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Puranic Wise Sayings in the Literature of 鈥淕reater India鈥� ['vrhattarabharata ' sahitye puranasubhasitani] / By Dr. Ludwik Sternbach LL. D.; U.N.O., New York / 73-115

ramayane, mahabharate, anye kecid granthastu [ samskrta sahitye subhasitanam bahulyam vartate | puranesu, kavyesu ca yatra-tatra suktayah pihitah vartante suktisamgrahatmaka eva | yatha subhasitaratnabhandagaram, canakyarajaniti- samgraham | kecitkavyagranyastu kavyavyajenopadesa pramukhah | yatha vetalapanca- visatika, sukasaptatih, hitopadesa ityadayah | bharatiya samskrteh pracarena sahaiva bharatiya granthah subhasitani ca vibhinnadesesu pracalitani jatani | tibbata- mancuriya nepala varma-silona syama java- baliprabhrtisu desesu samskrta subhasi- tani pracalitani jatani | lankadese vyasakaraya-pratyayasatakagrantha subhasita- mayau, yayoh bahavah slokascanakyaniteh, hitopadesasya, pancatantrasya va santi | varma - thailaindaprabhrtidesesu 'palilokaniti ' namako granthah samskrtasubhasitaih prabhavitah | thai dese tu syamadesiyasubhasitanyapi pracalitani santi, yani samskrtaprabhavitanyeva | javadesiyapracina subhasitani pratyaksata evam samskrta- subhasitaih sambaddhani | tatratyah sarasamuccayanamako granthastu prayasah purnata eva mahabharatat samkalitah | parsiyana bhasayamapi samskrta subhasitanamanuvado jatah | kesancit pauranikasubhasitanam samgrahah puranapatrikayam prakasito jatah | puranasubhasitanam dvau samgrahau da0 karamarakara mahodayena krtau vartate | da0 de - hajara- mahodayabhyam sampadite puranetihasa samgrahmamye'pi kesancit pauranikasubhasitanam samgraho'sti | vidvadbhiridamapi purvameva pradarsitam yad 'brhattara bharata ' iti samjnaya prasiddhesu desesu puranani jnatani pracalitani casan | tesam prabhavo'pi tatratyasamskrtavasit | brahma-agni- visnupuranani tu bali-javadidesesu viditanyasan | atrasmin nibandhe garudapuranasya brhaspatisamhitayamupalabdhani vacanani brhattarabharatiyanitigranyesu kutra vartante iti saranyam pradarsitam vartate | garudapuranatiriktam markandeya - vayu-matsya - padma- skanda- brahmavaivarta-agni- visnudharmottara- sivapuranadinam subhasitanyapi tattatpradesesupalabhyante tesamapi vivaranamatra pradattam vartate | ] ABay A. ABBREVIATIONS Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil. Kl.

74 A BORI. puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. AKM. AOS. BhP. or BhPn. BhPr. BhS. Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, herausgegeben von der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. American Oriental Series. New Haven. Le Bhagavata Purana......publie par M. Eugene Burnouf...Paris, 1884, 1898. Bhojaprabandha of Ballala...Panduranga jivaji ...Bombay, sake 1854. Also: Bhojaprabandha of Ballaladeva of Banaras. Edited ...by Jagdishlal Shastri...Motilal Banarsidass......Patna, 1955. Satakatrayadi-subhasitasangraha of Bhartrhari ...by D.D. Kosambi. Singhi Jaina Granthamala 23, Bombay, 1948. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. BSOAS. C. Canakya. ChSS. CNr. Chowkhambha Sanskrit Series. Canakya-niti-sastra See Cr. version Cr. Canakya-Niti Text-Tradition (reconstructed). (Canakya-Niti- sakha Sampradaya) in two volumes-Volume I, part I: the Vrddha-Canakya, textus ornatiro (CVr), the Vrddha-Canakya, textus simplicior (Cvr), the Canakya-niti-sastra (CNr), and the Canakya-sara-samgraha (CSr) versions ; volume I, part II: the Laghu-Canakya (CLr) and the Canakya-raja-niti-sastra (CRr) versions; Vol. II the Ur-text (in three parts). Six versions of collections of Canakya maxims reconstructed and critically edited, for the first time, with introductions and variants from original manuscript, all available, printed editions and other

Jan., 1969] CRr. CRT. CSr. CVr. Cvr. PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 75 materials by Ludwik Sternbach. Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute. Hoshiarpur 1963-4. Visvesvaranand Indological Series XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX. Canakya-niti-sastra version (reconstructed). See Cr. Canakya-raja-niti-sastra. Ed. by Suniti Kumar Pathak. Visva Bharati Annals, Vol. VIII. Santiniketan, 1958. Canakya-sara-sangraha version (reconstructed). See Cr. Vrddha Canakya, textus ornatior version (reconstructed) See Cr. Vrddha Canakya, textus simplicior version (reconstructed) See Cr. DhN (P) or DhN The Dhammaniti in PMB. (Pali). GhN. GP. H. HJ. JRAS. KN (BI). KSH. LN (P). Ghatakarpara's Nitisara. In KSH 504-506. Garuda-purana. Ed. by Jivananda Vidyasagara. Calcutta, 1890. Hitopadesa. Hitopadesa The Sanskrit Text with a grammatical analysis alphabetically arranged by F. Johnson; Second edition. HartfordLondon, 1864. For other Hitopadesa's edition. See L. Sternbach, Hitopadesa and its Sources. AOS 44. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Kamandakiya-nitisarah, ed. by Rajendralal Mitra, Bibliotheca Indica 4. Kavya-sangraha. A Sanskrit Anthology. Ed. by Dr. J. Haeberlin, Calcutta, 1847. The Lokaniti in PMB (Pali) and in JASB 47, Part I, Calcutta, 1878 p. 239 sqq.

76 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 MBH. MBH (Bh). MBh(C). MBh (R). MK (MKS). Mn. Mrcch. Mahabharata. Mahabharata. Poona critical edition. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Poona, 1933-1966. Mahabharata. Calcutta edition. Royal Asiatic Society. Calcutta, 1834-9. Mahabharata. Ed. by Partapa Candra Roy. Third edition. Calcutta, 1886-8. The Madhavanalakatha...by Dr. P. E. Pavolini, IX International Congress of Orientalists, London, I, pp. 430-53. Also: Die Strophen der Madhavanalakatha...von Schohl, Halle c. d. S, 1914 (MKS). Hermann Manusmrti with the Manubhasya of Medhatithi, ed. by MM.G. Jha, Vols. 1-2. Bibliotheca Indica 256. Mrcchakatika of Sudraka, 8th ed. NSP. 1950 NKy(B) or NKy. Niti Kyan. Translation of a Burmese Version of the Niti Kyan, a Code of Ethics in Pali (Burmese). JRAS 17 of 1860, p. 252 sqq. NM (T) or NM Nitisastra of Masuraksa, Tibetan and Sanskrit with an introduction in English, by Sunitikumar Pathak. Visva Bharati Annals, Vol. X. Santiniketan, 1961. (Tibetan). NS or NS(OJ). Nitisastra; Ond Javaansche tekst met Vertaling nuitgegeven door R. Ng. Dr. Poerbatjaraka. NSP. P. PD. PdP. Bibliotheca Javanica No. 4. Bandoeng 1933. Nirnaya Sagara Press, Bombay. Pancatantra. The Pancatantra of Durgasimha by A. Venkatasubbiah. ZII 6.255 sqq. Padma-purana.

Jan., 1969] PLBN. PM. PMB. PN. PO. PP. PPY. PRE. PrS(C) PS. PT. 11 PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 77 L. Sternbach, The Pali Lokaniti and the Burmese Niti-Kyan and their Sources. 26.2; pp. 329-345. BSOAS Eine vierte Jaina-Recension des Pancatantra (Megha vijaya) von J. Hertel. ZDMG. 57. p. 649 sqq. J. Gray, Ancient Proverbs and Maxims from Burmese Sources. London 1886. Pancatantra. Nepali text, as quoted in PS. LXXXIX, PT. I. 153; 104-26 and PRE 2, 192 sqq. The Poona Orientalist, Poona. The Panchatantra. A collection of Ancient Hindu Tales in the recension, called Pancakhyanaka ... ... of Purnabhadra. by J. Herted. HOS. 11-2. Cambridge, Mas., 1908-12. Yasodhira's Pancakhyana, MSS 424 of 1879-80 and 289 of 1882-3. Deccan College Poona. The Pancatantra I-V. The text in its oldest form. Ed.... by F. Edgerton. Poona, 1930. Also The Panchatantra reconstructed 600 by F. Edgerton I-II. AOS 2-3. New Haven, 1924. Pratyayasataka, Sannasa hi tayi-Colombo 1867, also Pandure 1941, cf. footnote 25. Das sudliche Pancatantra. Sanskrit text der Recension SS mit den Lasarten der besten HSs. der Recension a; berausg. von J. Hertel; Abh. d. phil.-hist. Klasse d. kon. sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. XXIV. 5. Leipzig. 1906. Uber das Tantrakhyayika, die Kasmirische Rezension des Pancatantra mit dem Texte

78 PT. Pts. PtsK. R. or R (B) RN. or RN(P) ShD or ShD(T) puranam- PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 der HS. Decc. Coll. VIII. 145; herausg. von J. Hertel; Abh. d. phil.-hist. Klasse d. kon, sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. XXII. 5. Leipzig 1904. (PTem). Also: The Panchatantra. A collection of ancient Hindu Tales in its oldest Recension, the Kashmirian entitled Tantrakhyayika; the origional Sanskrit text, editio minor .. (PT) by J. Hertel; HOS. 14. Cambridge. Mass. 1915. Also; Tantrakhyayika, die alteste Fassung des Pancatantra aus dem Sanskrit ubersetzt... ...von J. Hertel, I-II, Leipzig'u. Berlin, 1909. J. Hertel, Eine Zweite Recension des Tantrakhyayika. ZDMG 59. 1-30. Panchatantra (textus simplicior), Edited with notes by F. Kielhorn (I) and G. Buhler (II-V), Bombay Sanskrit Series 1, 3, 4. Bombay, 1891-6. Pantschatantrum, sive quinquepartitum de moribus exponens ... Edidit ... Io. Gedofr. Ludov, Kosegarten ... Pars prima, textum sanscritum simpliciorem tenens. Bonnae ad Rhenum 1848. Ramayana. Bombay edition. Reprinted. Bombay. The Rajaniti in PMB. (Pali). She-rab Dong-bu, ed. and transl. by Maj. W. L. Campbell, Calcutta 1919 (Tibetan), (cf. footnote 15). Slt (OJ) or Slt Slokantara, an Old Javanese didactic text. Edited and annotated by Sharada Rani, Dvipantara-pitaka being the Indonesian Collection in the Series of Indo-Asian Literature forming the Satapitaka. Vol. 2. International Academy of Indian Culture, Delhi, 1957, (Old Javanese). SN (P); The Suttavaddhananiti in PMB. (Pali),

Jan., 1969] Spr. PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 79 L. Sternbach, The Spreading of Canakya's Aphorisms over "Greater India". Journal of the Greater India Society. Vol. XVIII. Nos. 1-2; See footnote 1. SRN (T) or SRN Sa-skya legs bcad. Subhasita-ratna-nidhi. W. L. Campbell, Ost-Asiatische Zeitung, Neue Folge 2 of 1925%; pp. 31-65; 159-185. See also footnote 17. SS (OJ) or SS. Sara-samuccaya in Sata-pitaka Series 24. Ed. by Dr. Raghu Vira. New Delhi, 1952. See footnote 32 (Old Javanese). SSJT. Sts. StsA. StsM. Sts Pet. Sto. L. Sternbach, Sanskrit Subhasita-Samgrahas in Old Javanese and Tibetan, ABORI 43; pp. 118-158. Die Sukasaptati, textus simplicior, berausgegeben von Richard Schmidt. AKM 10. 1, Leipzig. 1893. Der Textus Simplicior der Sukasaptati in der Recension der Handschrift A. Ed. by R. Schmidt. ZDMG 54. 515-547 and 55.1-44. R. Schmidt, Die Maratbi Ubersetzung der Sukasaptati: Marathi und Deutsch. AKM X. 4, Leipzig 1897. Sts; Petersberg MS, Asiatic Museum No. 74. Quoted in Ch. Lassen's Anthologia Sanscritica, 2nd ed. Bonnae and Rhenum 1868. Der Textus ornatior der Sukasaptati. Kritisch herausgegeben von Richard Schmidt. ABayA 21. Abth. 2. 1898-9. TK (OJ) or TK. Tantri-Kamandaka, Een Oudjavaansche PanvVC. tjatantra Bewerking, door C. Hooykaas. Bibliotheca Javanica 2. Bandoeng, 1931. (See also footnote 31). (Old Javanese). Vikrama's Adventures, or the thirty-two tales of the throne...... Edited in four ... recen-

80% Vet. Vet Hu¹ Vi. Vyas (C) or Vyas. ZDMG. 79 ZII. puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 sions: Southern (VCsr.), Metrical (VCmr.), Brief (VCbr.), Jainistic (VCjr); also sections from Vararuci's recension ... and translated into English...... by Franklin Edgerton .... 2 vols. HOS, 26, 27. 600 Cambridge, Mass, 1926. Die Vetalapancavimsntika in den Recensionen des Sivadasa und eines Ungennannten mit kritischem Commentar. Herausgegeben von Heinrich Uhle. AKM. 8. 1. Leipzig. H. Uhle, Die Vetalapancavimsatika des Sivadasa nach einer Handschrift von 1487. Berichte uber die Verhandlungen der kon. Sachs. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Philol. Klasse 66. Bd. 1. Heft, 1914. Visnu-Smrti; ed. by J. Jolly. Bibliotheca Indica 91. Vyasakaraya. In Sanskrit texte aus Ceylon herausg. von H. Bechert. Munchen, 1962. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift fur Indologie und Iranistik.

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS Subhasitas in the Literature of "Greater India" 81 1. The Sanskrit literature was very fond of wise sayings, sententious verses, adages, maxims, aphorisms, etc. and there exists a great number of anthologies, Subhasita-samgrahas, containing such subhasitas. Even some of the literary works, particularly belonging to the katha literature, are in reality works composed for the purpose of creating Subhasita-sammgrahas tied together by a story. These literary works were written in particular in order to teach princes through subhasitas the way of life and their moral conduct. To such katha works belong the Pancatantra, the Hitopadesa and to a lesser extent the Vetala pancavimsatika, the Vikramacarita and the Sukasaptati. 2. Subhasitas were not only popular in India, but with the spreading of the Indian culture into "Greater India", they become also popular among the Tibetans, Mongolians, Manchurians, Nepalese, Ceylonese, Burmese, Siamese, Chams, Khmers, Javanese, Balinese, etc. 3. We find in the Tibetan Tanjur the wise sayings of Masuraksa and even the whole Canakya-raja-niti-sastra version, and such works as the She-rab Dong-bu and the Vimala-prasnottara-ratnamala, as well as the Subhasita-ratna-nidhi (Sa-skyalegs-bead); the latter contains several hundred subhasitas, some of Indian origin, of such a high moral value that they were also translated into Mongolian and Manchurian and were included in the Mongolian literature. 4. In Nepal, the whole Canakya-sara-sammgraha version was well-known and many Subhasita-samgrahas, e. g. the Subhasita-ratna-kosa were prevalent. 5. In the katha literature of the Simhalese we find also many subhasitas of Sanskrit origin; the literature of Ceylon contains the whole collection of the Canakya-niti-sastra version as well as two Sanskrit Subhasita-sammgrahas in Simhalese script known under the name of Vyasakaraya and the Pratyayasatakaya. The first one, despite the name Vyasa in its title does not contain, as far as could be ascertained, any Mahabharata verses.

82 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 However, about 70 per cent of the verses could have been identified. Some of them belong to the Canakya's collections, some to Bhartrhari's satakas and to other works containing sententious verses. The great number of verses included in the Vyasakaraya are also found in the South Indian Subhasita-samgraha, the Suktiratnahara, in which they were ascribed to Vyasakara. Over 50 per cent of the sententious verses included in the Pratyayasatakaya could have been identified. Many of them belong to the collections of Canakya's verses, many to Bhartrhari's Satakas, the Hitopadesa, the Pancatantra, etc. Many of the latter verses were also included in Canakya's collections. Therefore, it is impossible to come to the conclusion whether they were taken from the collections of Canakya's verses or from the Hitopadesa, the Pancatantra, etc. Also proper Simhalese collections of wise sayings, such as the Subhasitaya of Alagiyavanna, the Lokopakaraya by Ranasgalle Thera, the Anuragamalaya, and particularly the AttaragamaBandara's Vadankavipota show borrowing from Sanskrit wisesayings, either directly or through the Tamil Naladiyar. 6. Through the Manipurian Punnas wise sayings spread to Burma and were incorporated into the Pali literature of Burma ; they were included into the Pali Lokaniti. It is worth noting that very few Buddhist teachings were included in the Lokaniti; there, most of the sententious verses are Brahmanistic. The Pali literature of Burma included also Sanskrit wise sayings in the Dhammaniti and in the Suttavaddhananiti and the Rajaniti. Particularly the second and third contain a greater amount of Buddhist sayings. There is also in Burma prevalent the Niti Kyan which, in reality, is the translation of the Pali Lokaniti into Burmese. Also the whole Canakya-niti-sastra version could be found in Burmese, while in the Rajadhiraj, prevalent among the Mons and Peguans, some subhasitas of Sanskrit origin could be traced. 7. The Pali Lokaniti spread also from Burma (or from India) into Thailand, Cham, Khmer and Xieng Mai cultures. The

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 83 T'ais knew also the maxims of King P'hrang Ruang (Bannat P'hra Ruang), but these as well as the Pu-son-Lan and the Lanson-Pu (teachings of the grandfather to the grandson and of the grandson to the grandfather) contain wise sayings which could, however, in some cases only, be traced to Sanskrit sources. In Thailand we also find several Siamese Sup'hasits (subhasitas) influenced by Sanskrit literature and in particular the Pip'hek-son-but and the Pali-son-non, both of which are based on the Ramayana. Also the Canakya-niti-sastra version of Canakya's aphorisms was known in Thailand. In Champa, Kambuja-desa and Laos and even in the Malay Peninsula the Lokaniti was well known. In Cambodia the Lokaniti-pakarana (for prakarana) is still well known; it was lately reissued in 1936 by Ven. Ouk Chea Vacirannan bhavongs in Pnom Penh. Also in Pnom Penh the Rajaniti (for Rajaniti) and the Sup'hasit ebap sri Baky kaby, Anak Okna Suttant Prija. Ten Ind were published in 1941 and 1951 respectively and contain subhasitas in Pali and Khmer respectively, based partly on the Sanskrit niti-literature and subhasitas influenced by Amaru. Lao proverbs, mainly collected in Xieng Mai, in the Pu-sonLan and Lan-son-Pu, also show Sanskrit influences. We also know about the existence in Laos of a Pali Lokaniti of about 400 verses. 8. The maxims found in the Old Javanese literature are directly connected with the Sanskrit wise sayings. The Sarasamuccaya is, in reality, an anthology of sententious borrowed almost in its entirety from the Mahabharata. verses The Old Javanese Slokantara contains also a great number of maxims of Sanskrit origin characteristic by its wording which often differs from the Sanskrit wording of verses, but comprises the same thoughts. The two other Old Javanese works, the Nitikamandaki (Tantri-Kamandaka which despite its author Kamandaki has nothing to do with the author of a political work, but is an Old Javanese translation of the Pancatantra) and the Nitisastra of Nitisara contain a number of Sanskrit maxims.

84 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 9. Even the Persians translated the Canakya-niti-sastra, while At-Tortushi in Spain compiled in Arabic in the 12th or 13th century A. D. a collection of maxims "for an Indian King" under the name Siragu al-Muluk. These maxims are based on Sanskrit subhasitas.1 Wise sayings in the Puranas 10. The Pnranas, in general do not contain a great number of wise sayings, but some are found scattered in almost all the Puranas. In addition to the wise sayings from the Puranas published up-to-date in the "Purana" (III. 1; pp. 61-3; IV. 1; pp. 154-7 ; IV. 2; p. 408; V. 1. pp. 137-143; VII. 2; pp. 288- 290; and VIII. 1; pp. 168-169) there exist two anthologies of Puranic wisdom, viz. the Astadasapuranantargata-nitisara-subhasitasangrahah (Puranic Words of Wisdom) by Dr. A. P. Karmarkar (Bharatiya Vidya VII), and the Purana-kavya-stotra-sudha (The Puranic Anthology) edited by the same Dr. A. P. Karmarkar, Mira Publishing House, Thalakwadi, Belgaum 1955. As far as the Puranic subhasitas are concerned, the second collection contains almost the same subhasitas from the Puranas as the first one, as well as the same mistakes. Scattered Puranic subhasitas also appeared in the Puranetihasasamgraha (An Anthology of the Epics and Puranas) ed. by S. K. De and R. C. Hazra in the Sahitya Akademi Publications, Vol. II. Puranas in Java, Bali and Kambuja-desa 11. Already R. Friedman in the middle of the nineteenth century in his Voorlooping Verslag von het Eiland Bali, published in the Verhandlingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap (1849-50) 2 has shown that the Brahmandapurana was well-known in Bali. It was also known in Old Java. Goris, in his Oudjavaansche en Bali- 1. For more details about the spreading of Sanskrit wise-sayings over "Greater India", see L. St.rnbach, The Spreading of Canakya's Aphorisms over 'Greater India' in Journal of the Greater India Society, Vol. XVIII, Nos. 1-2 and in Greater India Society Series. (Spr.) 2. Translated in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (NS) 8; pp. 57-218; 9; pp. 59-120; and X; pp. 49-97 and republished as "The Civilization and Culture of Bali"; Susil Gupta, 1959,

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 85 neesche Theologie has also shown that the Sivaistic Bhuvanakosa, known in Java and the Agni-purana show a similarity (e. g. chapter 121). Also the Visnupurana was known in Java and Bali and the Vena and Nisada's birth, as given in the Visnupurana, is almost identical with that included in the kakawin Kalyavanantaka; it must have been influenced by the Visnu-purana.³ 3 12. R. C. Majumdar has also shown the thorough preponderance of the Puranic form of Hindu religion in the Tuk Mas in Java, as well as in Champa.5 It is also known from a Sanskrit inscription from the sixth century A. D. that in Kambuja-desa arrangements were made for the daily recitation of the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas and it was considered a pious act to present copies of these texts to temples." The Sanskrit inscriptions in Kambujadesa also sbow an intimate knowledge of the Puranas. The authors of these inscriptions derived undoubtedly their literary culture from the itihasas and the Puranas.⁹ 13. G. Coedes concluded: "pendant toute la periode hindoue, le Ramayana et le Mahabharata, le Harivansa et les Puranas ont ete les principales, sinon les uniques sources d'inspiration des litteratures locales. Dans toute l'Indochine indienne, en Malaisie, a Java, toute cette litterature epique et legendaire constitutue encore la Itrame du teatre classique, des danses, du theatre d'ombres et des marionettes..." and "L'hindouisation doit donc sntendre essentiellement comme l'expansion d'une culture organisee, fondee sur la conception hindoue de la royaute caracterisee par les cultes hindouistes et bouddhiques, la 3. H. Bhusan Sarkar, Indian Influences on the Literature of Java and Bali; Calcutta, 1934, p. 35. 4. R. C. Majumdar, Hindu Colonies in the Far East, Calcutta, 1963, p. 28. 5. Idem. p. 165 and 208. 6. But it is not known what Puranas. 7. R. C. Majumdar, op. cit., p. 208. 8. R. G. Majumdar, op. cit., p. 209. 9. G. Coedes, The Making of South East Asia, London, 1966, p. 94; G. Coedes, Les Etats Hindouises d'Indochine et d'Indonesie, Paris, 1948, p. 127. 12

86 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 mythologie des Puranas, l'observance des Dharmasastras, et ayant pour moyen d'expression la langue sanskrite." Although the greatest authority on the spreading of Indian Culture in South East Asia knows that the Puranas were prevalent in South East Asia, it seems impossible, as it was impossible for G. Coedes, with the exception of those given above", to determine which of the Puranas were prevalent in the hinduized kingdoms of South East Asia; it is however doubtless that the religion as incorporated in the Puranas influenced greatly the religious life of the hinduized kingdoms of South East Asia. Puranic Subhasitas in the Literature of "Greater India" 12 14. With the exception of the Brhaspati-samhita of the Garuda-purana, which is an abbreviated collection of maxims of the Canakya-raja-nitisastra version and forms an integral part of the Garuda-purana, the subhasitas found in the Puranas are scattered throughout all the Puranas and although some Puranas were known in "Greater India", subhasitas contained in the Puranas can only be traced in Subhasita-samgrahas known in "Greater India". They were mentioned in paragraphs 1-9 above. (a) Tibet 15. Since the Brhaspati-samhita of the Garuda-purana in the form of the Tibetan Canakya-raja-niti-sastra¹³ was included in the Tibetan Tanjur and, thus became prevalent in Tibet, we must assume that whenever the CRT text is identical with GP, 10. G. Coedes, Les Etats Hindouises, op. cit., p. 422 and 36. The Old Javanese Sarasamuccaya (cf. para 23 below) mentions also the Puranas next to itihasas and Vedas as it states in verse 45; itihasapuranabhyam vedam samupabrmhayet | bibhetyalpasrutadvedo mamayam pracarisyati || (identical with MBh (Bh) 1. 1. 204). 11. See para. 11. 12. See Purana VI. 1; pp. 113-146; VII. 1; pp. 19-86; and VIII. 2; pp. 315-429. 13. Canakya-raja-niti-sastra by Suniti Kumar Pathak. Visva Bharati Annals, VIII, Cf. Spr. paras. 5.14; also L. Sternbach. The Tibetan Canakya-raja-niti-sastra, ABORI 42.99-122 and L. Sternbach, Sanskrit Subhasita-samgrahas in Old Javanese and Tibetan, ABORI 43 ; pp: 118-158.

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 87 and that is the case of the greatest part of CRT, then the Brhaspati-samhita of GP was known also in Tibet. Therefore, in Annex I which gives in tabular presentation the Puranic verses known in "Greater India" the first column gives the subhasitas of GP. The second and third column shows the appropriate places in which the GP. text appears in the CRT text (i.e. in the Tanjur) (3rd column).14 15 16. Other Tibetan texts, such as the She-rab dong-bu i. e. the Nitisastra Prajnadanda, the Niti sastra of Masuraksa¹ and the Subhasita-ratna-nidhi appear in Column 3. 17 SRN(T) was also translated into Mongolian and West Mongolian (Kalmuk) and even Manchurian.18 These translations are included, whenever identical with a Purana text, in the last column of Annex I. However, I could not trace any Puranic subhasitas to another Subhasita work in Tibetan, viz. the Vimala-prasnottararatnamala. 19 The 17. Usually the CRT text was also included in the Canakya-raja-niti-sastra version and was edited by me in CanakyaNiti-Text Tradition, Vol. II, part II (Text reconstructed).20 number of the verses is then included in column 3, while the adhyaya and the verse number of CRT. in column 2; wherever, however, the CRT. text did not appear in the reconstructed 14. See para. 17 below.. 15. She-rab Dong-bu by Li Thub (Nagarjuna), ed. and transl. by Maj, W. L. Campbell, Calcutta 1919. Cf. Spr. paras. 15-19 and SSJT. 16. Nitisastra of Masuraksa, Tibetan and Sanskrit with an Introduction in English by Sunitikumar Pathak in Visva Bharati Annals X, and L. Sternbach's review in JAOS 82.3; pp. 407-411. Cf. Spr. para. 23 and SSJT. 17. Sa-skya legs bead. Subhasita-ratna-nidhi by W. L. Campbell in OstAsiatische Zeitung, Neue Folge 2 of 1925; pp. 31-65 and 159-185. S. E. Bosson. "A Treasury of Aphoristic Jewels". The Subhasitaratnanidhi of Sa Skya Pandita...University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Cf. Spr. paras. 24-28 and SSJT. 18. Cf. Spr. paras. 35-38. 19. Ed. and transl. by A. Schiefner. Academia scientiarium Petropolitana 1958 and edited in Tibetan and Sanskrit by Suniti Kumur Pathak in Journal of the Greater India Society 17.92 sqq. 20. Vishveshvaranand Indological Series, No. 29A.

88 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 Canakya-niti-sastra version, it appears in Cr, appears in Cr, vol. II, part III ;21 in that case the Cr. number is given in column 2. (b) Ceylon 18. Puranic verses of wisdom found in Ceylonese (Simhalese) literature are shown in Annex I in columns 4 and 5. Since some verse of the Canakya-niti-sastra version which was included in the literature of Ceylon" are identical with GP. they are marked in column 4. They refer to my reconstruction of the Canakyaniti-sastra version CNr. in Cr.29 19. Other texts of Sanskrit origin found in Ceylonese literature, either in Sanskrit (in Simhalese script) or in Simhalese translation are the Vyasakaraya 24 and the Pratyayasatakaya ; 25 both these texts were primarily used in Ceylon by students for learning of Sanskrit. These two texts are mentioned in Annex I in column 5. (c) Burma 20. The Puranic words of wisdom were also sometimes included in the literature of Burma, particularly the Pali literature of Burma. The main work is, in particular, the Pali Lokaniti 26 21. Vishveshvaranand Indological Series, No. 29B. 22. Cf. Spr. paras. 39-40, 42-3. 23. Vishveshvaranand Indological Series, No. 27, part III. 24. Published by H. Bechert in "Sanskrit-texte aus Ceylon". I. Schultexte, Munchner Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft Munchen 1962; also L. Sternbach On the Sanskrit Niti-Literature of Ceylon. 1. The Vyasakaraya and Canakya's Aphorisms...in Brahmavidya 31-32; pp. 636- 663. Cf. Spr. Addendum to Annex I. 25. Pratyayasataka(ya), sannasahi tayi, Colombo 1867 and Pandure 1941; also L. Sternbach On the Sanskrit Niti-Literature of Ceylon. 2. The Pratyayasatakaya...in Brahmavidya. 26. Sayadaw, Shwehintha Tawya Sayadaw (Lawkanidi Pwin Akye Kyan, Rangoon 1923; also edited in Pali with Burmese translation by Thiri Pyanchi U Tha Myat, Rangoon 1954; and Lokaniti in Pali with meaning in Burmese ed, by the Iksathara Pali Scholar Society. Iksathara Pitika Printing Press, Rangoon ; and in English translation in Ancient Proverbs and Maxims from Burmese Sources by J. Gray (PMB), London 1886. Cf. Spr. paras 54-56 and L. Sternbach's The Pali Lokaniti and the Burmese Niti-Kyan and their Sources in BSOAS 26.2, pp. 329-345 (PLBN),

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 89 27 Both and its Burmese equivalent (translation) the Niti-Kyan." these works are marked in Annex I in column 6. The first figure refers to the LN(P) verse and the second to the NKy(B). verse. 21. Since the Lokaniti was also known in Champa, Khmer, Kambuja-desa and is still known in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, among the Mons, and all over South East Asia, whenever Puranic words of wisdom are found in LN(P) a cross is given for these countries in column 8. 22. Puranic words of wisdom in the Pali literature of Burma are also found in the Dhammaniti, Rajaniti, Suttavaddhannaniti. They are marked whenever they are identical with a Puranic subhasita in column 7. 28 (d) Java, Bali 23. In the Old Javanese literature we find quite a number of subhasitas identical with the subhasitas found in the Puranas. They are marked in column 8. The following works, mostly Old Javanese Subhasitasamgrahas, often tied together by a tale, were consulted; the Old Javanese Nitisastra of Nitisara, 29 the Old Javanese Slokantara,30 the Tantri Kamandaka³¹ and the Sarasamuccaya (or Sarasamuccaya 27. Burmese version of the Niti Kyan, a Code of Ethics in Pali, JRAS 17 of 1860, pp. 2 2-266. Cf. Spr. 59-60 and PLBN. 28. Published in English translation in PMB. Cf. Spr. paras 62-63, 67-69, 72-73 and PLBN. 29. Niti-sastra, Oud Javaansche tekst met Vertaling uitgegeven door R, Ng. Dr. Poerbatjaraka. Bibliotheca Javanica No, 4. Bandoeng, 1933. Cf. Spr. 103-106. 30, Slokantara, an Old Javanese didactic text critically edited and annotated by Sharada Rani. Dvipantarapitaka being the Indonesian Collection in the Series of Indo-Asian Literature forming the Satapitaka, vol. 2. International Academy of Indian Culture, Delhi 1957. Cf. Spr. paras. 109-111 SSJT. 31. Tantri Kamandaka, Een Oudjavaansche Pantjatantra Bewerking in Bibliotheca tekst en vertaling uitgegeven door Dr. C. Hooykaas. Javanica, No. 2. Bandoeng 1931, C. Hooykaas, Tantri de middelJavaansche Pancatantra-bewerking, Leiden 1929; C. Hooykaas, Kamandakiya Nitisara etc. in Old Javanese in Journal of the Greater India Society 15. Cf. Spr. paras. 100-101, 113-116 and SSJT.

90 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 Tutur), an Old Javanese subhasita-samgraha mainly based on the Mahabharata.32 24. A great part of the Mahabharata was also discovered in Java and Bali; it is in kakawin.33 The Bhandarkar edition of the Mahabharata contains a list of Sanskrit passages from the Javanese version of the Mahabharata, in particular of the Adiparvan (Vol. I, Appendix II), Udyogaparvan (Vol. 6. Appendix II), and Bhisma parvan (Vol. 7, Appendix II, the old Javanese Bhagavadgita). Some of the Mahabharata subhasitas, particularly of the Vidura-niti in the Udyogaparvan also appear in the Puranas and through the Mahabharata found their way in the literature of Java and Bali; however, these subhasitas were not recorded in Annex. I. 25. The subhasitas found in the Puranas and in the literature of "Greater India" (under the literature of "Greater India", I understand only the literature of the countries East, South and North of India and not West of India, e. g. Iran where we also find some Persian translations of the Puranas) are seldom translated and incorporated in these literatures word for word; they contain mostly the same idea but do not contain a literal translation of the Puranic words of wisdom. This is particularly evident in the Slokantara, the text of which is usually different from the original. Origins of Puranic subhasitas in the literature of Greater India 26. It is not certain, and even very doubtful, whether in the majority of cases the subhasitas which appear in the Puranic texts were incorporated into the literature of "Greater India" directly from the Puranas or from other Sanskrit primary sources. In Annex II the Puranic texts (if they appear not only in the 32. Sarasamuccaya, ed. by the late Dr. Raghu Vira in Satapitaka Series 24, New Delhi 1962; Eene oudjavaansche Vertaling van indische Spreuken door Dr. H. H. Juynboll in Bijdragen tot de taal-, Land- en Volkendunde van Nederlandschhe-Indie V 1/8=52, 1801; pp. 393-98. Cf. Spr. paras 118-120, and SSJT. 33. See in particular H. B. Sarkar, Indian Influences on the Literature of Java and Bali, Calcutta 1934, chapter XI.

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 91 literature of "Greater India" but also in other Sanskrit primary sources) are given, for the purpose of comparison, whenever a textual comparison would have to be made among the various texts. 27. The GP. text, in the majority of cases, was taken in the literature of "Greater India" from the collection of Canakya's aphorisms and not from the GP. The old Javanese Sarasamuccaya has more likely borrowed from the Mahabharata text directly than from any Purana text which happened to be identical with the Mahabharata text, and in many other cases it is more likely that the Pancatantra, or the Hitopadesa, or the Mahabharata, or the Bhartrhari's satakas, or the Ramayana, where the primary sources for the literature of "Greater India". It can be said that in the majority of cases when a subhasita from the latter sources was identical with the subhasita from a Purana text, it came to be known in the literature of "Greater India" from these sources and not from the Puranas; however, that is not always the case. Annexes 28. The following Annex I gives a better account of the subhasitas identical in the literature of "Greater India" and the Puranic subhasita-8. The analysis of the Annexes shows that most of the subhasitas of the Brhaspati-samhita of the Garuda-purana are found in Tibet, Ceylon, Burma and Java. Certainly (because of CRT.) they are mostly found in the Tibetan Tanjur, and from . there probably in other Subhasita-sammgrahas known to exist in Tibet. Many of these maxims spread also through the Canakyaniti-sastra version to Ceylon and through the Lokaniti to Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, etc. It is however very interesting to note that as many as 47 maxims of GP. became also prevalent in Java and Bali. In addition to the Brhaspati-samhita of the Garuda-purana we find also scattered Puranic subhasitas of the Markandeyapurana (4), Vayu-purana (5), Visnu-pui ana (3), Bhagavata-purana (5), Matsya-purana (5), Padma-purana (4), Skanda-purana (9),

92 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 Brahma-vaivarta-purana (2), Agni-purana (1), Visnudharmottara (1), Bhavisya-purana (3), Siva-purana (2) and Vamana-purana (1) mostly in the literature of Java and Bali, but also the literatures of Tibet, Burma (and through the Lokaniti of other South-East Asian countries), as well as Ceylon. Annex I illustrates these points clearly. It must be noted that many more identical verses of the Puranas could be traced to the literature of "Greater India", but this study is confined to subhasitas in the Puranas and not to Puranic verses in the literature of "Greater India." Annex II shows where the Puranic texts mentioned in Annex appear also in other primary sources of Sanskrit literature. It is arranged in the order of the first column of Annex I. I

13 ANNEX I. Jan., 1969] Tibet Ceylon Burma Lokaniti GP Tanjur CN(C) (CRT) Other (CNr) Other (LN (P) & Other NKY (Thailand, Java Mongolia Cambodia and Laos, Bali Xiengmai) and Others 1.108.3 1.6 Cr 915 1.108.6 1.8 Cr 260 1.108.12 1.7 Cr 169 1.108.13 1.10 Cr 641 PrS(C)84 1.108.14 1.11 Cr 649 79/109 DhN 107 Slt 51 1.108.15 1.12-3 Cr 1043 CNr 32 DhN 52 1.108.16 1.12-3 Cr 607 C) 18 TK 17 1.108.18 1.14 Cr 1070 1.108.19 1.15 Cr 607 1.108.20 Cr 2020/1.16 1.18 Cr 838 1.108.21 Cr 1344/1.17 23 TK 13, NS 55 12010-07 1.108.24 Cr 1849/1.21 1.108.25 1.22 1.108.26 1.109.1 2.1 Cr 477 CNr 41 Cr 428 Cr 142 CNr 27 NM 3.5 126/154 DhN 179 Vyas 64 42/59 DhN 408 1.108.22 1.108.23 Cr 1850/1.19 X X PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 93 TK 43

94 puranam- PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 Tibet Ceylon Burma Lokaniti GP Tanjur CN(C) Other Other (CRT) (CNr) LN(P) & NKY (B) Other (Thailand, Java Mongolia Cambodia & Bali Laos, Xiengmai) and Other 1.109.2 2.2 Cr 431 CNr 29 156/180 DhN 205 H 1.109.3 2.3 Cr 911 1.109.4 2.4 Cr 903 CNr 30 159/182 DhN 83 X 1.109.5 2.5 Cr 365 1.109.6 2.6 Cr 92 NM 6.9 PrS(C) 12 1.109.7 2.7 Cr 37 1.109.8 2.8 Cr 140 1.109.9 2.9 Cr 958 PrS(C) 2 1.109.10 2.10 Cr 890 CNr 31 78/108 DhN 98 NM 3.7 1.109.11 Cr 1104/2.11 1.109.12 2.12 Cr 166 1-109.13 2.13 Cr 840 MKO 1.109.14 2.14 Cr 527 CNr 25 NM 5.9 DhN 239 01 cf SN 52 1.109.15 1.109.17 1.109.18 2.15 Cr 87 CNr 324 2.16 Cr 245 2.17 Cr 305 28- DhN 52 * TK 16 & 76, N$ 13.2, Slt 23 OTPALE ON 13

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 1.109.19 2.18 Cr 826 1.10920 2.19 Cr 827 CNr 35 114/142 DhN 79 (SRN 342) cf. SRN 342 1.109.21 2.21 Cr 504 1.109.22 2.22 Cr 811 1.109.23 2.23 Cr 1064 1.109.24 2.24 Cr 458 NM 5.9 1.109.25 Cr 738 1.109.28 Cr 20 1.109.32 2.25 Cr 392 1.109.33 2.26 Cr 159 CNr 19 CNr 76 ShD 182 1.109.38 Cr 546 82/112 DhN 252 161/206 DhN 164 104/130 DhN 239 SN 52 X X TK 16 & 76, NS 13.2, Slt 23 SS 202 SS 272 NS 13.8 1.109.40 2.27 Cr 577 SS 437 1.109.41 2.28 Cr 534 1.109.42 2.29 Cr 424 ShD 111 PrS(C)49 (35)/- (DhN 352) (Slt 62) (SRN 29) (SRN 29) 1.109.43 2.30 Cr 1103 1.109.44 Cr 755 1.109.46 Cr 980 1.109.52 Cr 127 SS 29 (TK 45) TK 11, Slt 82 1.110.1 3.1 Cr 860 CNr 61 95

96 TK 17, NS 1.14, 1 SS 183 Javanese MBh(Juynboll 237) TK 30 Tibet Ceylon Burma Loka-niti GP (Thailand, Java Mangolia Cambodia, and and Tanjur CN(C) LN(P) & Other Other Other (CRT) (CNr) NKY(B) Loos, Xiengmai) Bali Other 1.110.3 3.2 Cr 746 CNr 50 1.110.4 3.3 Cr 8 1201 1.110.5 3.4 Cr 914 1.110.7 3.5 Cr 1111 1.110.8 CNr 14 1.110.9 Cr 1608/3.6 1.110.10 3.7 Cr 1078 1.110.11 3.8 Cr 1097 1.110.13 3.9 Cr 293 ShD 26 1.110.15 3.10 Cr 896 1.110.16 3.11 Cr 230 1.110.17 3.12 Cr 568 1.110.18 3.13-4 Cr 814 puranam - PURANA TK 50, N$ 39, BhP 2.56,22 Slt 26 [Vol. XI, No. 1

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 97 1.110.19 3.15 Cr 1024 CNr 17 85/110 X NM 6.12 1.110.20 3.16 Cr 978 1.110.21 3.17 Cr 182 CNr 20 1.110.22 3.18 Cr 68 1.110.23 3.19 Cr 49A 1.110.24 3.20 Cr 253 1.110.25 3.21 Cr 501 1.110.26 3.23-4 Cr 625 CNr 33 CNr 34 160/(205) 113/141 DhN 78 X X x 1.110.29 Cr 1656/3.30 1.110.30 3.31 Cr 569 1.111. 1 4.1 Cr 660 NM. 7.1 1.111. 2 4.2 Cr 872 (SRN 163) (RN 2) (SRN 163) 1.111. 3 4.3 Cr 675 ShD 8 (SRN 323) (RN 93) DhN 182 AtTortusi P. 188 (SRN 323) 1.111. 4 4.4 Cr 462 1.111. 5 Cr (Cr 191) 1660/4.5 1.111. 6 4.7 Cr 413 1.111. 9 Cr 1029 Vyas 15 1.111.12 1.111.17 Cr 772 CNr 3 Vyas 48 Cr 8.44 167/211 x SRN 49 NM 6.7 SRN 49

98 Tibet Ceylon Burma Loka-niti GP Tanjur CN(C) Other Other (CRT) (CNr) LN(P) & NKy(B) Other Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Xiengmai) Java and Bali Mangolia and Other 21M puranam- PURANA [Vol. XI, No. 1 1.111.18 Cr 429 81/111 DhN 75 * NM 6.8 1.111.24 4.8 (23 Cr 522 1.111.26 4.9 Cr 335 1.111.27 Cr 1354/4.10 1.111.28 Cr 1461/4.12 1.111.29 Cr 17030 10 1899/4.13 28 1.111.30 Cr 1213/4.14 1.111.31 Cr (134/161) 1900/4.15 1.111.32 4.16 Cr 180 1.111.33 Cr 1272/4.17 1.112.1 5.11 Cr 645 1.112.3 Cr 805 Pr$(C) 34 N$ 15.3 N$ 35, NM 4.20 1.112.4 5.5 Cr 290 CNr 100 RN 10 Sit 80 (Slt 20)

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 99 11.112.5 5.6 Cr 785 1.112.6 5.7 Cr 162 CNr 106 RN 12 22811 (NM 7.14) 1.112.7 5.4 Cr 790 1.112.8 1.112.9 5.8 Cr 719 NM 7.15 CNr 103 1.112.10 59 5.9 Cr 665 CNr 105 (RN 17) 21:21 (2183) (NM 7.16) 23 102 1.112.11 5.3 Cr 149 CNr 101 (RN 18) NM. 7.13 1.112.12 5.2 Cr. 963 CNr 99 (RN 20) NM 7.9 1198 1.112.13 Cr 892 CNr 6 (DhN 254) 1.112.14 5.15 81 Cr 498 1.112.15 5.16 Cr.466 CNr 23 Vyas 34 (DEM 183) (ennes) 1.112.16 5.17 Gr. 2 CNr 103 1.112.17 Cr 420 NM 6.16 1.112.18 5.18 Cr 339 NM 6.17 (DhN 306-7) (RN 96-77) 1.112.19 5.19 Cr 609 NM 6.18 1.112.20 Cr 1404/5 20 CZA 1.112.21 (5.1 ad) Cr 359 1.112.22 5.22 Cr 1011 Cupon QUE 1.112.23 5.23 Der 1.112.24 5.25 Cr 784 CNr 84 Cr 799

100 100 Tibet Ceylon Burma GP. Tanjur (CRT) CN (C) LN (P) Other Other Other (CNr) & NKY (B) Laos, Xiengmai) Lokaniti (Thailand, Cambodi, Java and Mongolia Bali and Other puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 20 1.112.25 Cr 1495/5.26 1.113.1 6.1 Cr 341 1.113.2 6.2 Cr 1036 1.113.6 Cr 803 (SRN. 324) 1.113.7 6.3 Cr 916 (SRN 323 ShD 29) 1.113.8 6.4 Cr 15 (DhN 182) (SN. 62) (SN 60) (TK 42) (SRN 324) (SRN 323) NM 4.2ab 4.4 cd 1.113.9 6.5 Cr 894 1.113.10 Cr 2025/6.6 1.113.12 (6.7) Cr 435 1.113.29 Cr 1738 103 1.113.33 Cr 1368/6.9 (B 1/18) SS 168 (SS 182) SS 361, Slt 31 1.113.34 Cr 1863/6.10 1.113.35 6.11 Cr 90 1.113.36 6.12 Cr 1060 (SS 269) SS 271 1.113.37 6.13 Cr 1031

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 1.113.41 6.14 Cr 551 1.113.42 Cr 1519/6.15 1.113.43 6.16 Cr 555 SS 312 Javanese MBh. (cf. Juynboll 228 SS 288 1.113.46 6.17ef Cr 203 1.113.48 Cr 590 Vyas 68 1.113.52 Cr 1813/6.18 1.113.53-4 Cr 806 1.113.55 Cr 1820/6.19 SS 383 SS 359 1.113.56 6.20 Cr 325 1.113.58 Cr 842 75/106 DhN 348 SS 347 SS 487 1.113.60 6.21 Cr 1053 1.113.61 6.22 Cr 1081 ShD 64 Slt 76 1.113.62 Cr 1831/6.23 1.114.1 7.1 Cr. 525 CNr 21 1.114.2 7.2 Cr 1003 1.114.5 7.3 Cr 816 1.114.6 Cr 1786 SS 448 1.114.8 Cr 1136/7.4 1.114.13 Cr. 6 PrS (C) 42 125/153 DhN 209 NM 5.10 1.114.15 7.6 Cr. 582 1.114.18 Cr 2037/77. 1.114.19 7.8 Cr 987 14 101 101

102 Tibet Ceylon Burma GP. Tanjur CN (C) Other Other (CRT) (CNr) LN (P) & Other Lokaniti (Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Xiengmai) Java Mangolia and Bali and Other NKY (B) 1.114.21 Cr 1666/7.11 1.114.22 7.12 Cr 565 CNr 18 1.114.24 Cr 1592/7.13 1.114.26 7.14 Cr 955 1.114.27 7.15 Cr 702 1.114.28 Cr 1141/7.16 1 114.30 7.17 Cr 998 CNr 62 ShD 54 1.114.31 7.18 Cr 1039 1.114.32 1.114.35 7.19 Cr 278 1.114.36 Cr 604 Cr 740 CNr 94 PrS(C)64 1.114.37 7.20 Cr 991 1.114.38 7.21 Cr 830 1.114.39 7.22 Cr 459 1.114.46 Cr (SRN 167) 2077/7.25 (NM 4.11) 1.114.47 Cr 566 1.114.48 7.26 NM 4.8 Cr 964 NM 6.13 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 SRN 167

TK 18 TK 20, N$12.1cd (Slt 48, NS 4.20) SS 328 1.114.49 Cr 788/7.27 NM 6.15 DhN 64 1.114.50 7.28 Cr 584 NM 3.14 1.114.51 7.29 Cr 554 Vyas 22 DhN 340 1.114.56 8.48 Cr 210 1.114.57 8.47 Cr 212 CNr 11 1.114.59 8.46 Cr 886 CNr 9 1.114.66 Cr 1733 132/257 DhN 159 1.114.69 Cr 722 1.114.72 Cr 621 (SRN 282) 1.115.1 Cr 1376/8.1 91/120 DhN 120 1.115.3 8.2 Cr 510 1.115.4 Cr 286/8.3 1.115.5 8.4 Cr 644 1.115.7 8.5 Cr 593 1.115.9 Cr 885/8.45 CNr 10 1.115.11 8.6 Cr 41 1.115.16 8.7 Cr 897 1.115.17 8.8 Cr 445 1.115.18 8.9 Cr 249 1.115.20 8.10 Cr 918 1.115.22 8.11 Cr 44 1.115.23 Cr 147/8.12 1.115.24 8.13 Cr 650 Jan., 1969] (SRN 282) Slt 49, NS 4.21 PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 103 Slt 81

NS 3.2, (Slt 9) 104 Tibet Ceylon Burma Lokaniti LN(P) GP Tanjur (CRT) Other CN(C) CNr Other & Other NKY(B) (Thailand, Java Mangolia Cambodia, and Bali Laos, Xiengmai) & Other SS 378 SS 185 1.115.26 8.14 Cr 120 1.115.27 8.15 Cr 741 1.115.28 Cr 148 1.115.29 PrS(C)3 1.115.30 8.16 Cr 828 1.115.31 8.17 Cr 123 1.115.36 8.19 Cr 831 1.115.38 8.20 Cr 1084 1.115.39 Cr 1177/8.21 1.115.41 Cr 475 CNr 60 118/146 DhN 149 x 1.115.42 Cr 1821/8.23 1.115.43 8.24 Cr 807 1.115.44 Cr 1904/8.25 1.115.45 Cr 418 NM 2.6 1.115.46 Cr 194 NM 3.3 1.115.47 Cr 581 NM 3.4 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1

1.115.48 8.26 Cr 646 NM 3.6 1.115.49 Cr 1535/8.27 1.115.51 8.28 Cr 407 1.115.52 8.29 Cr 570 NM 3.12 1.115.54 8.30 Cr 409 1.115.55 Cr 1858/8.31 1.115.60 Cr 1057 1.115.62 8.32 1.115.63 Cr 54 8.33 Cr 661 1.115.65 Cr 49 (80/110) DhN 87 SS 471 Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 105 1.115.66 Cr 1584/8.34 (Cr 108) 1.115.67 8.35 Cr 89 1.115.74 8.36 Cr 130 Vyas 70 PrS(C) 13 SS 435 TK NS 2.8, 49, Slt 80 1.115.76 8.37 1.115.78 1.115.80 1.115.81 Cr 482 Cr 285 (Cr 499) Cr 1935 SS 302 CNr 7 18/18 X PrS(C) 4

106 Tibet Ceylon Burma Lokaniti Markandeya Tanjur CN(C) LN(P) Other Other Other purana & (Thailand, Java Mongolia Cambodia, and Laos, Bali Xiengmai) and Other (CRT) (CNr) NKY(B) 14.18-9 29.39-40 34.62-3 34.112-3 Vayu-purana 113/141 DhN 78. 93.95 93.98 93.101 93.102 (cf. Vyas 30) 93.103 Visnu-purana 4.10,9 4.10,10 4.10,12 SS 287 SS 236, Javanese Maha bharata, (Juynboll 237) SS 159 x SS 429 SS 422 SS 462 SS 457 SS 463 puranam - PURANA SS SS 422 429 SS 462 [Vol. XI., No. 1

Bhagavatapurana 7.2,40 9.19,13 9.19,14 LE 9.19,16 9.19,17 28.4 28.5 36.6 36.11 215.8-13 (NM 7.3-18) Padma-purana Srsti-kh. 54.21 224.47 Bhumi-kh. 81.47 - Uttara-kh. 7.23 Skanda-purana Mahesvara-kh. Kumarika 2.10 46.41 SS 433 SS 422 SS 429 S$ 462 SS 448 SS 101 SS 450 SS 107 SS 126 CNr 75 SS 439 Slt 16 SS 359 NS 4.23 Vyas 6 SS 462 Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 107

Tibet Ceylon Burma Lokaniti Skandapurana Tanjur Other CN(C) Other (CRT) (CNr) LN(P) & Other NKY(B) (Thailand), Java (Cambodia, and Laos, Bali Xiengmai) Mongolia & Other Avantya-kh. Caturasiti-kh. 25.40 Reva-kh. 103.128 Nagara-kh. 26.18 37.14 185.15 196.6 Prabhasa-kh. 255.32 (Ksetra-mahatmya) 1.23.63 2.56.22 Cr 957/3.5 Agni-purana 2.20,1 115/143 DhN 261 * SS 109 N$ 5,4 SS 370 SS 343 (SS 470) SS 436 SS 421 26 TK 50 ShD 182 161/200 DhN 164 NS 13.8 NS 3.9,Slt (NM 7.3-18) sqq. 108 puranam- PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1

15 Visnudharmottara 2.24,4-6 Bhavisyapurana Brahmaparvan 4.182 4.184 Uttara-parvan 102.29 Siva-purana Satarudra 38.18 (NM 7.3-18) Rudrasamhita 4.219,52 釓氠弬釒� 85 Vamanapurana in SKDr ads bara Vyas 70 (120/148) x DhN 397 SS 441 SS 448 NS 2.8, Slt 81 TK 49, Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 109

110 puranam -- PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 Annex II Garuda-purana 1.108.14 HJ 3.101, BhS 958 1.108.15 HJ 1.138, Vet 1.26, Sts 40.10; 63, 7-8 1.108.18 MBh 1.74.39, HJ 1.211 1.108.22 Sts 374.36.7 1.108.25 PtsK 1.235, HJ 2.120 1.108.26 HJ 324, BhS 519 1.109. 1 Mn 7.213, MBH 1.160.27 and 5.37.18, Pts 1.356 and 3.86, HJ 1.43, VCsr 12.1, VCjr 20.1, Sts 321.12-3, Vet 19.16, HDh 14, BhPr 198 1.109. 2 MBh 1.115, 36; 2.61, 11 and 5.36, 17, P (PT 1.118, PTem 1.107, PS 1.105, PN 2.83, Pts 1.355 and 3.84, 1.109. 4 PRE 1.117), HJ 1.159, Sts 21.4-5, VCjr 28.3, MK 76 HJ 1.107, PP 1.77 1.109.10 PS 1.26, HJ 4.108 1.109.14 PP 1.52, HJ 1.18, VCsc VII 8, VCjr VII 1, Sts 20.9-10 1.109.15 HJ 1.138, Vet 1.26, Sts 40.10 and 63.7-8 1.109.20 HJ 1.109, Sts 332.22-8 1.109.28 MBh 5.38, 76-7, Sts 82.6-7, Sts 360.8-9 1.109.32 Vet 4.7 1.103.33 Pancaratra 1.14, 96, HJ 2.118 & 4.8, Brahmavaivartapurana 1.23,63 1.109.38 PtsK 1.227 1.109.40 PP 1.106, Pts 1.137, PtsK 1.153, HJ 2.114, VCsr VI 10, MK 153 1.109.52 Mn 8.26, P (PP 1.21, Pts 1.44) HJ 2.47, Vet 1.8 1.110. 1 P (PP 2.143, Pts 2.137, PtsK 2.144, PD 302,41, PM 2.55, HJ 1.227) 1.110. 4 MBh 2.5, 112 and 5.38, 66-7, PP 2.150, Pts 2.147, PtsK 2.154 1.110. 5 Vet 7.4 1.110.13 HJ 1.142, BhS 34 1,110 19 PP 2.27 and 4.13, Pts 2.32 and 4.14, PtsK 2.330 and 4.15, PT 2.29, PN 1.17, PS 2.19, HJ 2.147, MBh 1.142, 82 and 12.140, 30, PRE 2.19,

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 1.110.26 HJ 1.110. Cf. Markandeya Purana 34.112-3 1.111. 3 MBh 5.33,17, PM 1.82 1.111.12 111 PT 3.63, PTem 3.49, PN 3.32, PP 1,390, Pts 1.402, Pts K 1.450, PRE 3.52, PM 1,173, HJ 1.13, Vet 16.12. 1.111.17 PT 252, PS 2.31, PN 1.28, Pts 1.3, Pts K 1.3, PRE 2.31, PM 1.3, HJ 1.134, VCSr 12.5, Sts Intr 39 and 6.3, StsA 46.2, StsM 6.2 1.111.18 PT 2.54, PP 2.106, PRE 2.33 1.112.15 HJ 2.91, BhS 27 1.112.17 Pts 1.248, PtsK 1.278 1.113.8 H] 2.9 1.113.9 PS 4.6, PN 4.2, PRE 4.14, HJ 4.87 1.113.10 1.113 29 1.113.36 MBh 5.33, 38 MBh 12.181, 15 and 12.322.15 Mn 5.106, Vi 22.89 (and nibandhas) 1.113.42 PT 2.55 1.113.48 MBh 13,163, 11, HJ 2.15, (cf. Bhagavata-purana 7.2, 40, PT 2.113, PTen 2.102, PS 2.66, PN 1.62, PP 5.53, Pts 5.7 and 2.9, 105, Pts K 2.11 and 113, PRE 2.68, HJ Pr 29, and 4.9, VCsr VII 13 and 12.3-4, VCmr 12.38-9, VCjr 12.6) 1.113.53-4 MBh 12.181, 16; 12, 332, 16 and 13.7, 22-3, P PT 2.106, P Tem 2.95, PP 2.135, Pts 2.125, PtsK 2,134, PM 1.46, PdP, Bhumi-Kh. 81.47 1.113.56 MBh 1.74, 81 1.113.58 HJ Pr 17 1.113.61 MBh 12.174, 20, Vet Hu¹ MS 16.16 and ad 16.175 1.114.1 HJ 1.73 1.114.2 PT 2.170 and 4.7, PTem 2.152, PS 2.83 and 4.3, PN 1.79 and 4.3, PP 2.195, Pts 2.179, PtsK 2.194, cf. 2.59, PRE 2.95 and 4.7, PM 2.73, HJ 1.225 1.114.6 Bhagavata-purana 9.19,17, Bhavisya-purana 4.184, HJ 1.126, Mn 1.215. 1.114.19 PT 1.153, PTem 1.140, PS 1.132, PN 2.106, PP 1.373, PRE 1.144, PM 1.59.

112 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 1.114.32 HJ 1.206 1.114.36 Astaratra 3 (KSH 7) 1.114.47 Pts 2.39 and 4.13, PtsK 2.43 and 4.14, PP 4.12, Sts 21.3, StsA 23.2, Sts Pet 28b) 1.114.49 MBh 12.140,66 1.114.59 BhPn. 10.114 1.114.66 FT 1.14, PTem 1.11, PP 1.334, Pts 1.335, PtsK 1,376, PML 137; cf. HJ 1.35 1.114.69 MBh (Bh) ad 12.167,20; 449* lines 32-3, R 4.34.12, PP 1.248 and 4.10, Pts 4.10, Pts K 4.10 1.114.72 PT 3.142, PT, 3.147. 1.115.1 MBh 12.139,32, Harivamsa 1160 1.115.4 MBh 1.139,93 1.115.18 Vet 4.15 1.115.23 PP 2.64, PtsK 2.82, PPY 73 (68), HJ Pr 27, Vet 8.8) 1.115.28 BhS 200, Vet 23.5 1.115.31 PT 1.12, PTen 1.9, PS 1.15, PN 2.11, PP 1.15, PRE 1.14, PM 1.14, HJ 2.42 1.115.36 PP 3.88, Pts 3.96, PtsK 3.97, PM 3.32; cf. HJ 1.169 1.115.45 PP 1.170, PD 307.102, HJ 4.17 and 1.58, Vet 11.7 1.115.46 PT 3,114, PS 3.69, PN 3.59, PP 3.219, Pts 3.178, PtsK 3.256, PRE 3.99, PM 3.76, PT, 3.119. 1.115.47 PP 5,64, Pts 5.84, PtsK 5.70, PM 5.47, Vet 25.1 (p. 117), Sts 23.33 1.115.48 PP 1.284, PM 1.78, HJ 1.79 1.115.52 HJ 3.64 1.115.60 PT 2.165, PTen 2.147, Pts Gottingen Ges. Anz. 1862, p. 1363, (HS ad 1.180) 1.115.63 HJ 1.128. 1.115.65 MBh 13.38,16, Pts 1.142, Pts K 1.158 1.115.76 VCSr 3.10, VCmr 3.91-2, Sto Intr 49. 1.115.78 Pts 2.88, PtsK 2.96 HJ Pr 38 1.115.80 1.115 81 VCSr 9.3, VCjr 21.1, Gunaratna 3, HJ ad Intr. 48

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS I 13 Markandeya-purana 14.18-9 MBh 12.322,3 29.39-40 MBh (Bh) 5.39,25 34.62-3 Mn 4.134 34,112-3 See above GP 1.110,26 Vayu-purana 93.95 MBh (Bh) ad 1.80,9; 840* lines 1-2, Mn 2.94, Harivamsa 1639, Visnu-purana 4.10.9, Bhagavata-purana 9.19,14. 93.98 MBh (Bh) ad 1.80,9; 840* lines 3-4; Harivamsa 1640, Kulluka ad Mn 2.94, Visnu-purana 4.10,10, Bhagavata-purana 9.19,13, KN (BI) after 1.36. 93.101 MBh (Bh) 12.168,45 and 12.268,12, Harivamsa 16.43, Visnu-purana 4.10,12, Bhagavata-purana 9.19,16, Skanda-purana, Kaumari Kh. 46.41. 93.102 Harivamsa 1644, PP 5.63, Pts 5.83, PtsK 5.15, Bhs 504 93.103 MBh (Bh) 12.171,15 and 12.268,6, Samkara's bhasya on Brhadaranyaka-upanisad 4.3,33, Yogasutra bhasya on 2.42. Visnu-purana 4.10.9 See above Vayu-purana 93.95 4.10.10 See above Vayu-purana 93.98 4.10.12 See above Vayu-purana 93.101 Bhagavata-purana 7.2,40 See above GP. 1.113,48 9.19,13 See above Vayu-purana 93.98 9.19,14 See above Vayu-purana 93.95 9.19,16 See above Vayu-purana 93.101 9.19,17 See above GP. 1.114,6

114 puranam - PURANA [Vol. XI., No. 1 Matsya-purana 215.8-13 Cf. MBh. 1.100, 12, 85, Agni-purana 220.1 sqq, Visnudharmottara 2.24, 4-6, KN 12.2, 18.27-43, Mn 7.63-4, K 1.16; 2.33, Manollasa 2.2,90-2. Padma-purana Srsti-kh. 54.21 HJ 1.127, Vet, Intr. 1 (cf. 3.10).cf Mn 2.94, BhPn 7.19,14 224.47 Vet 19.11, Cr. 1868 Bhumi-Kh. 81.47 See above GP 1.113, 53-4 Uttara-Kh. 7.23 Cr 2068, BhS 801 Skanda-purana Mahesvara-Kh. Kumarika 46.41 See above Vayu-purana 93.101 Avantya.Kh. Reva-Kh. 103.124 (Cf. PS 2.32, PN 1.29, PP 2.80, PRE 2.34, HJ 1,135, VCsr 21.1, VCm 21.19-20, Vet 3.2, Cr 72, Mrcch. 1.8) Nagara-Kh. 26.18 MBh (R) 12.276, 13, MBh (Bh) 12.309, 72, Vrddhasatatapa-smrti 61, 1.117 Visnudharmottara 185.15 HJ 1.196, Pts 1.401 and 2.116, Pts K 1.149 196.6 Prabhasa 255.32 and 2.124) PP 1.142, Pts 1.185, Ptsk 1.199, HJ 1.130 PT 2.79, PTem 2.68, PP 2.97, PS 2.42, PN 1.38, PRE 2.47, HJ 1.152 Brahmavaivarta-purana 1.23, 63 See above GP 1.109, 33 2.56, 22 See above GP 1.110, 8 Agni-purana 2.20, sqq. See above Matsya-purana 215.8-13 Visnud harmottara-purana 2.24, 4-6 See above Matsya-purana 215.8-13

Jan., 1969] PURANIC WISE SAYINGS 115 Bhavisya-purana Brahma-parvan Uttara-parvan 4.184 See above GP 1.114, 6 102.29 CVr 4.11, Vet. 4.29, VCmr 2.70-1 Siva-purana Satarudra 38.18 See above GP 1.115.74 Rudrasamhita 4.216,52 -ingin-to P (PT 1.62, PTem 1.55, PS 1.54, PN 2.39, PP 1.172, Pts 1.214, PtsK 1.245 and 3.68, PRE 1.63, PM 1.81, HJ 2.129, Sto 40.1, CVr 10.16.