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[Full title: Some technical words in the post-Christian era Indian literature related to Minerals and Metals]

(9 indicates non-Sanskritic word) AKIK agate ADRIJA bitumen ABHRAKA mica AMLA acid ARKA sunstone ASMASARA metallic extract, pig iron (?) AJIVA alloying element to harden ARAKUTA brass INDRAGOPA golden beryl or zircon (?) INDRANILA sapphire UTPALA greenish-blue aquamarine AUDBHIDA plant ash alkali KAJJALI Cinnabar KANKUSTHA tin ore (3) KANKUSTAM purgative soil with Mg/Na sulphate KANSA bronze bell-metal KANSA-MAKSIKA coarse grained arseno-pyrite KARUNDAKA Crinson-yellow ruby KARKETANA chrysoberyl KARPURARASA calomel or mercuric chloride KARMANTA factory KAKATUNDI leaded-brass turning black with acid KANTALOHA iron from magnetite

KAMKSI alum KAMSYA bronze/bell-metal KAMSYA VIMALA arseno-pyrite or lollingi te KARAVELLAKA non-laminated Zinc ore KASISA green vitriol or ferrous sulphate KITTA dross KUTILA tin KURUVINDA corundum KRSAN Conch-pearl KSARA alkali KHATIKA KHATI steatite chalk KHANI mine KHANIJA mineral KHARPARA zinc ore, calamine, sphalerite (?) GANDHAKA sulphur GARUDODGARA emerald GALU gem GANDHARA red lead GARUTMATA emerald GAIRIKA red ochre, hydrated iron oxide GOMEDA zircon, hyacinth, jacinth GHOSA bell-metal; 20 p.c. tin in copper, makes sound. CANDRAKANTA special feldspar, cloudstone (?) CAPALA quick-melting tin or bismuth ore CINAMATI china-clay or Kaolin E-2

CUNI ruby, from curnika or small ruby CUNA PATHAR limestone, produces cuna or lime CULIKA LAVANA sal ammoniac JABARJAD olivine, peridot JAWHARMUHRA jade JAMIRA purple amethyst; quartz with Mn JARANA amalgamation TANKANA borax TAMDI, TAMRYA, TAMRI garnet, carbuncle. TAMRA copper TARA silver TARAMANI star sapphire. TARK SYA emery or corundum with iron TALA orpiment, bell-metal TALAKA orpiment TIKSNA steel, carburised iron TIKSNA DHATU iron ore TUTTHAKA, INUTE blue vitriol, cusc TUVARI alum TRAPU tin DARADA cinnabar DASTA zinc DURDURA flaky laminated zinc ore DRAVANAVARGA flux DHATU metal and metal-bearing ore NAVASARA potassium chloride/carbonate fertiliser NAGA lead E-3

NIKASYA streak-plate NIRVAPA quenching NILA NILAKANTA sapphire NILAGANDHI red ruby with a blue tint NILANJANA stibnite or carrollite PADMARAGA ruby PANNA emerald PARADA mercury PARIBHADRA aquamarine PALANKA onyx PITALA PITATALA brass PILU jade PUTTIKA olivine, peridot PULAKA garnet ? PUSPARAGA topaz PUSYARAGA topaz PUTILCHA low m.p. metals PEROJA/PIROJA turquoise POKHRAJ topaz POGARA cementite streaks in carburised iron PRAVALA coral PHATKI/PHULLIKA alum BALASURYAKA spinel balas-ruby BILLAUR quartz (or velur/beryl?) BIJA alloying element to harden BHASTRA bellow BHIDURA diamond BHISMA quartz or chalcedon; ? E-4

MAKARADHVAJA mercuric sulphide MANI gem MANIRAGA imparting colour to gem MANDURA rust of iron MANAHSILA realgar MARAKATA emerald MARMARA marble MASARA emerald (from Misar Egypt ?) MAKSIKA pyrite KANSA arsenopyrite TARA-pyrite SWARNA HEMA - chalcopyrite ANIKYA gem, ruby HARANA incineration, oxidation of metal MARJARAKSA cat's eye, chrysoberyl MISRALOHA alloy MUKTA pearl MUNDALOHA wrought iron MUSA crucible MRDDARASRNGA anglesite or litharge, yellow PbO YASADA zinc YASADAYAKA zinc YASAM jade YUKTA alloy RAJATA silver RANGA, RUNG tin RASA mercury, liquid or melt E-5

RASAKA zinc metal or ore, calamine RASAKARPURA mercuric chloride RASAPAKA smelting of ores to liquid state RASASINDURA mercuric sulphide RASANJANA stibnite or mercuric sulphide RAJAVARTA, LAJWARD lapis lazuli RANG tin RITIKA malleable alpha-brass RITI brass, calx of brass RUKHAM alabaster RUDHIRAKSA carnelian REH soil containing sodium sulphate and bicarbonate RAUPYA silver RAUPYAMAL calx of silver LAVANA salt LASUNIYA garlic-like chrysoberyl, cat's eye. LOHA metal 'which is extracted' LOHAVEDHA metallic transformation LOHITAKSA carnelian LAUHA iron KANTA -, magnetic iron TIKSNA carburised iron, steel MUNDA -, wrought iron VAJRA diamond VANGA tin VAMSAMUKTA also VASA-LOCANA, TVAKSARA, bamboo-pearl VARANAGA 'lead-like antimony', alloy of Sb|ze VARALOHA Cu/Fe alloy E-6

VARATIKA marine nodule. VARTALOHA alloy of five metals: Cu/Fe/Pb/brass and bell-metal. Also known as PANCALOHA VAHNIMRTTIKA fire-clay VIDALAVANA reacting black salt, 'kills' gold. VIDURAKA chrysoberyl, 'cat's eye VIDRUMA coral VIMALA, VIMALAKA pyrite KAMSYA -, arsenopyrite TARA, Pyrite HEMA, chalcopyrite VELURIYA beryl VELLAKA silver-iron alloy VAIKRANTAKA magnetic iron or iron from magnetite VAIK RANTAK ADHATU magneti te VAIKRANTA tourmaline VAIDURYA beryl NILA -, aquamarine SANKHA conch-shell SASTRA SASTRA steel, weapon SASTRAPANA quench-hardening of sastra SILA rock, realgar SILAJATU bitumen SUKTI oyster SULVA copper, underground vein of metallic ore SULVA-ARI or SULVARI sulphur, 'killer' of copper SULVANAGA Cu/Pb alloy B-7

E-8 SESA onyx SODHANA purification SORA SORA saltpetre KNO SATVA/SATTVA metallic essence in an ore * SATVAPATANA extraction of metal SARJIKA KSARA SARJIKA MATTIKA river-bed alkaline soil with Naso/NaHCO 3 SASYAKA blue vitriol or Cuso SISAJA red lead SISA lead SURMA collyrium, stibnite SULEMANI onyx SUVARCIKA borax SUVARNA gold SURYAKANTA sunstone SONELA yellow quartz with iron oxide. False topaz. SOHTA carrollite SOHAGA borax SAUGANDHIKA yellowish-red spinel ruby SAUBHAGYA borax SAUBHIRANJANA stibnite SAUBHRACALA/SAUVARCALA alkaline sochal salt - borax or saltpetre (7) SAURASTRAJA alum SNAPANA quenching SPHATIKA quartz

SRAVANMADHYA asteriated or star sapphire SROTANJANA carrollite SVARNA gold SVARNA MAKSIKA chalcopyrite -1 HARA KASISA green vitriol FeSO HARITALA orpiment (Also lollingite ?) HARINMANI emerald HINGULA cinnabar HIRAKA HIRA diamond mara Are By deB-9