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The Shringara-manjari-katha is a Katha. The frame-tale is preceded by an Introduction which tells us how, when and by whom the Katha came to be narrated. Once upon a time when spring was almost over and when the heat of the sun was increasing, King Bhojadeva, who was seated on the bejewelled seat of the dhara-grha, was requested by his friends and admirers to narrate to them a new tale. After a little hesitation, the king began: Here there is the beautiful city of Dhara. King Bhojadeva is the ruler: His favourite courtesan is Srngaramanjari, who is accomplished in all the sciences and arts necessary for a courtesan of her standing. Her beauty and wealth add to her good fortune but she lacks a sense of discrimination in attending to the people who come to her. Her mother Visamasila is proud of her heritage, but fears that Srngaramanjari might some day be cheated by rogues and ruin the good reputation of her family. So one day Visamasila frankly speaks out her fears to Srngaramanjari and instructs her that since men have different natures and leanings in the world, she should be more discriminating. Vsamasila also describes the different forms of attachments of men and expounds some principles to be followed by a courtesan. This is the frame-tale. The teaching is imparted by illustrative stories which form the thirteen kathanikas. Each kathanika has a moral which is enunciated at the outset and explained at the end. The First Tale of Ravidatta Visamasila: Men are ruined because of their deep attachment. -niliraga-for courtesans. Thus: In the town of Kundinapura dwelt a learned Brahmana named Somadatta. In old age he begot a son by favour of the Sun God and the child was therefore called Ravidatta. By the time Ravidatta was sixteen, he had mastered the Vedas and all the Sastras; and his father instructed him in all the arts, especially the art of harlotry. Once, after the death of his parents, when it was Spring time, a group of Vitas urged him to attend the festive procession of the fish-bannered god Madana (i.e. God of Love). He remembered the advice of his elders, but goaded on by his friends, he proceeded to the mansion of the God of Love. There he saw a lovely courtesan Vinayavati. On seeing her he stood dumb as if stricken by the

A SUMMARY OF CONTENTS 13 abundance of Madana's arrows. Vinayavati saw his youthful form and opulent appearance and glanced at him frequently as if enamoured of him. Though till that day Ravidatta was insensible to the play of love, he was charmed by the courtesan's amorous glances. After duly performing the worship of Madana, he left the place with his mind fixed on her. The courtesan also returned home thinking of him. She had secured a good prey; and she did not wish to let it escape. She sent her friend Sangamika to tell Ravidatta of her love and bring him to her house. When Sangamika met Ravidatta, she spoke to him about it and invited him; he was at first indecisive, but the fire of youth outweighed his judgment, wisdom, modesty and learning and he went to the courtesan's house. Vinayavati was quick to understand his deep attachmentniliraga and gradually divested him of all his wealth. When Ravidatta became a pauper she sent a message to him through Sangamika that a certain merchant named Vasudatta had arrived from Suvarna. dvipa with much wealth and was ready to give it all to Vinayavati if he could but spend one night with her. And therefore Ravidatta was asked not to come to her place for two or three days. The dull-witted Ravidatta took her at her word and stayed home. After a few days he went to her house, but was turned out. He met Sangamika but she showed no signs of recognition. He made repeated efforts to gain entrance to Vinayavati's house but was rebuked, laughed at by her servants and driven out every time. But his attachment for her did not lessen. He passed the remaining days of his life thinking of her and thought himself fortunate whenever he had the opportunity of seeing her. Visamasila. Thus O daughter, the secret teachings of harlotry yielded good results after the nature of niliraga was known. As a cloth dyed in indigo does not fade even when washed by different things like soda, a person of niliraga does not give up his deep attachment even when ruined in a hundred ways. The Second Tale of Vikramasimha Srngaramanjari: Mother, you have spoken about the niliraga My curiosity increases. Please speak to me about the manjistharaga Visamasila said: 1 In the city of Tamalipti, there dwelt a prince named Vikrama simha. One day loitering in the locality of the courtesans he saw Malatika, the daughter of the bawd Ekadamstra. Malatika was not independent for she depended for her livelihood on a merchant named Vasudatta. For Private & Personal Use Only.

As soon as Vikramasimha saw Malatika he felt an irresistible attraction towards her. He sent his servant Priyamvadaka to her to find out the means by which he could meet her. In answer to his request Malatika told him of her dependency on Vasudatta due to a contract, and asked him to wait till she found an excuse to meet him. He waited patiently throughout the rainy season. Then Malatika sent her messenger Madhukarika to fetch him. He went, was gratified and returned after giving her a lot of wealth. Some days passed and Vikramasimha was offended. (The text is lost here and we do not know the exact circumstances which gave offence to Vikramasimha). He stopped going to her and sending her gifts. And his attachment for her gradually lessened. Visamasila: Thus O daughter, as a cloth dyed in the Manjistha does not completely lose its colour but fades away as you wash it, persons of manjistharaga become gradually detached when offended. Therefore such persons should not be troubled. The Third Tale of Madhava Srngaramanjari: Mother, I remain unsatiated in hearing these tales that you have narrated. Therefore tell me a tale about a man of kusumbharaga. And Visamasila said: In the city of Vidisa there dwelt a bawd called Bhujangavagura. Her daughter was Kuvalayavali. She was reputed for her youthful beauty and graces. To that city one day came Madhava, a student of the Vedas. He had returned from Simhaladvipa after amassing considerable wealth. He came to know of Kuvalayavali and paying her liberally, he spent a night with her. She was much pleased with him and sent for him now and then. Many days passed; Madhava's wealth slowly flowed into Kuvalayavali's coffers. When he had been reduced to the state of a pauper Madhava thought of going away before his name was completely ruined. To encourage him as it were, the monsoon came to an end and autumn, the proper season for travel, set in. Madhava now decided to start for the Malaya country in search of wealth and took leave of the bawd. Kuvalayavali wept and made all efforts to keep him back, but it was futile. While leaving, Madhava left with her his rich upper garment. Both the mother and daughter followed him for some distance and then the bawd suggested that he should give to her daughter some token of remembrance. He replied he had no such thing, but the bawd insisted-"Please give this dress. of yours as a token of remembrance. Pressing the garment to her heart, Kuvalayavali will pass her days hoping for your return."

Madhava answered: "I will do as you say. But there are many travellers on the way and I feel shy. On leaving this road I will give it to you". After going some more distance, he saw a lonely spot and he called the bawd. Throwing her on the ground he quickly and forcibly cut off her nose and ears. While she lay tossing and wailing. Madhava said to her: "Such is a token of remembrance I give you that you will never forget it", and thinking his purpose had been served he went his way. Visamasila: As a cloth dyed in kusumbha is not fit for heat and washing, persons of kusumbharaga soon become estranged and bring about evil. The wealth of such people therefore should be taken away without giving offence to them. Srngaramanjari: Mother, my curiosity increases. Therefore tell me about all the things you mentioned. The Fourth Tale of Suradharman Visamasila: Well, listen about the means of getting hold of a person of haridraraga. On the bank of the Ganges is Hastigrama, a village of the Brahmanas. There dwelt a poor man called Suradharman. He knew of no means of acquiring wealth; so he decided to worship the sea, the store-house of jewels. Every day he would go with flowers, offer them to the sea, spend the whole day there and return at eventide. Many years thus passed. One day the Lord of the sea took pity on him and gave him an invaluable jewel. Suradharman was pleased and returned home. Having obtained such an invaluable treasure he was afraid of losing it, so he tore open his thigh, hid it there, and assuming the role of a mad man roamed about muttering only "Mother knows". Wandering thus, he came to Ujjayini after many days. King Vikramaditya ruled there. He had a famous courtesan named Devadatta. Under the pretext of pilgrimage, Devadatta used to search for rich men fit to be fleeced. Once she saw Suradharman. Noticing the contrast between his form and his peculiar behaviour, she knew for certain that the person was a rogue and had assumed the pose of a mad man only to hide something very precious; therefore she spoke to him; but to her question he only answered, 'Mother knows'. Desirous of knowing the truth, Devadatta brought him home. She tried her utmost to worm out the secret from him. She neglected even the king, but Suradharman would speak nothing else but "Mother knows". Thus passed six months. One day it occurred to Suradharman that a long stay would infatuate him and he would be prompted to

give away everything; it would be best therefore to go away. But he could not speak out his desire. Therefore he folded his hands, pointed towards his own country and repeated 'Mother knows.' Devadatta persuaded him in many ways but he would not stay back. Therefore she had to permit him to go. It was a defeat for Devadatta, and she felt offended. She resolved that she would make a last effort to call him back and if she failed, she would immolate herself in fire. Accordingly she called two other girls and instructed them as follows: They should both follow Suradharman. After covering two yojanas, one of them should go ahead and come from the opposite direction towards him. The other should walk behind him. On meeting each other they should converse about the happenings at Ujjayini. In the course of conversation it should be given out that the courtesan Devadatta, who had fallen in love with a mad man, had died because he left her, and her whole family was desirous of putting an end to their lives. The rehearsed talk had the desired effect on Suradharman. He stopped, told them that he was the wretch who killed Devadatta, and ran back to her house. Arrangements in connection with the bogus death had been made meticulously. Her dead body lay on one side and her people were weeping. On seeing him, the bawd cried aloud and rebuked him for destroying the happiness of her household. Suradharman was distressed. He decided to follow Devadatta so he opened his thigh and gave the jewel to the bawd. The same moment the bawd spoke into the ears of Devadatta 'rise', and Devadatta slowly opened her eyes, started breathing and stretched her limbs. All were in ecstasy and a rumour was spread that Devadatta had been carried away by death, but was recovered again. Suradharman and Devadatta now happily passed two or three days together. One night due to the force of habit the words 'Mother knows' escaped Suradharman. Devadatta asked: "Do I know it or your mother?" Suradharman folded his hands and said, "Mother knows. not. You alone know everything." Hearing that, Devadatta kicked him out saying "If I know everything get out from here." While going he pitifully begged of her to give him some provision for the journey. She gave him 2 palas and drove him out. Visamasila: Thus O daughter, even at the loss of her own wealth, Devadatta looked after him. Knowing his haridraraga she quickly took away everything and drove him out. As haridra fades in the heat of the sun and so on, such men of haridraraga become averse by threats and the like; therefore they should be drained of their wealth by resorting to extraordinary means.

The Fifth Tale of Devadatta 17 Visamasila: Moreover, daughter, I have told you that to win over a person you should understand him first: King Vikramaditya of Ujjayini had a courtesan called Devadatta. One night as they were enjoying the moonlit night, the king asked her how courtesans should be dealt with and how they successfully acquire other's wealth. Devadatta showed her aversion to answering this question. To avoid the query and yet to entertain him, she started relating to him a strange incident she had experienced only the day before. Devadatta said that while she was going from there to the main gate, all of a sudden she saw a wonderful horse, and a handsome young man mounted on it. He signalled to her and she mounted the horse. The horse flew up into the sky. After a long journey the horse came down and they dismounted. There was a mansion which they entered. She saw there a beautiful lady weeping. Another man came with a whip. They both asked Devadatta to act as a love messenger to bring about a union between the man with the whip and the lady. She refused and the man with the whip started beating her. Devadatta did not give in, but went on saying "The feet of the conqueror of the three worlds, King Vikramaditya, is my shelter." Surprisingly enough, as she called out to him, the others felt as if the king had come. They were scared to death and fled leaving her alone. She did not see where the horse went away, but she found herself again on the palace ground. On hearing this narrative Vikramaditya repeatedly asked Devadatta whether it was true. And Devadatta swore by the king that it was entirely true. The king was pleased with her and told his elephant-keeper to give his second best elephant to her as a gift together with four crores of gold pieces, rich ornaments and garments. Devadatta smiled and said to the king that she would take another elephant from him after they retired and then revealed to him the secret; "Sire, you asked me how my class of people acquire wealth well, this is how they get it". "Well done, Devadatta", said Vikramaditya, "You have instructed me in a fascinating manner. You have well raised the traditional reputation of your class". So saying, being gratified, he doubled the gifts. Visamasila: Thus oh daughter, acquisition of wealth is certain if you act according to the desire of other people. there is nothing that flattery does not attain, S--3 The truth is that

The sixth tale of Lavanyasundari Visamasila: Moreover, oh daughter, I have already told you that for those who, after resorting to great and valorous persons, try to obtain their desired ends at the risk of self-sacrifice it is not difficult to gain their own ends. I will tell you about it: In the town of Ahicchatra dwelt a powerful king called Vajramukuta. In the same town also dwelt a rich oilman called Ghuda with his wife Lavanyasundari. The couple were very happy. One day, while the king was passing by Ghuda's house he saw Lavanyasundari. Her loveliness intoxicated him and he desired to possess her. Learning from his spies that she was the wife of Ghuda, the oilman, Vajramukuta arrested Ghuda under a false charge of adulteration in oil. For his release the oilman offered to pay enormous sums, but the king did not release him. Lavanyasundari then realised the king's real intentions and told her husband that he should try to free himself from the king's clutches by offering him whatever he wanted. Accordingly, the oilman asked the king and he was asked to get a hundred elephants within six months. Considering her husband's freedom more important than her own reputation, she took along with her a large retinue and paraphernalia befitting a noble and rich courtesan; and having in mind the valorous King Sahasanka, she started for Ujjayini. After a few days she reached Ujjayini. She took up her residence on the banks of the Sipra and had the rumour bruited about her that she was a courtesan. The rumour, in due course, reached the ears of the king. As she anticipated, he sent his spies to verify the truth. When they attested to its truth, the king passed by her house under the pretext of hunting and had a look at her. His mind was immediately captivated by her beauty and charm. And he sent his man Mukharaka to fetch her. She gladly came to the king's palace and stayed there. In the morning the king spoke to Bhattamatrgupta, his wise adviser, about the love of Lavanyasundari. Bhattamatrgupta warned him not to trust her for she was after all a harlot. Vikrama tested her in various ways but she always proved loyal to him, and he refused to believe Bhattamatrgupta's words. All this naturally came to the ears of Lavanyasundari. She feared and respected Bhattamatrgupta but the prescribed time was coming to an end and she had to act soon. So one day Lavanyasundari took courage. She came to where the king and his wise counsellor were sitting, and rebuked the king for regarding her true love as harlotry. In a huff she entered the bedroom and with a dagger cut off her head. Full of misapprehensions Vikrama followed her after some time only to see her lying

dead with her head severed. He was stunned and called Bhattamatrgupta, "Do you see the end of harlotry?" he asked. "Yes, Your Majesty", replied Bhattamatrgupta, "but what shall I say? This too is harlotry". The king was enraged; disregarding the worthy Bhattamatrgupta he took her body to the temple of the Goddess Asapura. He prepared to cut off his head as an offering to the goddess who was pleased with his courage and love and granted him his desire, and revived Lavanyasundari. All were pleased and the king returned with her to the city. Days passed happily. One evening as they were seated on an ivory balcony, they saw a lordly elephant roaming at will. The king was joyous at the sight of the elephant and asked Lavanyasundari to ask for a boon. First she refused, but ultimately said: "All that is your is mine. What shall I ask for? But since childhood I have a great fascination for elephants. Therefore give me one hundred elephants". She also requested him that this gift to her should be announced everywhere. The king did as desired. After two or three days Lavanyasundari stood before the king with folded hands and asked him to free her, for such, she said, was the convention of the courtesans. The king was surprised. He asked about it and Lavanyasundari told the entire story. The king allowed her to go back and she spent the remaining years of her life in enjoyment with Ghuda. The seventh tale of Cheating Bawd Visamasila: One must protect oneself from rogues. Thus: A Brahmana begot two sons in old age. They were called Visnugupta and Somadatta. When they grew up they desired to go to another country; and so, one summer they set out. Journeying they came to the forest of Vindhya. Their provisions were exhausted as they had to pass seven days crossing the forest. They were tired; thirst and hunger afflicted them. After some time with great difficulty they reached a lake with a banian tree on its bank. They passed the day there and at night lighted a fire to keep off wild beasts and stood on guard for one watch alternatively. During the third watch of the night, when Somadatta was on guard he heard a pair of pigeons talking. The female pigeon suggested that they throw themselves into fire and help the poor starving Brahmana boys. The pigeon agreed and spoke of a prophecy made by a sage at their birth that he who would eat the male pigeon would become a king and he who would eat the female pigeon would get five-hundred gold pieces every day. Then they threw themselves into fire. The wonderstruck Somadatta drew them out of the fire, woke up his brother and told him about them. He gave

his brother the male pigeon and himself ate the she pigeon. Somadatta then went to sleep. In the morning he found five-hundred gold pieces by his side and they were convinced about the truth of the matter. Joyously they proceeded on their journey the next day, but soon lost sight of each other and went different ways. According to the story, the elder boy became the king of Magadha. The young, Somadatta, came to Kanci. In that city dwelt a bawd Makaradamstra and her daughter Karpurika. Somadatta spent many days in Karpurika's company and gave her untold gold. No supplicant was ever turned sway by him and yet his wealth never seemed to lessen. The bawd was curious and asked Karpurika to find out the source of his wealth. The secret about the she-pigeon came out. The bawd gave her some emetic and he vomitted out the pigeon. The bawd immediately ate it. Thence she got gold every day and Somadatta's gain stopped. He repented of his mistake and set out on his travels again. On the way he heard about a new king of Magadha. Convinced that this must be his own brother he went to him. He stayed there for a few days, obtained considerable wealth and returned to Kanci in order to take revenge on Karpurika. Karpurika was attracted by his wealth and splendour. When pressed by her to tell the source of his wealth he said that it was due to siddhi he had obtained by practising penance at Sriparvata. Karpurika's greed increased. She suggested a bargain: She would give the pigeon back if he would transfer the siddhi to her. Somadatta was not to be cheated this time. He struck a successful bargain by taking the pigeon along with all her wealth and giving in return the said siddhi. He sent away all the gold to his house, ate the pigeon and asking the royal retinue to wait upon the courtesan for five days went away. For five days Karpurika enjoyed the service of the king's men, and was then disappointed. Her household returned full of sorrow and repentance. While Somadatta went to Magadha to his brother and lived happily ever after. Visamasila: Therefore my child, rogues should never be troubled, for when irritated they act in such a way that they take away even the previously earned wealth. The eighth tale of the woman' love Visamasila: I have said before that one's self should be protected from love as from a tiger. I will illustrate that to you. In the town of Pundravardhana there dwelt a rich merchant Vasudatta, whose only son Ratnadatta had in a short time mastered all the lores and sciences under the teacher Vasubhuti. When

Ratnadatta grew up he did not like the business of his father and desired to earn his own living by serving a powerful king. He set out with his servant Subandhu for Manyakheta where king Pratapamukuta ruled. He took a thousand pieces of gold with him in case of emergency, but decided to live by his earnings on the way. He averred that courtesans would invite him and will not abandon him, and if they did not call him or abandon him he would put an end to his life. After some days they came to the city of Vidisa. In the temple of Bhaillasvamidevapura he was noticed by the courtesan Lavanyasundari who had come to dance there. She immediately fell in love with him and sent her friend Bakulika after him. He was found sleeping in a lonely temple being attended upon by his servant. Bakulika brought him to Lavanyasundari's house. That very night Lavanyasundari was so charmed by him that abandoning thoughts of all other men, she became attached only to him. But early morning Ratnadatta left her and went to a gaming house. Lavanyasundari was perturbed on not seeing him and sent Bakulika to bring him back to her. He came back and that night Lavanyasundari asked him about his whereabouts and where he intended to go. Ratnadatta spoke to her of his desire to join the services of the king Pratapamukuta of Manyakheta. She knew she would not be able to stay without him. So she consulted a bawd and both of them accompanied him. After many days they reached the town of Punyapathaka. Under a mango tree outside the town Ratnadatta went to sleep placing his head on Lavanyasundari's lap. It then occurred to the bawd that Lavanyasundari had no intention of returning, and therefore she conceived a plot by which Ratnadatta would be killed and Lavanyasundari would return with her. Accordingly she went to the king Suradharman of the town and told him that their daughter was being taken away by a thug. The king first sent his police officer, then a few courtiers and then himself went to see whether the bawd was speaking a lie. He found that the girl was willingly going away with the youth. He was so pleased with Ratnadatta that he offered him half his kingdom. But Ratnadatta only spoke of his desire to serve the king and went his way. Then he came to Manyakheta, and put up with a courtesan called Citralekha. Next day Ratnadatta went in search of a job. He told Lavanyasundari that she was free for four days. Unfortunately the king saw Lavanyasundari, was enamoured of her and called her to the palace. She had to obey, but she agreed to take gifts from him only on the condition that she would be allowed to go away whenever she wanted.

The fourth day came. It was the day of the return of Ratnadatta. The king called her for dancing. Reluctantly she obeyed the king after instructing her maid that she should be called back as soon as Ratnadatta was seen coming. As she started dancing she saw her maid, so taking leave of the king she hurried back to her place. The king was so curious to see the man with whom Lavanyasundari was so madly in love. He came and hid behind a latticed window. When Ratnadatta came Lavanyasundari came forward with water to wash his feet. But from her dress Ratnadatta realised that she had become the King's courtesan. And when she proceeded to wash his feet he said "Do not wash my feet. You are my mother. You are the king's wife". When the king came out of the hiding place Ratnadatta turned to him and said that he should not come there but go to his palace. He had come to join his services and would follow his instructions then, but not now. The king was pleased with his boldness and returned. Ratnadatta was then invited to the court. His services were much appreciated and he stayed with the king enjoying his favours, and Lavanyasundari was soon forgotten. Visamasila: Therefore oh daughter, those women who become too much attached to men destroy themselves and lose their wealth. The ninth tale of love on both the sides Visamasila: I have narrated to you the nature of one-sided love. I will now describe to you love on both the sides. In Uragapura ruled king Samarasimha. He had a courtesan named Asokavati, who had mastered sword dancing. All the King's feudatories liked her but her heart was set upon samanta Chaddalaka. Once during winter when all the feudatories had assembled, the king sent for Asokavati to give a performance of sword dancing. Hoping that Chaddalaka would be present she put on her best apparel and went to the court. On the way she vowed to God that if Chaddalaka would see her today she would offer him kumkum and flowers. As she was coming she also saw the wish-fulfilling god Ganapati, and with her heart full of joy she came to the court. She began dancing. Her dancing was full of rhythm and grace, but her eyes sought none but Chaddalaka. Chaddalaka was not, to be seen anywhere and she was dismayed. Her enthusiasm waned, her steps became unsteady and she lost all her grace. The dancing teacher was quick to notice the change in her. He feared she would lose her balance and throw herself on the sword, so he told the king to stop the show. The king did so, called Asokavati and rebuked

her. But love had made her bold and she acknowledged her love for Chaddalaka and was ready to suffer any punishment. The king however, freed her asking her not to be so bold again. But to his surprise he saw her go to the house of Chaddalaka. The king now desired to break this bond of love. He therefore invited another handsome youth called Sundaraka to entice her. And she fell a victim to his charms. She invited him to her house and spent a night with him in dalliance. Sundaraka had brought a 'pattanika' with himself, in which all that passed between them was recorded. Next morning Asokavati repented for giving way to a fleeting passion and thus being untrue to her true love. Sundaraka witnessed her repentance, and sad at heart returned to the king. To end the game the king then called Chaddalaka when his minister Tikkapaika was present and showed him the 'pattanika'. Chaddalaka understood that it was only a king's plot to break his love. But he wanted to test Asokavati. He therefore, made a plan with Tikkapaika. According to the plan Tikkapaika put on the dress of a pasupata mendicant and came near the house of Asokavati. She saw him and was surprised to see him in this attire. When asked to explain Tikkapaika said that as Chaddalaka had died in a battle against the king of Kaccha he was aggrieved and has become a mendicant. On hearing of the death of Chaddalaka, Asokavati, like a sheelephant struck by lightning, fell down dead. The news was conveyed to Chaddalaka. In the meantime there came to the assembly of the king the news of Asokavati's death on hearing the canard of Tikkapaika. There was an uproar. Sundaraka considered himself to be the cause of her death and repenting of his wickedness put an end to his life by throwing himself into fire. Chaddalaka also on receiving the news became mad with grief. He rushed to the cremation ground and lit a pyre for himself and threw himself into the fire. The news of the death of three innocent people reached the king's ears. He realized his mistake and remorse filled his heart. He ran to the Goddess Asapura and desired to offer his head as well. She prevented him from the rash act, and at his request revived all the dead persons. The king then gave Asokavati to Chaddalaka and made Sundaraka the master of four thousand villages. Visamasila: Thus, O daughter, there are cases where due to love, courtesans have lost their wealth and lives too. Therefore as a rule one should keep away from love as from a tiger.

The tenth tale of a serpent Visamasila: Child, there is nothing that a harassed man refrains from doing. Listen to this: Srutadhara, a learned Brahmana, lived in the city of Kausambi. He had a son named Vinayadhara. By the time Vinayadhara was sixteen he had completed his education. Once during the spring festival he had gone to the temple of Kalapriyadeva where he saw Anangavati, a courtesan. He made her acquaintence and started frequenting her place. He passed many happy days in her company. In course of time Vinayadhara was reduced to poverty, but to Anangavati he was dearer than life. The bawd, however, did not like Anangavati's attachment to a pauper so, one day she drove him out. Under some pretext or other Vinayadhara gained entrance to her house. The bawd hated him. again and again drove him out and admonished Anangavati also for allowing him to come. One day it so happened that while Vinayadhara was coming from his house he saw a serpent recently dead. Thinking that it would serve his purpose he picked it up. Borrowing money from a friend he came to Anangavati's house. At midnight when all were asleep he woke up, went up to the bawd, spread the snake on her body and pinched her nose and lips. When the bawd shrieked he ran up to her and with a stick hit hard the snake lying on her body. When the servants came running and put on the lights, he pointed to the snake, and said the stings should be rubbed off. Fearing that poison would spread in her body the bawd cried out 'cut it off, cut it off' and he quickly cut off her nose as well as the lips. In the morning felicitations were offered for saving the mother's life. But to the poor bawd the congratulatory drum sounded indeed like the heralding of death and she writhed in pain night and day. Visamasila: Thus, oh daughter, it is difficult to describe how rogues act when harassed. The eleventh tale of Malayasundari Visamasila: In my opinion on one should be insulted. There is nothing that the insulted men refrain from doing. To explain: Pratapasimha was a feudatory in the court of king Mahendrapala of Kanyakubja. He was ugly and passionate. In the same town lived also a bawd by name Dhonda with her daughter Malayasundari. One day Pratapasimha came to sleep with her. The next morning when he rose to go, he saw a child sleeping with her. It was Malayasundari's sister's child, but when Pratapasimha enquired whose child it was, she teased him by

asserting that it was hers. This irritated him and he threw her on the ground and like a 'tiger' scratched her whole body and pulled out a lot of her hair. Then he went away. When the bawd and the others came Malayasundari covered herself and lay on the bed. Malayasundari was a favourite of the king; so the bawd ran up to him and related the incident. The king was furious and enquired as to who did it. Pratapasimha said he had done it and would explain why he did it if Malayasundari was brought there. Malayasundari came after much persuasion. Pratapasimha then said that he bore all her teasing because he loved her very much. But when she said the child was hers he could not tolerate it. this was done out of extreme attachment, and the king could judge for himself whether he was right or wrong. All The king was pleased with him and gave him presents, while Malayasundari became an object of ridicule for others. Visamasila: Thus insulted men leave no means of ridiculing women. The twelfth tale of Pamaraka Visamasila: Without a just cause enmity with dhurtas should not be created. (The thread of the story is lost because only fragments of folios containing the story are preserved.) Visamasila: Therefore 鈼� daughter, try no deceit with a clever man. If you deceive him you must bear the results, otherwise you become an object of ridicule. The thirteenth tale of Muladeva Visamasila: Moreover daughter, raga should always be protected. It is threefold: one born on hearing, one on seeing and one after union. All the three should be abandoned. For by these even women of good families become objects of ridicule. Therefore srtiraga and drsti-raga should be kept at a distance like the virulent poison of a snake. Listen about it: In Ujjayini ruled kind Vikramaditya. Muladeva, the dhurta, stayed with him. He was very dear to the king. One day when the king insistently asked him why he had not married Muladeva replied that women are fickle in their love, and therefore he did not marry. The king persuaded him to believe that women are the chief source of happiness and the main support in a householder's life. Muladeva was somehow convinced and got married. After some time Muladeva found out that his wife was carrying on with some other man. Not only that, the king's chief queen,

Cella-Mahadevi also was deceiving the king by going out every night to her paramour, the king's elephant-driver. One night the queen was late in going to the elephant driver and he lashed her with a rope; the queen however pacified him and spent the night with him. The next day, the completely disillusioned Muladeva proved the guilt of his wife and the queen to the king. The king punished them all and threw the queen into prison after cutting off her nose and ears. Visamasila: Therefore, O daughter, there are courtesans of noble character, and there are women of good families who fall in love at first sight, and regardless of life or wealth have relations with other Therefore the three kinds of love should be abandoned. men. In our family which shines bright in the world like the sun there is not a single taint in the shape of being cheated by others. Therefore you should act in such a way that no one would be able to deceive you.