is the time of complete inactivity. With the end of the night, creation is started again. When 360 such 补丑辞谤腻迟谤补s of 叠谤补丑尘腻 are completed, he completes one year. After completing 120 such years, a 叠谤补丑尘腻 perishes. Again a period of absolute inactivity follows for the length of a 叠谤补丑尘腻鈥檚 life-span. After a period of 120 Brahma 惫补谤峁�a蝉 (the lifespan of a 叠谤补丑尘腻) another 叠谤补丑尘腻 comes into being.

The life-span of 叠谤补丑尘腻 is shown in the following tabular form: 360 days for gods鈥擮ne Deva vatsara. 12,000 Deva vatsaras鈥�1 caturyuga (36 lakhs years for human beings). 71 caturyugas鈥�1 Manvantaram (One Manu鈥檚 life-span). 14 Manvantaras鈥�1 Kalpa (one day time for 叠谤补丑尘腻) 2 Kalpas鈥擮ne day (and night) for 叠谤补丑尘腻. (Ahor膩tra) 360 days of 叠谤补丑尘腻鈥�1 Brahma 痴补谤峁�a 120 Brahma 痴补谤峁�as鈥擮ne 叠谤补丑尘腻鈥檚 life-span.

This life-span of one 叠谤补丑尘腻 is therefore 30 crores 9 lakhs 17 thousands 376 hundreds of years of human beings.

It is said that a Manu鈥檚 period of reign is 4,32,000 Manu峁�yar惫补谤峁�a蝉. (叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 3rd Skandha).

The caturyuga scheme.

A caturyuga consists of the four yugas, namely 碍峁泃补, 罢谤别迟腻, 顿惫腻辫补谤补 and Kali yugas. At the end of each Caturyuga, the Vedas perish Then the "厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉" (seven sages) come down from heaven to the earth and restore them again. Manu who is the propounder of Dharma 艣膩stra, is also born in every 碍峁泃补测耻驳补. The Devas of each Manvantaram feed upon the share of Havis (offerings at sacrifices) of the y膩ga till the end of that Manvantara. During the whole period of the Manvantara, the earth is protected and preserved by the sons of Manu and their descendants. Thus Manu, the 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉, Devas, Indra and the Kings who are the sons of Manu are the authorities of the Manvantara. After 14 Manvantaras a Kalpa of about 1,000 yugas, comes to an end. After that there is a night extending over the same period in duration. At that time 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 sleeps on his bed Ananta in the ocean of deluge. After that, he wakes up again and performs creation. Manus, Kings, Indra, Devas and 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 are the 厂腻迟迟惫颈办补 aspects of 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻, who performs the work of protecting the world. In 碍峁泃补 yuga, 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 assumes the form of Kapila and others and preaches "Paramaj帽膩na". In 罢谤别迟腻 yuga he assumes the form of an emperor and destroys the wicked people. In 顿惫腻辫补谤补 yuga, he assumes the form of 痴测腻蝉补 and after dividing the Veda into 4 sections, classifies each of the sections into the various branches. At the end of Kaliyuga, 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 assumes the form of Kalki and restores the vicious to the path of righteousness. This is the "Caturyuga scheme" of 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺. Part III, Chapter 2).

The fourteen Manus.

The names of the fourteen Manus of one Kalpa are given below:

(1) 厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补 (2) 厂惫腻谤辞肠颈峁�a (3) Uttama (Auttami) (4) 罢腻尘补蝉补 (5) Raivata (6) 颁腻办峁�u峁�a (7) Vaivasvata (8) 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 (9) 顿补办峁�a蝉腻惫补谤峁噄 (10) 叠谤补丑尘补蝉腻惫补谤峁噄 (11) 顿丑补谤尘补蝉腻惫补谤峁噄 (12) 搁耻诲谤补蝉腻惫补谤峁噄 (13) Raucyadevas膩var峁噄 (14) 滨苍诲谤补蝉腻惫补谤峁噄.

Each of the above Manus is described below:鈥�

厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补.

(a) General. 厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补 was born as the spiritual son of 叠谤补丑尘腻. This Manu got his name because he was "厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补" or born from 叠谤补丑尘腻. He married the goddess 艢补迟补谤奴辫腻, the spiritual daughter of 叠谤补丑尘腻. After that, he went to the shore of the ocean of milk, made an image of 惭补丑腻诲别惫墨 there and worshipped her by chanting V膩gbhava mantra and performed an austere penance. After a hundred years of such worship the goddess was pleased. She appeared before 厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补 and granted him boons. She blessed him to attain the highest place in Heaven (Paramapada) after begetting vast progeny. Then the goddess went to Vindhya mountain and became the deity of Vindhya. 厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补 returned and started his reign by worshipping the goddess.

This 厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补 is regarded as the author of the famous work "Manusm峁泃i". 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补 says that the Kings of the Raghu dynasty lived in strict obedience to the laws laid down by this Manu. (顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, Da艣ama Skandha).

(b) Other details.

(i) The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 of first Manvantara were鈥�惭补谤墨肠颈, 础峁単颈谤补蝉, Atri, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya and Vasi峁�tha. Devas are known as Yamas. The first Manu had ten sons namelv 础驳苍墨诲丑谤补, 础驳苍颈产腻丑耻, 惭别诲丑腻, 惭别诲丑腻tithi, Vasu, 闯测辞迟颈峁�m腻苍, 顿测耻迟颈尘腻苍, Havya, Savana and Putra and they ruled over the country. (贬补谤颈惫补峁兣沘, Chapter 7).

(ii) Emperor 笔峁泃丑耻 turned 厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补 Manu into a calf and obtained medicine from 叠丑奴尘颈 by milking her as a cow. (叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 4th Skandha).

(iii) Born from 痴颈谤腻峁� 补峁囜笉补. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 膧诲颈 Parva Chapter 1, Verse 32).

(iv) Sage Cyavana married this Manu鈥檚 daughter. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 膧诲颈 Parva, Chapter 66, Verse 46).

(v) This Manu taught Soma, the art of C膩k峁�u峁Ｄ�. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 膧诲颈 Parva, Chapter 169, Verse 43).

(vi) Since this Manu had blessed the clouds of the Magadha country they sent periodical rains to that region. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 厂补产丑腻 Parva, Chapter 21, Verse 10).

(vii) Manu came to the world, riding in the chariot of the gods to see Arjuna鈥檚 fight. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 痴颈谤腻峁璦 Parva, Chapter 56, Verse 10).

(viii) This Manu had a wife named 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 (艢补迟补谤奴辫腻). (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 Udyoga Parva, Chapter 117, Verse 14).

(ix) This Manu lives in Bindusaras. (叠丑墨峁�m补 Parva, Chapter 7, Verse 46).

(x) He came at the time of 厂耻产谤补丑尘补峁噛补鈥檚 birth. (艢补濒测补 Parva, Chapter 45, Verse 10).

(xi) Manu held discussions with Siddhas. (艢腻苍迟颈 Parva, Chapter 36).

(xii) He was the King of men. (艢腻苍迟颈 Parva, Chapter 67, Verse 21).

(xiii) This Manu is called "笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈 Manu". Once he had a talk with 叠峁沨补蝉辫补迟颈 on the subject of Dharma. (艢腻苍迟颈 Parva, Chapter 201).

(xiv) Upamanyu saw 厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补 Manu sitting by the side of 艢颈惫补. (础苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补 Parva, Chapter 14, Verse 280).

(xv) He talked with the sage 厂耻辫补谤峁嘺 about the greatness of flowers, fumes, lights, offerings and gifts. (膧诲颈-Parva, Chapter 65, Verse 45).

厂惫腻谤辞肠颈峁�a.

(a) General.

厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补 had two great sons Priyavrata and 鲍迟迟腻苍补辫腻诲补. The second Manu was the son of Priyavrata and his name was 厂惫腻谤辞肠颈峁�a. He was a glorious and adventurous man. He went to the banks of the river 碍腻濒颈苍诲墨, made a hermitage there, installed an idol of 顿别惫墨 made of earth and offered worship most fervently. At the end of 12 years of tapas when he ate only dried leaves, 顿别惫墨 appeared before him in her dazzling brilliance and blessed him. The name of this 顿别惫墨 was "Dh膩ri峁嚹玠ev墨". After a reign of many years this King went to Heaven. (顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 10th Skandha).

(b) Other Details.

(i) 笔腻谤腻惫补迟补蝉 and 罢耻峁�i迟补蝉 were the Devas in this Manvantara. The mighty Vipa艣cit was Devendra. The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 were 弄谤箩箩补, Stambha, 笔谤腻峁嘺, 搁腻尘补, 峁氠梗补产丑补, Niraya, and Par墨v膩n. Caitra, 碍颈尘辫耻谤耻峁�a and others were the sons of 厂惫腻谤辞肠颈峁�a Manu. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part 3, Chapter 1).

(ii) In 贬补谤颈惫补峁兣沘, Chapter 7 we read that the 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 of this Manvantaram were Aurva, Stambha, 碍补艣测补辫补, 笔谤腻峁嘺, 叠峁沨补蝉辫补迟颈, Datta and Ni艣cyavana.

(iii) 叠谤补丑尘腻 taught this Manu, 厂腻迟惫补迟补dharma. 厂惫腻谤辞肠颈峁�a taught this dharma to his son 艢a峁卥havadana. (艢腻苍迟颈 Parva, Chapter 348, Verse 36).

Auttami (Uttama).

(a) General.

Uttama was also the son of Priyavrata. He went to 骋补峁単腻 迟墨谤迟丑补 and offered worship to 顿别惫墨 for three years with V膩gb墨ja mantra. At the end of it, 顿别惫墨 was pleased and blessed him with worthy sons and a kingdom without the threat of enemies After a happy reign of many years, at the close of the Manvantara, he reached the highest place in Heaven. Devi 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 10th Skandha).

(b) Other details. 厂耻艣腻苍迟颈 was the name of the Devendra of this Manvantara. There were five groups of Devas, namely 厂耻诲丑腻尘补苍蝉, Satyas, Japas, Pratardanas and 艢颈惫补s, each group consisting of twelve Devas. The seven sons of the sage 痴补蝉颈峁ａ弓丑补 were the saptar峁�is of this Manvantara. These seven sons of 痴补蝉颈峁ａ弓丑补 by his wife 弄谤箩箩腻 were Rajas, Gotra, 弄谤诲丑惫补产腻丑耻, Savana, Anagha, Sutapas and 艢耻办谤补. Aja, Para艣ud墨pta and others were the sons of the Manu Uttama. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part I. Chapter 1).

罢腻尘补蝉补.

(a) General.

The fourth Manu 罢腻尘补蝉补 was the son of Priyavrata. That King performed penance to 顿别惫墨 on the northern bank of the river 狈补谤尘补诲腻 with 碍腻尘补谤腻箩补 mantra. As a result of 顿别惫墨鈥檚 blessing, he obtained a prosperous Kingdom and worthy sons. After a long reign he attained heaven. (顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 10th Skandha).

(b) Other details.

At the time of this Manu, there were four groups of Devas, namely鈥�厂耻辫腻谤补蝉, Haris, Satyas, and 厂耻诲丑墨蝉. Each of these groups contained 27 Devas. 艢颈产颈 who had performed a hundred y膩gas was the Indra. The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 of this Manvantara were Jyotirm膩n, 笔峁泃丑耻, 碍腻惫测补, Caitra, Agnivanaka, and 笔墨惫补谤补 and Nara. 碍丑测腻迟颈, 碍别迟耻谤奴辫补, 闯腻苍耻箩补峁単丑补 and others were the sons of 罢腻尘补蝉补 Manu. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part I, Chapter 1).

Raivata.

(a) General. The fifth Manu Raivata was the younger brother of 罢腻尘补蝉补. He worshipped 顿别惫墨 with K膩mab墨ja mantra on the banks of the river 碍腻濒颈苍诲墨. With the blessing of 顿别惫墨 he ruled for many years and then attained Heaven. (顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 10th Skandha).

(b) Other details. The name of the Indra of this Manvantara was Vibhu. There were four groups of Devas鈥�础尘颈迟腻产丑补蝉, 叠丑奴迟补谤补测补蝉, 痴补颈办耻峁囜弓丑补蝉 and Sumedhas. Each of these groups contained fourteen Devas. The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 of Raivata Manvantara were-贬颈谤补峁噛补谤辞尘腻, Vedasr墨, 弄谤诲丑惫补产腻丑耻, 痴别诲补产腻丑耻, 厂耻诲腻尘腻, Parjanya and Mah膩muni. The sons of Raivata Manu, Balabandhu, 厂补尘产丑腻惫测补, Satyaka and others were mighty Kings. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part 3, Chapter 1).

颁腻办峁�u峁�a.

(a) General.

This Manu was the son of 础峁単补. Once he went to the 搁腻箩补谤峁�i (royal saint) Pulaha and prayed for prosperity, mastery of the whole world, invincible power and profound scholarship. Pulaha sent him to 顿别惫墨. The 搁腻箩补谤峁�i taught him the worship of 顿别惫墨. After acquiring the mantra 颁腻办峁�u峁�a went to the banks of the river 痴颈谤补箩腻 and offered worship to 顿别惫墨. At the end of twelve years, 顿别惫墨 appeared before him and blessed him with "Manuhood", mastery of the Manu kingdom and brilliant sons After many years he distributed his kingdoms among his sons and at last attained "顿别惫墨pada". (顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, Da艣ama Skandha).

(b) Other details.

(i) The following account is given in 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part I, Chapter 13, about the birth of 颁腻办峁�u峁�a Manu. Dhruva and his wife 艢补尘产丑耻 had two sons, namely 艢颈峁ａ弓颈 and Bhavya. 厂耻肠肠丑腻测腻, the wife of 艢颈峁ａ弓颈 gave birth to five sons, Ripu, 搁颈辫耻帽箩补测补, Vipra, 痴峁沰补濒补 and V峁沰atejas, who were all sinless. 颁腻办峁�u峁�a was born to 叠峁沨补迟墨, the wife of Ripu. 颁腻办峁�u峁�a begot Manu by 笔耻峁�k补谤颈峁嚹�, daughter of 痴墨谤补峁嘺 笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈. This was the sixth Manu. By his wife 狈补岣峷补濒腻, the daughter of 痴补颈谤腻箩补 笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈, he had 10 sons, namely, Kuru, Puru, 艢补迟补诲测耻尘苍补, 罢补辫补蝉惫墨, 厂补迟测补惫腻苍, 艢耻肠颈, 础驳苍颈峁ａ弓辞尘补, 础迟颈谤腻迟谤补, Sudyumna and Abhimanyu. 膧驳苍别测墨, wife of Kuru, gave birth to six sons who were 础峁単补, Sumanas, 碍丑测腻迟颈, Kratu, 础峁単颈谤补蝉 and 艢颈产颈. 厂耻苍墨迟丑腻, wife of A峁僩a, gave birth to Vena. 笔峁泃丑耻 was the son of Vena. He is also known as "Vainya".

(ii) The Indra of that period was Manojava. There were five groups of Devas鈥�膧办丑测补蝉, 笔谤补蝉奴迟补蝉, Bhavyas, 笔峁泃丑耻kas and Lekhas, each group consisting of eight Devas. The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 of this Manvantara were-Sumedhas, Virajas, 贬补惫颈峁�m腻苍, Uttama, Madhu, Atin膩man and 厂补丑颈峁ａ箛耻. 艢补迟补诲测耻尘苍补 and other mighty Kings were the sons of 颁腻办峁�u峁�a Manu. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part I, Chapter 3).

(iii) The sons of this Manu became famous under the name "Vari峁ａ弓has" (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 础苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补 Parva, Chapter 18, Verse 20).

Vaivasvata.

(a) General.

He was born from 厂奴谤测补. It is this Manu who rules the world today. All living beings that we see today were born from him. Vaivasvata Manu is Satyavrata Manu who escaped from the last deluge. To save him 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 took up the incarnation of Matsya (fish). Vaivasvata Manu was also the first of the Kings of the 厂奴谤测补 va峁兣沘 (Solar Dynasty) who ruled over 础测辞诲丑测腻.

(b) Other details.

(i) In 顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, Saptama Skandha, we see that the sons of Vaivasvata namely 滨办峁�v腻办耻, 狈腻产丑腻驳补, 顿丑峁涐梗峁璦, 艢补谤测腻迟颈, 狈补谤颈峁�y补苍迟补, 笔谤腻峁兣泆, 狈峁沢补, 顿颈峁ａ弓补, 碍补谤奴峁�a and 笔峁涐梗补诲丑谤补 were also called Manus.

(ii) This Manu worshipped 顿别惫墨 and received her blessing and attained Heaven after a long reign. (顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 10th Skandha).

(iii) Vaivasvata Manu had another name, "艢谤腻诲诲丑补诲别惫补." The Devas of this Manvantaram are 膧诲颈tyas, Vasus and Rudras. The name of the Indra of this period is Purandara. The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 are, 痴补蝉颈峁ａ弓丑补, 碍补艣测补辫补, Atri, Jamadagni, Gautama, 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补 and 叠丑补谤补诲惫腻箩补. The nine 顿丑腻谤尘颈办补蝉 (virtuous ones), 滨办峁�v腻办耻, 狈峁沢补, 顿丑峁涐梗峁璦, 艢补谤测腻迟颈, 狈补谤颈峁�y补苍迟补, 狈腻产丑腻驳补, 础谤颈峁ａ弓补, 碍补谤奴峁�a and Pr峁�adhra are the sons of Vaivasvata Manu. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part 8, Chapter 1).

(iv) Ten sons were born to this Manu who were Vena, 顿丑峁涐梗峁嘘, 狈补谤颈峁�y补苍迟补, 狈腻产丑腻驳补, 滨办峁�v腻办耻, 碍腻谤奴峁�a, 艢补谤测腻迟颈, lla, 笔峁涐梗补诲丑谤补, and 狈腻产丑腻驳腻谤颈峁ａ弓补. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 膧诲颈 Parva, Chapter 75, Verse 15).

(v) 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 incarnated as Matsya for the sake of Vaivasvata Manu. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 Vana Parva, Chapter 187).

(vi) He received Yogavidy膩 from 厂奴谤测补 and 滨办峁�v腻办耻 received it later from him. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 叠丑墨峁�m补 Parva, Chapter 122, Verse 38).

(vii) At the beginning of 罢谤别迟腻测耻驳补, 厂奴谤测补 taught "厂腻迟惫补迟补 Dharma" to Manu and Manu taught it to 滨办峁�v腻办耻 for the protection of all creatures. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 艢腻苍迟颈 Parva, Chapter 348, Verse 51).

(viii) The sage Gautama taught 艢颈惫补sahasran膩ma to Vaivasvata Manu. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 础苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补 Parva, Chapter 17, Verse 177).

厂腻惫补谤峁噄.

(a) General.

Even in his previous birth he was a devotee of 顿别惫墨. In his former birth (during the period of 厂惫腻谤辞肠颈峁�a Manvantara) 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 was born as a King of Caitrava峁兣沘 under the name Suratha. The origin of the dynasty known as Caitrava峁兣沘 was as follows:鈥擜tri, son of 叠谤补丑尘腻 had a son named 狈颈艣腻办补谤补. This 狈颈艣腻办补谤补 became an emperor by performing 搁腻箩补蝉奴测补. Emperor 狈颈艣腻办补谤补 had a son Budha and Budha had a son named Caitra, both of whom were greatly renowned. It was Caitra鈥檚 family which later on became the reputed Caitra dynasty. The son of that Caitra was Viratha. Suratha was the son of Viratha. This was the previous birth of 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 Manu. Suratha was a great hero and poet. Once another King besieged his city and defeated him. Suratha left his kingdom and went alone on horseback and took shelter in a dense forest. While wandering in the forest like a mad man with a broken heart, he happened to reach the 腻艣谤补尘补 of the sage Sumedhas. The sage advised him to worship 顿别惫墨 in order to retrieve his lost kingdom and prosperity. Accordingly the King worshipped 顿别惫墨 who was pleased and restored to him his kingdom and prosperity. Besides, she blessed him that in his next birth he would become 厂腻惫补谤峁噄, the King of the Solar dynasty and would be revered as the eighth Manu. Thus the eighth Manu 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 will be the second birth of Suratha. (顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 10th Skandha).

(b) Other details.

厂腻惫补谤峁噄 is also the son of 厂奴谤测补. How he came to be called 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 is explained below:鈥敵�奴谤测�� had three children Manu, Yama and 驰补尘墨 by 厂补峁僯帽腻, the daughter of 痴颈艣惫补办补谤尘腻. This Manu was Vaivasvata Manu, the seventh Manu. Unable to bear the intense heat of 厂奴谤测补, 厂补峁僯帽腻 once sent her maid 颁丑腻测腻 to 厂奴谤测补 in her own disguise and went to the forest for tapas. 厂奴谤测补 had three children by 颁丑腻测腻, 艢补苍补颈艣肠补谤补, another Manu and 罢补辫补迟墨. This Manu is known as 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 who will become the eighth Manu. In his time there will be three groups of Devas鈥擲utapas, 础尘颈迟腻产丑补蝉 and Mukhyas. Each of these groups will consist of twelve persons. The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 of the eighth Manvantara are 顿墨辫迟颈尘腻苍, 骋腻濒补惫补, 搁腻尘补, 碍峁沺补, 础艣惫补迟迟丑腻尘腻 son of 顿谤辞峁嘺, 痴测腻蝉补 son of 笔补谤腻艣补谤补 and 峁氠梗测补艣峁涐箙驳补. 惭补丑腻产补濒颈, son of Virocana will be the Indra. Virajas, Urvar墨y膩n, Nirmoka and others are the Kings who are the sons of 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 Manu. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part III, Chapter 2).

Dak峁�a 厂腻惫补谤峁噄.

General.

At the time of this Manu there are three groups of Devas namely, 笔腻谤补蝉, 惭补谤墨肠颈garbhas and Sudharmans. Each of the groups contains 12 Devas. The Indra who is the king of those Devas, is the mighty Adbhuta. The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 of this Manvantara are:鈥擲avana, 顿测耻迟颈尘腻苍, Bhavya, Vasu, 惭别诲丑腻tithi, 闯测辞迟颈峁�m腻苍 and Satya, 顿丑峁泃补办别迟耻. 顿墨辫迟颈办别迟耻, 笔补帽肠补丑补蝉迟补, 狈颈谤腻尘补测补, 笔峁泃丑耻艣ravas are the sons of 顿补办峁�a蝉腻惫补谤峁噄 Manu. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part III, Chapter 2).

(10). Brahma 厂腻惫补谤峁噄.

General.

In this Manvantara, the Devas are 厂耻诲丑腻尘补苍蝉 and 痴颈艣耻诲诲丑补蝉. Each of these groups will contain 100 Devas. Their Indra will be the heroic 艢腻苍迟颈. The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 will be 贬补惫颈峁�m腻苍, 厂耻办峁泃补, Satya, 罢补辫辞尘奴谤迟颈, Nabh膩ga, Apratimaujas and Satyaketu. Brahma 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 will have ten sons, three of whom are, 厂耻办峁�e迟谤补, Uttamaujas and Bh奴tisena who will become Kings. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part III, Chapter 2).

(11). Dharma 厂腻惫补谤峁噄.

General.

In this Manvantara there will be three groups of Devas namely, 痴颈丑补峁単补尘补蝉, K膩magas and 狈颈谤惫腻峁嘺谤补迟颈蝉, each of the groups consisting of 30 Devas. 痴峁涐梗补, Agnitejas, 痴补辫耻峁�m腻苍, Gh峁涐箛墨, 膧谤耻峁噄, 贬补惫颈峁�m腻苍, and Anagha will be the 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉. The sons of Dharma 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 viz., Sarvatraga, 厂耻诲丑补谤尘腻, 顿别惫腻苍墨办补 and others will be the kings of that time.

(12). Rudra 厂腻惫补谤峁噄.

General.

This Manu is the son of Rudra. The Indra of this Manvantara will be 峁歵耻诲丑腻尘补苍. There will be five groups of Devas namely, Haritas, Rohitas, Sumanases, Sukarmans and 厂耻辫腻谤补蝉. Each group will contain 10 Devas. 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 are 罢补辫补蝉惫墨, Sutapas, 罢补辫辞尘奴谤迟颈, Taporati, 罢补辫辞诲丑峁泃颈, Tapodyuti and Tapodhana. The sons of this Manu, 顿别惫补惫腻苍, Upadeva and 顿别惫补艣谤别峁ａ弓丑补 will be mighty kings. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part III, Chapter 2).

(13). Raucyadeva 厂腻惫补谤峁噄. (Ruci).

General.

There will be three groups of Devas during this period called Sutr膩mans, Sukarmans and Sudharmans. Each of these groups will contain 33 Devas. The mighty Divaspati will be their Indra. Nirmoha, Tattvadar艣墨, Ni峁�prakampya, Nirutsuka, Dh峁泃im膩n, Avyaya and Sutapas are the 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 of that period. Citrasena, Vicitra and other sons of this Manu will be kings. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part III, Chapter 2).

(14). Indra 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 (Bhaumi).

General.

The Indra of this Manvantara will be 艢耻肠颈. Under his control there will be five groups of Devas. They are 颁腻办峁�u峁�as, Pavitras, 碍补苍颈峁ａ弓丑补蝉, 叠丑谤腻箩补办补蝉 and 痴腻肠腻惫峁沝诲丑补蝉. The 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉 of this period are 础驳苍颈产腻丑耻, 艢耻肠颈, 艢耻办谤补, 惭腻驳补诲丑补, 础驳苍墨诲丑谤补, Yukta and Jita. At that time the sons of the Manu who would rule the earth will be Uru, 骋补尘产丑墨谤补产耻诲诲丑颈 and others. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part III, Chapter 2).

Some more details.

Fourteen Manus have been mentioned above. Of them, the seventh Manu, Vaivasvata Manu is the Head of the present Manvantrara. Some general facts about the Manus are given below:鈥�

1) The six Manus after the eighth one namely, 顿补办峁�a蝉腻惫补谤峁噄, 惭别谤耻蝉腻惫补谤峁噄, 厂奴谤测补s膩var峁噄, Candras膩var峁嚹�, 搁耻诲谤补蝉腻惫补谤峁噄 and 痴颈峁ａ箛耻s膩var峁噄 are respectively the re-births of 碍补谤奴峁�a, 笔峁涐梗补诲丑谤补, 狈腻产丑腻驳补, 顿颈峁ａ弓补, 艢补谤测腻迟颈 and 罢谤颈艣补峁卥耻 who were the sons of Vaivasvsata Manu. There is a story about their taking re-births. All the six persons mentioned above were once offering worship to the idol of 顿别惫墨 on the banks of the river 碍腻濒颈苍诲墨. After twelve years, 顿别惫墨 appeared, under the name of Bhramar膩mbik膩 and blessed them that in their next births they would become rulers of Manvantaras. (顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 10th Skandha).

2) It is said that the four Manus, 厂惫腻谤辞肠颈峁�a, Uttama, 罢腻尘补蝉补 and Raivata belonged to Priyavrata鈥檚 family. It was because Priyavrata who was a 搁腻箩补谤峁�i offered tapas to 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 that four Manus were born in his family. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺. Part III, Chapter 1).

3) It is the power of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 that dominates all the Manvantaras as the basic divinity. In the first 厂惫腻测补尘产丑耻惫补 Manvantara it was a part of that power of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 itself that originated as 驰补箩帽补辫耻谤耻峁�a in 膧bh奴ti. After that when 厂惫腻谤辞肠颈峁�a Manvantara came it was again that divinity that took its origin in 罢耻峁�i迟腻 as Ajita among the 罢耻峁�i迟补蝉. In Uttama Manvantara that divinity 罢耻峁�i迟补 him self was born again under the name of Satya as the son of 厂补迟测腻 in the group of Devas called Satyas. When 罢腻尘补蝉补 Manvantara began, that divinity was born again as the son of 贬补谤测腻 as a Hari in the group of Devas called Haris. It was that divinity Hari himself who was born in 厂补尘产丑奴迟颈 under the name of 惭腻苍补蝉补 among the Devas called Raivatas in Raivata Manvantara. In 颁腻办峁�u峁�a Manvantara that 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 叠丑补驳补惫腻苍 took birth in Viku峁囜弓h墨 as one of the 痴补颈办耻峁囜弓丑补蝉. In the present Vaivasvata Manvantara, 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 has incarnated in Aditi as 痴腻尘补苍补, the son of 碍补艣测补辫补. That great 痴腻尘补苍补 conquered all the three worlds and presented them to Devendra. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Part III, Chapter 2).

Besides the fourteen Manus mentioned above, certain other Manus are also referred to in the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉. Some details about them are given below:鈥�

(1) It is seen from 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺, 础谤补峁噛补 碍腻峁囜笉补, 14th Sarga, verse 11, that 碍补艣测补辫补 had a wife named Manu.

(2) There is a reference to a 搁腻箩补谤峁�i (Saintly king) named Manu in 峁欢惫别诲补, first M补峁囜笉补la, 16th Anuv膩ka, 112th 厂奴办迟补.

(3) A son named Manu was born to the Agni Tapa or 笔腻帽肠补箩补苍测补. This Manu has another name 叠丑腻苍耻. He had three wives named Supraj膩, B峁沨adbh膩s膩 and 狈颈艣腻. Six sons were born to him by the first two wives. By his third wife he had one daughter and seven sons. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 Vana Parva, Chapter 221, Verse 4).

(4) In 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, 艢腻苍迟颈 Parva, Chapter 57, verse 43, we find a reference to another Manu named Pracetas.