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Technicians play a very significant role in construction. Since, without proper technical knowledge or guidance, it is hardly possible to build a construction successfully. It is evident that lack of proper technical knowledge or qualified technicians several constructions have been demolished. Therefore, our ancient preceptors made aware of the qualities of technicians.

Bruno Dagens decodes the Sanskrit term 艣颈濒辫颈苍 by the word 鈥榯echnicians鈥�. The word 艣颈濒辫颈苍 derived from 艣颈濒辫补 with the suffix ini, indicates one who properly know the mechanical, technical and instrumental activities. In this regard, it is noticeable that by the word 艣颈濒辫颈苍 refer to the labors, but the text indicates the technicians.

Foremost, Maya classifies the technicians into four categories on the basis of their duties, to be performed in a particular sequential order.

They are-

1. Sthapati,
2. 厂奴迟谤补驳谤腻丑颈苍,
3. Vardhaki and
4. 罢补办峁�a办补.

惭腻苍补蝉腻谤补 illustrates a mythological story about these four technicians. 惭腻苍补蝉腻谤补 mentions them as four persons born from divine sons. The story tells us鈥�痴颈艣惫补办补谤尘补苍 is known as Sthapati. Father of 厂奴迟谤补驳谤腻丑颈苍, Vardhaki and 罢补办峁�a办补 are known as Maya, 罢惫补峁ａ弓腻谤补 and Manu respectively.

vi艣vakarm膩khyan膩mnosya putra岣� sthapatir奴cyate |
mayasya tanaya岣� 蝉奴迟谤补gr膩h墨ti parik墨rtita岣� ||
tva峁ａ弓urdeva-峁涐梗e岣� putro vardhak墨ti prakathyate |
mano岣� putrastak峁�a办补岣� syadsthy膩paty膩di catu峁ａ弓yamet ||

(惭腻苍补蝉腻谤补.2.9-10)

[The son of 痴颈艣惫补办补谤尘补苍 is called the architect (Sthapati). The son of Maya is renowned as the rope-holder (厂奴迟谤补驳谤腻丑墨). The son of the divine sage 罢惫补峁ａ弓腻 is known as the carpenter (痴补谤诲丑补办墨). The son of Manu is the carpenter (罢补办峁�a办补). These are the four kinds of progeny of the great creators.]^[1]

Let us have a brief account of all these kinds of technicians, as describes by Maya.

1. Sthapati:

Sthapati or architect, the main technicians of the entire construction, should be the master of all technical, mechanical and instrumental activities in this field. The word Sthapati derived from the root stha with a suffix 办补岣�, tasya 辫补迟颈岣�= Sthapati. Maya enlisted a number of qualifications, required to be a Sthapati. He says that the architect should be come from a renewed land (辫谤补蝉颈诲丑补诲别艣补) and should belong to mixed caste. Here an obvious question may come that what is the 鈥榤ixed caste鈥�? To explain it we can take the help of 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, one of the most famous texts of Hindu 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补. In the context of ancient India, there we find the four castes. They are popularly known as 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺, 办峁�a迟谤颈测补, 惫补颈艣测补 and 艣奴诲谤补. The term mixed caste refers to the concept of Varna-蝉补峁卥补谤补, which is mentioned in various Hindu texts such as the 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 etc. 痴补谤峁嘺-蝉补峁卥补谤补 is a term used to describe the mixing of different 惫补谤峁嘺蝉 (social classes) through the system of inter-caste marriages. The 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 and other 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻迟谤补 texts often list the different mixed castes with specific names and describe the duties or occupations considered for them. For instance, children born to a 产谤腻丑尘颈苍 father and a 艣奴诲谤补 mother were called 狈颈峁Ｄ乨补 or 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补, and their societal role was defined in the text. 

Maya defines Sthapati 产测鈥�

鈥�Stha辫补迟颈岣� sth膩panarha syat 蝉补谤惫补艣腻蝉迟谤补惫颈蝉腻谤补诲补岣�鈥�. (Mayamata 5.15). 

Means鈥擧e is Sthapati who have enough knowledge to establish building and who is well verse in all kind of science

The word 蝉补谤惫补艣腻蝉迟谤补惫颈蝉腻谤补诲补 here stands for all kinds of knowledge, related to building construction. These all 艣腻蝉迟谤补蝉 help the Sthapati to build a perfect construction without any complain. For instance, the knowledge of mathematics helps him to make the necessary equations. Geography develops knowledge of places and environment, which is required to execute lot of works, like the proper selection of the constructional site. Maya prescribes that the Sthapati must be physically strong and faithful in religious activities. 

He should be kind and must be free from envy, weakness and disease.

na h墨na峁単o鈥檛irikt膩峁単o dh膩rmikastu dayapara岣� ||
补尘腻迟蝉补谤测辞鈥档补蝉奴测腻帽肠腻迟补苍诲谤颈迟补蝉迟惫补产丑颈箩腻迟补惫腻苍 |

(Mayamata 5.15-16)

The other necessary qualifications are the ability to draw (肠颈迟谤补箩帽补) and knowledge about the whole country (蝉补谤惫补诲别艣补箩帽补). The architect must be free from seven vices or 鈥�sapta vyasanas鈥�.&苍产蝉辫;

About sapta-vyasanas 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 mentions that鈥�

鈥�kopajatrivarga岣� 办腻尘补ja艣cturvarga鈥�. (础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补, 8.3.1).

Sapta-vyasanas or seven vices come from two different way of human behaviour, 

Namely, 办腻尘补鈥�

1. 尘峁沢补测腻, 
2. 补办峁�a办谤墨岣嵞�, 
3. 蝉迟谤颈蝉补峁単补尘补 and
4. 尘补诲丑测补辫腻苍补 

And krodha鈥�

5. 惫腻办辫腻谤耻峁�y补, 
6. 诲补峁囜笉补辫腻谤耻峁�y补 and
7. 补谤迟丑补诲耻峁�a峁嘺.

2. 厂奴迟谤补驳谤腻丑颈苍: 

The son or disciple of architect is known as 厂奴迟谤补驳谤腻丑颈苍. The activities or duties of a 厂奴迟谤补驳谤腻丑颈苍 is comprehensible by his name. 

One of the major works of building construction is to measurement that the 厂奴迟谤补驳谤腻丑颈苍 execute by the 蝉奴迟谤补 or rope. Maya says鈥�

蝉奴迟谤补诲补峁囜笉补 prap膩taj帽o m膩nonm膩napram膩峁嘺vit ||

(Mayamata 5.19) 

Here the word 耻苍尘腻苍补 in neuter gender, means measuring of site and quality. Therefore, 厂奴迟谤补驳谤腻丑颈苍 must be well known about 蝉奴迟谤补 or 诲补峁囜笉补 and also able to measure various types of height, length, ratios etc properly.

3. 罢补办峁�a办补: 

Maya defines 迟补办峁�a办补 产测鈥�

tak峁�an膩t sthulas奴k峁�m膩na峁� 迟补办峁�a办补 sa tu kirtita岣� |

(Mayamata: 5. 20.5)

The verb 罢补办峁�a苍补 denotes cut down, where 蝉迟丑奴濒补蝉耻办峁Ｄ乶腻峁� refers to small or big pieces of wood, stone etc. so 罢补办峁�a办补 is a particular type of architect who cuts the woods or stones into several pieces according to their requirement in building construction. 罢补办峁�a办补 should always work under the supervisor of 厂耻迟谤补驳谤腻丑颈苍.

4. Vardhaki:

Vardhaki is one who joined the small or big pieces of stones, wood etc. Normally the word Vardhaki is derived from root 惫峁沝丑补 that means to increase. 

Maya states that鈥�

惫峁沝丑颈办峁涐笉 惫补谤诲丑补办颈岣� prokta岣� 蝉奴迟谤补gr膩hyanuga岣� 蝉补诲腻 (Mayamata 5.22a).

罢补办峁�a办补 cuts the wood, stone etc into different pieces and it is vardhaki who has the duty to join those pieces for the building work and increase the total shape. Vardhaki also work under the guidance of 厂奴迟谤补驳谤腻丑颈苍.

About the definition and classification of four types of architect鈥檚 different books of 惫腻蝉迟耻惫颈诲测腻 give similar information. In conclusion Maya mentions the common characteristics of four kinds of architects. They all should be鈥揳ctive, skilful, pure, strong, compassionate, respectful to the masters etc.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Traslated by the researcher.