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There were a lot of references seen in early scriptures on the subject of time-related expiatory rituals. In the Vedic period, it seems that the performance of rituals, done in an auspicious time, only can lead to several positive results and an inauspicious time leads to harmful results. The seers of the early period have knowledge of time as well as they developed the year calendar having solar and lunar months. In addition, they also possess awareness of stars and planets, even though it is limited while comparing today鈥檚 knowledge. They believed time as a protector and as a destructor.^[1] 艢补迟补辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 states that doing any ritual at night can affect harmfully, because the 搁腻办峁�a蝉补蝉 are associated with night.^[2] 骋辞辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 shares the same view saying that the gods associated with day and the Asuras with the night and it says that the Asuras frightens the sacrificers with their negative powers.^[3] 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 points out the importance of the proper time to be used for the ritual actions.^[4] Moreover, the 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 treatises indicate the way for determining the right or specific time for various rituals. In this manner, many 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 texts bring out the importance of specific time for the various rituals.^[5]

If one cannot follow the proper time for ritual actions, expiatory rites (Muh奴rttapr膩ya艣citta) are to be done to avoid the ill-effects. 艢补迟补辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 indicates that if one commits a mistake in identifying the new full moon day, he has to offer three chief oblations to fire as expiation.^[6] If one has performed ritual actions, which do not follow proper time, the 罢腻峁囜笉测补尘补丑腻产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺, recommends the 惭补丑腻惫谤补迟补 rite as expiation.^[7] Thus, various expiatory actions can be seen in Vedic literature. In this manner 骋峁沨测补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 also proclaim the importance of auspicious and inauspicious time.^[8] The priestly class exactly follows it and they deeply believe in proper time of rituals. As a result, it leads increased expiatory actions for the removal of bad deeds of inauspicious actions. The 痴别诲腻峁単补箩测辞迟颈峁�a treatise of Lagadha is composed for satisfying the need of the sacrificers.

Most of the early 膧驳补尘补蝉 and Tantras of Kerala do not discuss the subject matter of Muh奴rttapr膩ya艣citta. They deal only with the right time of installation ceremony; and do not deeply recommend the expiation regarding the inauspicious time. By all means in the commencement of Tantrasamuccaya, Keralite Tantra is attaining new turning point. Tantrasamuccaya recommends the right time for the installation ceremony. In the pre-Tantrasamuccaya period most of the Tantric manuals gives the power to a Tantrin in ascertaining right Muh奴rtta and for determining the nature if expiation to be done; later on, Tantrasamuccaya recommended and gives the authority to an astrologer for determining the specific time.^[9] Gradually astrologers prescribed remedies for the defects and bad effects of temples related to inauspicious timing. 惭耻丑奴谤迟迟补辫补诲补惫颈^[10] is an authoritative work in the field of expiatory rites regarding the observance of proper time. It recommends 顿腻苍补 as a major expiation for removing the bad deeds of performance of Tantric rituals in inauspicious timings.^[11]