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Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)

Source: Wisdom Library: Brihat Samhita by Varahamihira

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to the 鈥減lanets鈥�, according to the B峁沨atsa峁僪it腻 (chapter 2), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Var腻hamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyoti峁�a).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淎 true Astrologer is also one who has thoroughly mastered the Science of Sa峁僪it腻. It treats of the motions of the sun and planets [i.e., graha]; of their size, color, rays, brilliancy and shape and changes in the same of their disappearance and re-appearance; of their courses and deviations therefrom; of their retrograde and reretrograde motions; of their conjunction with the stars and of their places among the stars and the like鈥�.

: Google Books: Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences (Astronomy)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�, 鈥減lanet鈥�) refers to 鈥渉eavenly bodies鈥�.鈥擳he concept of graha as 鈥榟eavenly body鈥� experienced at least the following stages of development.鈥擺...] Five planets were regarded as grahas because they possess man and do him harm. The Sun and the Moon joined the grahas, and a group of seven grahas鈥攐r nine grahas including R腻hu and Ketu鈥攚as established, although the order of enumeration was not yet fixed. The week-day order of the seven grahas (Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn) and the group of the nine grahas were established.

Note: In Sanskrit texts, when 鈥榝ive planets鈥� excluding the Sun and the Moon are specifically intended, they are called 迟腻谤腻驳谤补丑补 (鈥榮tar-planets鈥�) or 补峁単腻谤补办腻诲颈 (鈥榯hose which begin with Mars鈥�).

: WikiPedia: Hindu Astrology

Nine grahas (Navagrahas) are used. The Nine Planets of Vedic Astrology or Jyoti峁�a are the forces that capture or eclipse the mind and the decision making of the human being-thus the term 'Graha'. When the Grahas are active in their Da艣腻s or periodicities they are particularly empowered to direct the affairs of the person or the inanimate being as the case may be. Even otherwise, Grahas are always busy capturing us in some way or other, for better or for worse.

etymology: graha; from Grah (Devan腻gar墨: 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�, Sanskrit: graha, 'seizing, laying hold of, holding')

: Wikibooks (hi): Sanskrit Technical Terms

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�).鈥擯lanet. Note: Graha is a Sanskrit technical term used in ancient Indian sciences such as Astronomy, Mathematics and Geometry.

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Jyotisha (啶溹�嵿く啷嬥い啶苦��, 箩测辞迟颈峁�a or jyotish) refers to 鈥榓stronomy鈥� or 鈥淰edic astrology鈥� and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.

Ayurveda (science of life)

Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)

: archive.org: The Elephant Lore of the Hindus

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to 鈥�(the five methods of) catching (elephants)鈥�, according to the 15th century 惭腻迟补峁単补濒墨濒腻 composed by N墨laka峁囜弓ha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient  India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.鈥擺Cf. chapter 10, 鈥渙n the catching of elephants鈥漖.

There are five methods of 鈥渃atching鈥� (graha) an elephant (gaja / ibha):

1. the methods of working a trap pen (惫腻谤墨-办补谤尘补),
2. the methods of enticement with cows (惫补艣腻-惫颈濒辞产丑补苍补, 惫补艣腻-濒辞产丑补, 惫补艣腻-濒辞产丑补na), 
3. the methods of pursuit (anugati, anugata), 
4. the methods of assault (腻辫腻迟补), 
5. the methods of pits (补惫补辫腻迟补).

They are (increasingly) undesirable in the order named. Since elephants are destroyed thereby, both of the two last are to be avoided, and among these particularly the last.

Unclassified Ayurveda definitions

: archive.org: Sushruta samhita, Volume III

These malignant stars (Graha) or demons affect the person of a child in the cases where the directions laid down before (in the 艢腻谤颈谤补-蝉迟丑腻苍补) in respect of the conduct of the mother or the nurse during the time the child is brought-up on the breast are not followed, and consequently where proper benedictory rites are not performed and the child is allowed to remain in an uncleanly state, or where the child becoming anyhow uneasy gets frightened, is rebuked, or begins to cry.

The influences of malignant stars (Graha) or demons (that cause the diseases of infancy) number nine in all and are called

1. Skanda-graha,
2. Skandapasmara-graha,
3. Shakuni-graha,
4. Revati-graha,
5. Putana-graha,
6. Andha-putana-graha,
7. Shita-putana-graha,
8. Mukha-mandika-graha,
9. and Naigamesha-graha or Pitri-graha.

: archive.org: Vagbhata鈥檚 Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita (first 5 chapters)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to the planets (i.e., 鈥渁ll celestial bodies seeming to have a motion of their own among the fixed stars鈥�), and is mentioned in verse 1.31 of the 础峁ａ弓腻峁単补丑峁沝补测补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 (S奴trasth腻na) by 痴腻驳产丑补峁璦.鈥擳he term graha (~gza) was used by the Indians, just as the corresponding 蟺位峤蔽轿废�; by the Greeks, not only for the planets proper (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), but also for the sun and moon. It denotes, in other words, all celestial bodies seeming to have a motion of their own among the fixed stars; the sun answers this description in so far as it moves between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn and travels through the zodiac from west to east. Occasionally, the ascending and descending nodes of the moon (i.e. the two intersecting points of the lunar orbit and ecliptic passed as the moon goes north and south respectively) were reckoned among the planets as well, whence graha and gza may symbolize the number 鈥渘ine鈥�.鈥擨nstead of gza CD read bza, which is unauthenticated in this meaning.

: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of terms

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�):鈥擲tiffness, Retention, Chocked

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膧yurveda (啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙う, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of 膧yurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

Vedanta (school of philosophy)

: archive.org: Vivekachudamani

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) in Sanskrit means both 鈥榩lanet鈥� and 鈥榮eizure.鈥� The eclipses of the sun and moon are popularly ascribed by Hindu mythology to the periodical attacks by their enemy Rahu, a demon whom they prevented from drinking the nectar.

: Wikisource: Ashtavakra Gita

1) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to the 鈥渁chievement鈥� or 鈥渁ttainment鈥� (of freedom), according to the A峁ａ弓腻vakrag墨t腻 (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Ved腻nta topics.鈥擜ccordingly, [as A峁ａ弓avakra says to Janaka]: 鈥淸...] Even when living without any support and eager for achievement (graha-vyagra), the stupid are still nourishing Sa峁僺腻ra [nir腻dh腻r腻 grahavyagr腻 m奴岣峢腻岣� sa峁僺腻rapo峁�ak腻岣�], while the wise have cut at the very root of its unhappiness. The stupid does not find peace because he is wanting it, while the wise discriminating the truth is always peaceful minded. [...]鈥�.

2) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to 鈥渢aking鈥� (as opposed to 尘辞办峁�a鈥攔ejecting) (the senses).鈥擜ccordingly, [as A峁ａ弓avakra says to Janaka]: 鈥淸...] One man is abstemious and averse to the senses, another is greedy and attached to them, but he who is free from both taking (graha) and rejecting (尘辞办峁�a) is neither abstemious nor greedy [graha尘辞办峁�avi丑墨nastu na virakto na 谤腻驳补v腻n]. [...]鈥�.

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Vedanta (啶掂�囙う啶距え啷嵿��, ved腻nta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to the 鈥減lanets鈥�, according to the 艢ivapur腻峁嘺 2.3.6.鈥擜ccordingly, after the Gods eulogised Goddess 艢iv腻:鈥斺�淭hus eulogising, in many ways, the great goddess stationed in the womb, the gods returned to their abodes, highly delighted in their minds. When nine months were completed, in the tenth month, the goddess, the mother of the universe, bore all the states of a child in the womb in the complete form. The time was good. The planets, stars [i.e., 驳谤补丑补-迟腻谤补办补] and the luminary heavenly bodies were quiet; the sky was clear and there was brilliance in all the quarters. [...]鈥�.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index

1a) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�).鈥擜 Par腻 god.^*

• * Brahm腻峁囜笉a-pur腻峁嘺 IV. 1. 57.

1b) Planets, seven in number excluding R腻hu and Ketu; known as Vaim腻nikas in the current epoch (Vaivasvata)鈥擱腻hu and Ketu are planets which tease the sun and moon;¹ each graha has three 蝉迟丑腻苍补蝉, dak峁�i峁嘺, uttara and madhyama.^2

• * V腻yu-pur腻峁嘺 3. 14; 7. 16; 30. 146; 31. 35; 51. 8; 53. 29, 109.

: valmikiramayan.net: Srimad Valmiki Ramayana

骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��) refers to 鈥渃rocodiles鈥� (living in forest-streams), according to the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 chapter 2.28. Accordingly:鈥斺�淸...] soothening with kind words to S墨t腻, when eyes were blemished with tears, the virtuous 搁腻尘补 spoke again as follows, for the purpose of waking her turn back: 鈥榌...] Even streams (sarit) filled with crocodiles (驳谤腻丑补) full of mire are difficult to be crossed by rut elephants also. Hence dwelling in a forest is always very much uncomfortable鈥欌��.

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The Purana (啶�啷佮ぐ啶距��, pur腻峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)

Source: Wisdom Library: N腻峁瓂a-艣腻stra

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�, 鈥渟eizing鈥�) refers to 鈥渢he note in which the song begins鈥� and is one of the ten characteristics (gati) of the 箩腻迟颈 (melodic class), according to the N腻峁瓂a艣腻stra chapter 28. It is also known as grahagati or grahasvara. 闯腻迟颈 refers to a recognized melody-type and can be seen as a precursor to 谤腻驳补蝉 which replaced them.

According to the N腻峁瓂a艣腻stra 28.75, 鈥�grahas have been like the 补峁兣沘 of all the 箩腻迟颈s. That note which is taken up in the beginning of a song is the graha, and is an alternative term for the 补峁兣沘鈥�.

: Shodhganga: Kohala in the Sanskrit textual tradition (ns)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) has five subdivisions, according to the T腻lalak峁�a峁嘺m, a work ascribed to Kohala鈥攁 celebrated authority of the ancient period along with others such as Bharata, Y腻峁ａ弓ika, 艢腻rd奴la, K腻艣yapa etc. 

The T腻lalak峁�a峁嘺 mentions the names of the three grahas along with their definitions鈥�

1. sama, 
2. 补迟墨迟补 and
3. 补苍腻驳补迟补. 

When the music and 迟腻濒补 commence at the same time, it is said to be sama-graha. If the 迟腻濒补 starts before the 驳墨迟补, then he calls it 补迟墨迟补-graha. And, if the 驳墨迟补 starts before the 迟腻濒补, he calls it 补苍腻驳补迟补-graha. 

Note: A noteworthy aspect here, is that the definitions of 补迟墨迟补 and 补苍腻驳补迟补 graha are exactly the opposite of what is in practice today. It is interesting to note that the interpretation of graha in Kallin腻tha鈥檚 commentary on the Sa峁叢的�迟补ratn腻kara is opposed to that of Si峁僪abh奴p腻la鈥檚. Present day 濒补办峁�y补 in 碍补谤峁嚹遽弓补办补 music follows Si峁僪abh奴p腻la鈥檚 interpretation. It is quite possible that this work follows Kallin腻tha鈥檚. 

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Natyashastra (啶ㄠぞ啶熰�嵿く啶多ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya鈥攖heatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).

Dharmashastra (religious law)

: Sacred Texts: The Grihya Sutras, Part 2 (SBE30)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to 鈥渙fferings of Soma鈥�, according to the 膧辫补蝉迟补尘产补-测补箩帽补-辫补谤颈产丑腻峁Ｄ�-蝉奴迟谤补蝉.鈥斺�渨ith the Grahas the act should be made to coincide with the Upay腻ma鈥�. Commentary: 鈥淕rahas are offerings of Soma, and likewise the vessels (kamasa) in which the Soma is offered. The Soma is offered with the words 鈥樷�榰pay腻ma-g峁洺竽玹o'si鈥欌��, and while these words are being uttered, the fluid should be poured out (鈥榙h腻r腻峁� sr腻vayet鈥�).鈥�.

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Dharmashastra (啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶多ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷嵿��, dharma艣腻stra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)

: Google Books: Manthanabhairavatantram

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to 鈥減lanets鈥�, according to the Bhairav墨stotra in the 艢r墨matottara-tantra, an expansion of the Kubjik腻matatantra: the earliest popular and most authoritative Tantra of the Kubjik腻 cult.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淰ictory! Victory (to you) O goddess (产丑补驳补惫补迟墨)! [...] Salutations to you) who bestow the play of freedom and enjoyment by means of all the liturgies (krama) and rites (办谤颈测腻) performed in the blissful meetings of great ghosts, demons (ve迟腻濒补s), warlocks (产丑别谤耻峁囜笉补), witches (濒腻尘腻) and planets (graha)! [...]鈥�

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Shakta (啶多ぞ啶曕�嵿��, 艣腻kta) or Shaktism (艣腻ktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.

Shaiva philosophy

: Brill: 艢aivism and the Tantric Traditions (philosophy)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to 鈥渁pprehension (of objects)鈥�, according to Utpaladeva鈥檚 Viv峁泃i on 莫艣varapratyabhij帽腻k腻rik腻 1.5.6.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸...] [If you reply:] 鈥淏ut this [property of being an object] can only belong to [things] that are distinct from manifestation,鈥� what (graha) [of these objects] could there be [if they are distinct from manifestation]? [And] what is this [so-called] annihilation of ordinary human practice [that must inexorably occur according to you] if [objects] are one with phenomena? This is what [the V峁泃ti] says in 鈥渓et [us admit that] they consist in phenomena. [...]鈥�.

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Ganitashastra (Mathematics and Algebra)

: archive.org: Hindu Mathematics

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) represents the number 9 (nine) in the 鈥渨ord-numeral system鈥� (产丑奴迟补蝉补峁僰丑测腻), which was used in Sanskrit texts dealing with astronomy, mathematics, metrics, as well as in the dates of inscriptions and manuscripts in ancient Indian literature.鈥擜 system of expressing numbers by means of words arranged as in the place-value notation was developed and perfected in India in the early centuries of the Christian era. In this system the numerals [e.g., 9鈥�graha] are expressed by names of things, beings or concepts, which, naturally or in accordance with the teaching of the 艢腻stras, connote numbers.

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Ganita (啶椸ぃ啶苦い) or Ganitashastra refers to the ancient Indian science of mathematics, algebra, number theory, arithmetic, etc. Closely allied with astronomy, both were commonly taught and studied in universities, even since the 1st millennium BCE. Ganita-shastra also includes ritualistic math-books such as the Shulba-sutras.

Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

: SOAS University of London: Protective Rites in the Netra Tantra

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to two groups of supernatural beings (i.e., 鈥榮eizers鈥� and 鈥榩lanets鈥�), that cause illness, according to the Netratantra of K峁�emar腻ja: a 艢aiva text from the 9th century in which 艢iva (Bhairava) teaches P腻rvat墨 topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.鈥擳he Netratantra鈥檚 Second Chapter begins with the goddess P腻rvat墨鈥檚 request that 艢iva reveal to her the remedy for the ailments that afflict divine and worldly beings. [...]. 艢iva adds to the list of maladies a group of supernatural beings that cause illness: [e.g., Grahas], [...]. That 艢iva discusses supernatural beings that cause such disease demonstrates how invisible forces affect the world in observable ways. In order to counter these forces, 艢iva reveals another invisible but observable element, mantra.

Graha is mentioned in a list of afflictions (which does not arise in the place and time of the Mantravid), according to verse 19.129-133.

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Shaiva (啶多�堗��, 艣aiva) or Shaivism (艣aivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

Gitashastra (science of music)

: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (gita)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to one of the thirteen 闯腻迟颈s or 鈥減roper combination of two 驳谤腻尘补蝉鈥� (in Indian music), according to the Kallin腻tha鈥檚 commentary Kal腻nidhi on the Sa峁儾的�迟补ratn腻kara.鈥擨n the N腻峁瓂a艣腻stra, 箩腻迟颈s are broadly divided into two types viz., 艣耻诲诲丑腻 and 惫颈办峁泃腻. The Sa峁儾的�迟补ratn腻kara also agrees on it. But in the Vi峁ａ箛udharmottarapur腻峁嘺, the reference about the types of 箩腻迟颈s is not found. The Sa峁儾的�迟补ratn腻kara accepts thirteen kinds of characteristic features of 箩腻迟颈s. For example: Graha, which is also accepted by the N腻峁瓂a艣腻stra.

: Shodhganga: Kohala in the Sanskrit textual tradition (gita)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to one of the thirteen characteristics of 搁腻驳补 (considered an offshoot of 闯腻迟颈 in Indian music).鈥擨n the section on 箩腻迟颈, Govinda D墨k峁�ita deals with 艣udd腻箩腻迟颈s, vik峁泃a箩腻迟颈s and sa峁僺argaj腻箩腻迟颈s. He then starts explaining the thirteen aspects of 谤腻驳补 (r腻g腻峁嚹錷 trayoda艣a lak峁�a峁嘺m) [e.g., Graha] while commenting that these are applicable to the 箩腻迟颈s as well as to 谤腻驳补蝉 (which are off-shoots of the 箩腻迟颈s).

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Gitashastra (啶椸��啶むざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 驳墨迟补艣腻stra) refers to the ancient Indian science of Music (gita or samgita), which is traditionally divided in Vocal music, Instrumental music and Dance (under the jurisdiction of music). The different elements and technical terms are explained in a wide range of (often Sanskrit) literature.

Yoga (school of philosophy)

: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation by Jason Birch

1) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to the 鈥�(doctrines of) planets鈥�, according to the Amanaska Yoga treatise dealing with meditation, absorption, yogic powers and liberation.鈥擜ccordingly, as 莫艣vara says to V腻madeva: 鈥淸...] Not by studying the doctrines of scriptural exegesis, logic, planets (graha) and mathematics, nor by the Vedas, Upani峁�ads, Dharma艣腻stras [and the like]; not even by lexicons nor metre, grammar, poetry nor rhetoric; the sage's attainment of the highest reality is gained only from the oral teachings of his own guru.[...]鈥�.

2) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to the 鈥済rasping (of sense-objects)鈥�, according to the Amanaska Yoga.鈥擜ccordingly, as 莫艣vara says to V腻madeva: 鈥淸...] The knower of yoga whose inhalation and exhalation have disappeared, whose grasping of [sense] objects (惫颈峁�a测补-驳谤补丑补) has ceased, and who is motionless and free from [any] undertaking, attains bliss. [This] extraordinary absorption by which all volition has been cut off and in which all movement has ceased, is intelligible [only] to oneself and is beyond the scope of words. [...]鈥�.

3) 骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��) refers to the 鈥渃rocodiles (of the senses)鈥�, according to the Amanaska Yoga.鈥擜ccordingly, as 莫艣vara says to V腻madeva: 鈥淸...] Just as everything disappears [from view] as the sun sets, so, the whole network of [past] actions dissolves into the no-mind [state]. [The Yogin] who has bathed in the no-mind lake, which is free from the crocodiles of the senses (indriya-驳谤腻丑补) and whose water is free from the wind and pure, obtains the supreme nectar. [...]鈥�.

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Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as 腻sanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).

Shilpashastra (iconography)

: archive.org: Catalogue of Pancaratra Agama Texts (shilpa)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to the 鈥減lanetary deities鈥�, whose iconographic details are discsussed in chapter 26 of the 膧dik腻峁囜笉a of the 贬补测补艣墨谤峁�a蝉补峁僪颈迟腻: a large P腻帽car腻tra 膧gama consisting of roughly 6500 verses dealing primarily with architecture, temple-building and consecration rituals and iconography.鈥擠escription of the chapter [驳谤补丑补-辫谤补迟颈尘腻-濒补办峁�a峁嘺]: The nine personified planets are here treated iconographically: Sun (膧ditya: 1, also 3-8a), and Moon (Soma: 2); then A峁単腻raka (Mars), Budha (Mercury), Guru (Jupiter), R腻hu and Ketu (explanation for eclipses), Sauri (Saturn) and Bh腻rgava (Venus) (8b-12a).

context information

Shilpashastra (啶多た啶侧�嵿お啶多ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 艣ilpa艣腻stra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.

In Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Tibetan Buddhism

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to a group of deities summoned by the Yam腻ntaka-mantra and mentioned as attending the teachings in the 6th century Ma帽ju艣r墨m奴lakalpa: one of the largest Kriy腻 Tantras devoted to Ma帽ju艣r墨 (the Bodhisattva of wisdom) representing an encyclopedia of knowledge primarily concerned with ritualistic elements in Buddhism. The teachings in this text originate from Ma帽ju艣r墨 and were taught to and by Buddha 艢腻kyamuni in the presence of a large audience (including Graha).

context information

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (惫补箩谤补测腻苍补) are collected indepently.

Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)

: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch腻

骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��) refers to 鈥済rasping鈥�, according to the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch腻: the eighth chapter of the Mah腻sa峁僴ip腻ta (a collection of Mah腻y腻na Buddhist S奴tras).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸...] Then again, the Bodhisattva, the great being Gaganaga帽ja uttered these verses to that Bodhisattva, the great being Gu峁嘺r腻japrabh腻sa: 鈥�(29) [...] The one who delights in the well done (蝉耻办峁泃补) and perfected dharma, who is free from the twofold grasping (dvaya-驳谤腻丑补) of truth or untruth (诲丑补谤尘腻诲丑补谤尘补), and who constantly takes pleasure in the dharma through the excellent concentration, him I ask about the of the space-like subject of mind. [...]鈥欌��.

context information

Mahayana (啶�啶灌ぞ啶�啶距え, mah腻y腻na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of which some of the earliest are the various Praj帽腻p腻ramit腻 蝉奴迟谤补蝉.

In Jainism

General definition (in Jainism)

: archive.org: Een Kritische Studie Van 厂惫补测补尘产丑奴deva鈥檚 Pa眉macariu

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) participated in the war between 搁腻尘补 and 搁腻惫补峁嘺, on the side of the latter, as mentioned in 厂惫补测补尘产丑奴deva鈥檚 Paumacariu (Padmacarita, Paumacariya or 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺pur腻峁嘺) chapter 57ff. 厂惫补测补尘产丑奴 or 厂惫补测补尘产丑奴deva (8th or 9th century) was a Jain householder who probably lived in Karnataka. His work recounts the popular 搁腻尘补 story as known from the older work 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 (written by 痴腻濒尘墨办颈). Various chapters [mentioning Graha] are dedicated to the humongous battle whose armies (known as 补办峁�a耻丑颈峁嚹玸) consisted of millions of soldiers, horses and elephants, etc.

: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra 4: The celestial beings (deva)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�, 鈥減lanets鈥�) refers to a class of 鈥渟tellar celestial beings鈥� (箩测辞迟颈峁Ｄ�), itself a category of devas (celestial beings), according to the 2nd-century Tattv腻rthas奴tra 4.10. What is the duration of existence of planet Jupiter (guru)? It is one pit-measured-period. Mercury revolves 888 yojana above the earth (Citr腻) level. It resides three yojana above Venus. Venus is situated three yojana above Mercury. Jupiter revolves three yojana above Venus. Mars revolves three yojana above Jupiter. Saturn revolves three yojana above Mars.What is the duration of existence of planets Mars (尘补峁単补濒补), Mercury (buddha), Saturn etc? It is half pit-measured-period.

Stellar celestial beings (e.g., Graha) are named after their vehicle which is endowed with shining light. These are called by the significant general name luminaries or stellar.

: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve Reflections

1) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to a 鈥減lanet鈥�, according to the 11th century J帽腻n腻r峁嘺va, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by 艢ubhacandra.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淔ool, perceiving this multitude of objects that is continually transitory and you do not understand. This is a planet without any medicine (补苍补耻峁�a诲丑补-驳谤补丑补鈥�驳谤补丑补岣� ko'yam anau峁�adha岣�)鈥�.

Note: 艢ubhacandra鈥檚 reference to the planets here is because, as Von Glasenapp (1999: 447) indicates, Jainism has accepted that the position the stars (including the nine planets) are in when a person is born exerts a dominating influence on that individual鈥檚 fate. Further, the Jains do not see any inconsistency between acceptance of the influence that the stars exert and their belief in the theory of karma. So much can be implied from the terms of this verse.

2) 骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��) refers to 鈥渁quatic predators鈥�, according to the J帽腻n腻r峁嘺va.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淩udra, elephants of the quarters, gods, demons, aerial spirits, aquatic predators (驳谤腻丑补), the planets, the Vyantaras, the guardians of the quarters of the sky, the enemies [of V腻sudeva], Hari, Bala, the chief of the snakes, the lord of the discus (i.e. Vi峁ａ箛u) and others who are powerful, the wind, the sun, etc. all themselves having come together are not able to protect an embodied soul even for an instant [when death is] initiated by the servants of Yama鈥�.

context information

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

India history and geography

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary

Graha.鈥�(IE 7-1-2), 鈥榥ine鈥�. (IA 21), seizure; cf. go-graha, cattle-lifting. Cf. s奴rya-graha (EI 24), an eclipse of the sun. Note: graha is defined in the 鈥淚ndian epigraphical glossary鈥� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

: Singhi Jain Series: Ratnaprabha-suri鈥檚 Kuvalayamala-katha (history)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) refers to one of the deities being worshiped in ancient India, as vividly depicted in the Kath腻s (narrative poems) such as Uddyotanas奴ri in his 8th-century Kuvalayam腻l腻 (a Prakrit Camp奴, similar to K腻vya poetry).鈥擳he Kuvalayamala (779 A.D.) is full of cultural material which gains in value because of the firm date of its composition. [...] Page 256.31-2 ff.: Here is a mixed list of 25 gods and Godlings of all religions. These were worshipped and propitiated to obtain favours. The list includes [e.g., Graha] [...].

context information

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Languages of India and abroad

Marathi-English dictionary

: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�).鈥攎 (S) Taking, accepting, seizing. 2 Eclipse of the sun or moon; seizure (by Rahu). 3 A planet. There are nine according to Hindu astronomy, and the sun is included. 4 An imp of a particular class. Hence fig. A mischievous, pestilent fellow. 5 A fancy; a conception; an opinion. 6 Tenacity. 7 Apprehension or perception (as of one's meaning); an understanding: apprehension of a sense or an acceptation; believing, receiving, holding.

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驳谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��).鈥攎 S A shark; according to some the Gangetic alligator, according to others, the water-elephant (the hippopotamus). 2 Any large marine animal.

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graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�).鈥�. Add:--8 A large marine and rapacious fish, probably, shark.

: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�).鈥�m Taking. A planet. An opinion, fan- cy, prejudice. A mischievous fellow.

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驳谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��).鈥�m A shark; any large marine ani- mal.

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

Sanskrit dictionary

: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�).鈥擺grah-ac]

1) Seizing, grasping, laying hold of, seizure, 啶班�佮ぐ啷佮ぇ啷佮�� 啶曕�氞�椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�堗�� (rurudhu岣� kacagrahai岣�) R.19.31.

2) A grip, grasp, hold; 啶掂た啶曕�嵿ぐ啶�啷嵿く 啶曕�屶ざ啶苦�曕�� 啶栢ぁ啷嵿�椸�� 啶�啷嬥�曕�嵿し啶�啶苦い啷嵿さ啶� 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� 啶班た啶�啷嬥�� (vikramya kau艣ika峁� kha岣峠a峁� 尘辞办峁�ayitv腻 graha峁� ripo岣�) Mah腻bh腻rata (Bombay) 3.157.11; 啶曕ぐ啷嵿�曕�熰��- 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌ぞ啶む�� (karka峁璦ka- grah腻t) 笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补 (Bombay) 1.26.

3) Taking, receiving, accepting; receipt.

4) Stealing, robbing; 啶呧�權�嵿�椸�佮げ啷�啶椸�嵿ぐ啶ㄠ�嵿ぅ啶苦き啷囙う啶膏�嵿�� 啶涏�囙う啶�啷囙い啷嵿お啷嵿ぐ啶ムぎ啷� 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� (a峁単ul墨granthibhedasya chedayetprathame grahe) Manusm峁泃i 9.277; so 啶椸�嬥�椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� (驳辞驳谤补丑补岣�).

5) Booty, spoil.

6) Eclipse; see 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� (驳谤补丑补峁嘺).

7) A planet, (sometimes more particularly 'R腻hu'; vadhyam腻ne grahe峁嚹錿ha 腻ditye manyur腻vi艣at Mah腻bh腻rata (Bombay) 1.24.7.) (the planets are nine :-s奴rya艣candro 尘补峁単补濒补艣ca budha艣c腻pi b峁沨aspati岣� | 艣ukra岣� 艣anai艣caro r腻hu岣� ketu艣ceti grah腻 nava ||); 啶ㄠ�曕�嵿し啶む�嵿ぐ啶むぞ啶班ぞ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌じ啶傕�曕�佮げ啶距お啶� (nak峁�atra迟腻谤腻驳谤补丑补sa峁僰ul腻pi) (谤腻迟谤颈岣�) R.6.22;3.13;12.28; 啶椸�佮ぐ啷佮ぃ啶� 啶膏�嵿い啶ㄠき啶距ぐ啷囙�� 啶�啷佮�栢�氞え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ啷囙�� 啶�啶距じ啷嵿さ啶む�� 啷� 啶多え啷堗ざ啷嵿�氞ぐ啶距き啷嵿く啶距�� 啶�啶距う啶距き啷嵿く啶距�� 啶班�囙�溹�� 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌ぎ啶�啷�啶� 啶膏ぞ (guru峁嚹� stanabh腻re峁嘺 mukhacandre峁嘺 bh腻svat腻 | 艣anai艣car腻bhy腻峁� p腻d腻bhy腻峁� reje grahamay墨va s腻) || 叠丑补谤迟峁沨补谤颈 1.17.

8) Mentioning; utterance, repeating (as of a name) 啶ㄠぞ啶�啶溹ぞ啶むた啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� 啶む�嵿さ啷囙し啶距ぎ啶�啶苦う啷嵿ぐ啷嬥す啷囙ぃ 啶曕�佮ぐ啷嵿さ啶む�� (n腻ma箩腻迟颈graha峁� tve峁Ｄ錷abhidrohe峁嘺 kurvata岣�) Manusm峁泃i 8.271; Amaru艣ataka 85.

9) A shark, crocodile.

1) An imp in general.

11) A particular class of evil demons supposed to seize upon children and produce convulsions &c. cf. Mb. Crit. ed. 3.219.26; 啶曕�冟し啷嵿ぃ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�椸�冟す啷�啶むぞ啶む�嵿ぎ啶� 啶� 啶掂�囙�� 啶溹�椸う啷�啶︵�冟ざ啶�啷� (k峁涐梗峁嘺grahag峁洺竽玹腻tm腻 na veda jagad墨d峁浥沘m) Bh腻gavata 7.4.38.

12) Apprehension, perception; 啶溹�嵿く啷嬥い啶苦ざ啷嵿�氞�曕�嵿し啷佮ぐ啷嵿�椸�佮ぃ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� (箩测辞迟颈艣肠补办峁�u谤驳耻峁嘺驳谤补丑补岣�). ...... 啶多�嵿ぐ啷嬥い啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶椸�佮ぃ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� (艣rotra峁� gu峁嘺驳谤补丑补岣�) Bh腻gavata 2.1.21-22.

13) An organ or instrument of apprehension; B峁�. Up.3.2.1.

14) Tenacity, perseverance, persistence; 啶ㄠ�冟ぃ啶距�� 啶膏�嵿さ啶む�嵿さ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� 啶�啶む�� (n峁涐箛腻峁� svatvagraho yata岣�) Bh腻gavata 7.14.11.

15) Purpose, design.

16) Favour, patronage.

17) The place of a planet in the fixed zodiac.

18) The number 'nine'.

19) Any state of mind which proceeds from magical influences.

2) A house.

21) A spoonful, ladleful; 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿い啷嵿じ啷嬥ぎ啶膏�嵿�� 啶�啶苦ぎ啶む�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶距う啶� (grah腻ntsomasya mimate dv腻da艣a) 峁欢惫别诲补 1.114.5.

22) A ladle or vessel; 啶氞ぎ啶膏ぞ啶ㄠぞ啶� 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌ぞ啶｀ぞ啶� 啶� 啶多�佮う啷嵿ぇ啶苦�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶曕�嵿し啶距げ啶ㄠ�囙�� 啶む�� (camas腻n腻峁� grah腻峁嚹遽箖 ca 艣uddhi岣� prak峁Ｄ錶anena tu) Manusm峁泃i 5.116.

23) The middle of a bow.

24) A movable point in the heavens.

25) Keeping back, obstructing.

26) Taking away, depriving; 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距ぃ�� (辫谤腻峁嘺掳) 笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补 (Bombay) 1.295.

27) Preparation for war; 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�嬥そ啶掂�椸�嵿ぐ啶灌え啶苦ぐ啷嵿が啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌ぃ啷囙し啷� 啶班ぃ啷嬥う啷嵿く啶�啷� 啷� 啶膏�傕ぐ啷嵿く啶距う啷� 啶�啷傕い啶ㄠぞ啶︵�� 啶� 啶膏�堗�傕す啶苦�曕�囙く啷囙そ啶�啶� 啶むい啷� 啶む�嵿ぐ啶苦し啷� (graho'vagrahanirbandhagraha峁噀峁�u ra峁噊dyame | s奴ry腻dau p奴tan腻dau ca sai峁僪ikeye'pi tat tri峁�u) | Nm.

28) A guest (atithi); 啶�啶ム�� 啶膏た啶︵�嵿ぇ啶膏�嵿く 啶氞ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿え啶膏�嵿く 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌ぞ啶�啶距�椸�嵿ぐ啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶︵��啶�啶む�� (yath腻 siddhasya c腻nnasya grah腻y腻gra峁� prad墨yate) Mah腻bh腻rata (Bombay) 13.1.6.

29) Imprisoning, imprisonment; Mah腻bh腻rata (Bombay) 13.136.11.

Derivable forms: 驳谤补丑补岣� (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌��).

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骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��).鈥�a. (-丑墨 f.) [啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� 啶�啶距さ啷� 啶樴�炧�� (grah bh腻ve 驳丑补帽)] Seizing, clutching; taking, holding, receiving &c.

-丑补岣� 1 Seizing, grasping; 啶灌じ啷嵿い啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距す啶� 啶む�� 啶む�� 啶�啶む�嵿さ啶� (hasta驳谤腻丑补峁� tu ta峁� matv腻) 搁腻尘.7.34.2.

2) A crocodile, shark; 啶班ぞ啶椸�椸�嵿ぐ啶距す啶掂い啷� (谤腻驳补驳谤腻丑补vat墨) 叠丑补谤迟峁沨补谤颈 3.45.

3) A prisoner.

4) Accepting.

5) Understanding, knowledge.

6) Persistence, importunity; 啶むさ 啶�啶距い啷佮ぐ啶膏う啷嵿�椸�嵿ぐ啶距す啶� 啶掂た啶︵�嵿�� 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿さ啶� 啶�啶ム�� 啶多�嵿ぐ啷佮い啶�啷� (tava m腻turasad驳谤腻丑补峁� vidma p奴rva峁� yath腻 艣rutam) 搁腻尘.2.35.18.

7) Determination, resolve; 啶�啷傕あ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距す啷囙ぃ啶距い啷嵿ぎ啶ㄠ�� 啶�啶む�嵿お啷�啶∴く啶� 啶曕�嵿ぐ啶苦く啶む�� 啶むお啶� (m奴岣峢agr腻he峁嚹錿mano yatp墨岣峚y腻 kriyate tapa岣�) Bhagavadg墨t腻 (Bombay) 17.19.

8) A disease.

9) Any large fish or marine animal; 啶溹�椸�嵿ぐ啶距す啶距�溹�椸ぐ啷� 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距す啷� 啶�啷佮�溹く啷嬥ぐ啷佮き啶�啷嬥ぐ啷嵿が啶侧ぞ啶む�� (jagr腻h腻jagaro gr腻ho bhujayorubhayorbal腻t) Mah腻bh腻rata (Bombay) 3.178.28; Kir腻t腻rjun墨ya 13.24.

1) Morbid affection, disease.

11) Beginning, undertaking.

12) The handle (of a sword &c.).

13) Paralysis.

-丑墨 A female crocodile.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary

骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��).鈥�(-驳谤腻丑补), ifc., m. (= Pali g腻ha), (heretical, erroneous) belief (in), holding (to)鈥�: asantagr腻h腻tu (from false be- lief) vimukta bhonti 厂补诲诲丑补谤尘补辫耻峁囜笉补谤墨办补 92.9 (verse); especially 腻tma-驳谤腻丑补 (= Pali atta-g腻ha), clinging to the (false view that there is a) self: 艢颈办峁Ｄ錽补尘耻肠肠补测补 198.20 (bhay腻ni鈥�) t腻ny 腻tma驳谤腻丑补ta ut- padyante; 21 aha峁冣�δ錿ma驳谤腻丑补峁� parityajeya峁�; 尝补峁卥腻惫补迟腻谤补-蝉奴迟谤补 177.14 腻tma驳谤腻丑补patitay腻 sa峁僼aty腻; 痴补箩谤补肠肠丑别诲颈办腻 23.11鈥�12 and 25.16 腻tmagr腻ho bhavet sattvagr腻ho j墨va驳谤腻丑补岣� pudgala- gr腻ho bhavet; similarly 痴补箩谤补肠肠丑别诲颈办腻 42.12; and 42.13 腻tma驳谤腻丑补 iti subh奴te a驳谤腻丑补 e峁�a tath腻gatena bh腻峁�ita岣�; 45.4 sa eva pi峁囜笉agr腻ho 'bhavi峁�yat鈥�(5) a驳谤腻丑补岣� sa tath腻gatena bh腻峁�ita岣�; Lalitavistara 205.8 (lokasya鈥�) 腻tman墨yagr腻h腻nugam腻- nasasya, having minds that follow after the false belief that there is anything peculiar (belonging) to the self.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�).鈥攎.

(-丑补岣�) 1. Taking, whether by seizure or acceptance. 2. An eclipse or seizure of the sun or moon, by Rahu, &c. 3. A planet. 4. The place of a planet in the fixed zodiac. 5. A moveable point in the heavens. 6. A name of Rahu, or the ascending node. 7. An imp, one of a particular class, beginning with Putana, supposed especially to seize upon young children producing convulsions. 8. Effort in battle. 9. Tenacity, perseverance. 10. Purpose, design. 11. Favor, patronage. E. grah to take, &c. affix ac.

--- OR ---

骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��).鈥攎.

(-丑补岣�) 1. Taking, either by seizure or acceptance. 2. A shark; according to some, the Gangetic alligator, (Lacerta Gangetica;) according to others, the water elephant, (the hippopotamus.) 3. Any large fish or marine animal. E. grah to take, affix 驳丑补帽 or 峁嘺.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�).鈥擺grah + a], I. Latter part of comp. adj. 1. Seizing, [Bh腻gavata-Pur腻峁嘺, (ed. Burnouf.)] 3, 15, 35. 2. Gathering, [Bh腻gavata-Pur腻峁嘺, (ed. Burnouf.)] 8, 6, 23. Ii. m. 1. A seizure of the sun or moon by R腻hu, i. e. an eclipse, [叠丑补谤迟峁沨补谤颈, (ed. Bohlen.)] 2, 87. 2. A planet, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 1, 24, 7. 3. The five planets, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn, combined with R腻hu, Ketu, sun and moon, making nine; it denotes the numeral Nine, 艢rutab. 35. 4. An imp, [厂耻艣谤耻迟补] 2, 382, 4. 5. A crocodile, or shark, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 4, 44, 47. 6. Booty, Mah腻bh腻rata 3, 11461. 7. A draught, [Bh腻gavata-Pur腻峁嘺, (ed. Burnouf.)] 4, 13, 30. 8. A vessel, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 5, 116. 9. The place where a bow is held when strung, Mah腻bh腻rata 4, 1351. 10. Gripe, [笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补] i. [distich] 237. 11. Theft, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 9, 277. 12. Receipt, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 8, 180. 13. Mention, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 8, 271; [搁腻箩补迟补谤补峁単颈峁嚹�] 5, 361. 14. Perception, Bh腻峁Ｄ錺. 58; understanding, [Bh腻gavata-Pur腻峁嘺, (ed. Burnouf.)] 7, 14, 11. 15. An organ of perception, [Bh腻gavata-Pur腻峁嘺, (ed. Burnouf.)] 4, 7, 31. 16. Tenacity, perseverance, [Kath腻sarits腻gara, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 24, 156; [笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补] i. [distich] 291 (where 驳谤腻丑补s must be changed to grahas).

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骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��).鈥攊. e. grah + a, I. adj., f. 丑墨, 1. Taking, [Y腻j帽avalkya, (ed. Stenzler.)] 2, 51. 2. Robbing, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 4, 41, 38. Ii. m. 1. A shark, [笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补] i. [distich] 420. f. 丑墨, A female shark, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 6, 82, 73. 2. Seizing, seizure; e. g. 辫腻峁噄-, Taking the hand at marriage. 3. A fit, a disease, Mah腻bh腻rata 6, 5680 (read 奴谤耻-). 4. Enterprise, [Bhagavadg墨t腻, (ed. Schlegel.)] 17, 19.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�).鈥擺adjective] grasping, seizing, etc. (v. grabh).

鈥� [masculine] one who seizes, [especially] the demon R腻hu (who seizes and obscures the moon), a planet or star (as seizing or influencing the destinies of men), demon of illness, crocodile, one of the eight organs, house, vessel for drawing water; anything seized, e.[grammar] booty, prey, ladleful, spoonful, the middle of the bow; seizing, grasp, robbery, theft, tenacity, insisting upon ([locative] or 鈥斅�); taking, receiving; choice, favour; mention, apprehension, conceiving, understanding.

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骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��).鈥擺feminine] 墨 seizing, catching, taking, accepting (鈥斅�). [masculine] beast of prey, crocodile, shark, serpent; seizure, grasp, hold, attack, disease; naming, mentioning.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�):鈥擺from grah] mfn. ([P腻峁噄ni 3-3, 58]; [gana] 惫峁涐梗腻诲颈) ifc. ([iii, 2, 9], [vArttika] 1) seizing, laying hold of, holding, [Bh腻gavata-pur腻峁嘺 iii, 15, 35] (cf. 补峁卥耻艣补-, dhanur-, etc.)

2) [v.s. ...] obtaining, [v, viii]

3) [v.s. ...] perceiving, recognising, [iv, 7, 31]

4) [v.s. ...] m. 鈥榮eizer (eclipser)鈥�, R腻hu or the dragon鈥檚 head, [Mah腻bh腻rata] etc.

5) [v.s. ...] a planet (as seizing or influencing the destinies of men in a supernatural manner; sometimes 5 are enumerated, viz. Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn, [Mah腻bh腻rata vi, 4566 f.; 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 i, 19, 2; Raghuv补峁兣沘 iii, 13 etc.]; also 7 id est. the preceding with R腻hu and Ketu, [Mah腻bh腻rata vii, 5636]; also 9 id est. the sun cf. [艢atapatha-br腻hma峁嘺 iv, 6, 5, 1 and 5; Mah腻bh腻rata xiii, 913; xiv, 1175] and moon with the 7 preceding, [Y腻j帽avalkya i, 295; Mah腻bh腻rata iv, 48; Var腻ha-mihira鈥檚 B峁沨at-sa峁僪it腻]; also the polar star is called a Graha, [Garg.] ([Jyoti峁�a 5 [Scholiast or Commentator]]); the planets are either auspicious 艣耻产丑补-, sad-, or inauspicious 办谤奴谤补-, 辫腻辫补-, [Var腻ha-mihira鈥檚 B峁沨at-sa峁僪it腻]; with Jainas they constitute one of the 5 classes of the Jyoti峁�kas)

6) [v.s. ...] the place of a planet in the fixed zodiac, [Horace H. Wilson]

7) [v.s. ...] the number 鈥榥ine鈥�

8) [v.s. ...] Name of particular evil demons or spirits who seize or exercise a bad influence on the body and mind of man (causing insanity etc.; it falls within the province of medical science to expel these demons; those who [especially] seize children and cause convulsions etc. are divided into 9 classes according to the number of planets, [厂耻艣谤耻迟补]), [Mah腻bh腻rata] etc.

9) [v.s. ...] any state which proceeds from magical influences and takes possession of the whole man, [Bh腻gavata-pur腻峁嘺 vii, ix; Brahma-pur腻峁嘺; Hitopade艣a ii, 1, 20]

10) [v.s. ...] m. a crocodile, [Mah腻bh腻rata xvi, 142] (ifc. f(腻). ), [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 iv f.; Bh腻gavata-pur腻峁嘺 viii]

11) [v.s. ...] m. any ladle or vessel employed for taking up a portion of fluid ([especially] of Soma) out of a larger vessel, [Manu-sm峁泃i v, 116; Y腻j帽avalkya i, 182]

12) [v.s. ...] Name of the 8 organs of perception (viz. the 5 organs of sense with Manas, the hands and the voice), [艢atapatha-br腻hma峁嘺 xiv; N峁泂i峁僪a-t腻pan墨ya-upani峁�ad i, 4, 3, 22]

13) [v.s. ...] (= 驳峁沨补) a house, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 vii, 40, 30] (cf. a-, khara-, -druma and -pati)

14) [v.s. ...] 鈥榓nything seized鈥�, spoil, booty, [Mah腻bh腻rata iii, 11461] (cf. h腻lu帽cana)

15) [v.s. ...] as much as can be taken with a ladle or spoon out of a larger vessel, ladleful, spoonful ([especially] of Soma), [峁歡-veda x, 114, 5; V腻jasaneyi-sa峁僪it腻; Taittir墨ya-sa峁僪it腻; Aitareya-br腻hma峁嘺; 艢atapatha-br腻hma峁嘺] etc.

16) [v.s. ...] the middle of a bow or that part which is grasped when the bow is used, [Mah腻bh腻rata iv, 1351] (su-, [1326])

17) [v.s. ...] the beginning of any piece of music

18) [v.s. ...] grasp, seizing, laying hold of (often ifc.), [Kau艣ika-s奴tra 10; Mah腻bh腻rata] etc.

19) [v.s. ...] keeping back, obstructing, [厂耻艣谤耻迟补]

20) [v.s. ...] imprisoning, imprisonment (丑补峁�-鈭欢补尘, 鈥榯o become a prisoner鈥� [K腻mandak墨ya-n墨tis腻ra]), [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 ii, 58, 2]

21) [v.s. ...] seizure (by demons causing diseases e.g. 补峁単补-, spasm of the limbs), [厂耻艣谤耻迟补]

22) [v.s. ...] seizure of the sun and moon, eclipse, [Atharva-veda xix, 9, 7 and 10; Var腻ha-mihira鈥檚 B峁沨at-sa峁僪it腻]

23) [v.s. ...] stealing, robbing, [Manu-sm峁泃i ix, 277; Mah腻bh腻rata vi, 4458]

24) [v.s. ...] effort, [Hitopade艣a]

25) [v.s. ...] insisting upon, tenacity, perseverance in ([locative case] or in [compound]), [Bh腻gavata-pur腻峁嘺 vii, 14, 11; Nai峁�adha-carita ix, 12; Kath腻sarits腻gara; 搁腻箩补迟补谤补峁単颈峁嚹� viii, 226]

26) [v.s. ...] taking, receiving, reception, [Manu-sm峁泃i viii, 180; 艢峁涐箙g腻ra-tilaka]

27) [v.s. ...] taking up (any fluid)

28) [v.s. ...] choosing, [Mah腻bh腻rata xii, 83, 12; S腻hitya-darpa峁嘺 vi, 136]

29) [v.s. ...] 鈥榝avour鈥� See -nigraha

30) [v.s. ...] mentioning, employing (a word), [Manu-sm峁泃i viii, 271; P腻峁噄ni 7-1, 21], [K腻ra峁囜笉a-vy奴ha 2; Amaru-艣ataka; 搁腻箩补迟补谤补峁単颈峁嚹玗

31) [v.s. ...] apprehension, perception, understanding, [Bh腻峁Ｄ錺ariccheda; Bh腻gavata-pur腻峁嘺; Sarvadar艣ana-sa峁僩raha [Scholiast or Commentator] on Jaimini] and, [Kapila鈥檚 S腻峁僰hya-pravacana]

32) 骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��):鈥擺from grah] a mf(墨)n. ([P腻峁噄ni 3-1, 143]) ifc. seizing, holding, catching, receiving, [Y腻j帽avalkya ii, 51; 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 iv, 41, 38]

33) [v.s. ...] taking (a wife), [Y腻j帽avalkya ii, 51] (cf. 办补谤峁嘺-, gila-, dhanur-, p腻峁噄-, p腻r峁ａ箛i-, vandi-, vy腻la-, hasta-)

34) [v.s. ...] m. a rapacious animal living in fresh or sea water, any large fish or marine animal (crocodile, shark, serpent, Gangetic alligator, water elephant, or hippopotamus), [Manu-sm峁泃i vi, 78; Mah腻bh腻rata] etc. (ifc. f(腻). , [iv, 2017; xvi; 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 ii])

35) [v.s. ...] m. a prisoner, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]

36) [v.s. ...] the handle (of a sword etc.), [Demetrius Galanos鈥檚 Lexiko: sanskritikes, anglikes, hellenikes]

37) [v.s. ...] seizure, grasping, laying hold of [笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补 i, 10, 1] ([varia lectio] for graha)

38) [v.s. ...] morbid affection, disease, [艢atapatha-br腻hma峁嘺 iii]

39) [v.s. ...] paralysis (of the thigh, 奴谤耻-驳谤腻丑补, [Atharva-veda xi, 9, 12] [ur [manuscripts]] [Mah腻bh腻rata v, 2024 and vi, 5680])

40) [v.s. ...] 鈥榤entioning鈥� See n腻ma-

41) [v.s. ...] fiction, whim, [Bhagavad-g墨t腻 xvii, 19]

42) [v.s. ...] conception, notion of (in [compound]), [痴补箩谤补肠肠丑别诲颈办腻 6 and 9]

43) b haka, etc. See 鈭�grah.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�):鈥�(丑补岣�) 1. m. Taking; an eclipse; a planet; R腻hu; an imp; effort; tenacity; design; favour.

2) 骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��):鈥�(丑补岣�) 1. m. Taking; a shark.

: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Gaha, G腻ha.

[Sanskrit to German]

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏�傕じ啷嵿�曕�冟い啶�啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Hindi dictionary

: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary

1) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�) [Also spelled grah]:鈥�(nm) a planet; ~[ha-grasta] planet-stricken; ~[ha-艣腻峁僼i] countering of evil planetary effects; ~[丑墨ya] planetary.

2) 骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��) [Also spelled grah]:鈥�(nm) a crocodile.

context information

...

Kannada-English dictionary

: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Graha (嗖椸硩嗖班补):鈥�

1) [noun] seizure a) the act of one who seizes or an instance of this; b) the state or an instance of being seized.

2) [noun] the act of receiving (something from another).

3) [noun] (myth.) R腻hu or K膿tu, either of the two demons who are supposed to eclipse the sun or moon by swallowing them.

4) [noun] a large, opaque, non-luminous mass, usu. with its own moons, that revolves about a star; esp. any of the sun鈥檚 nine major planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto; a planet.

5) [noun] (astrol.) any of the nine celestial bodies, as the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, R腻hu and K膿tu, thought of as influencing human lives.

6) [noun] any of the evil spirits that are supposed to possess human.

7) [noun] the condition of being possessed by an evil spirit.

8) [noun] a Brahma峁嘺.

9) [noun] the earth.

10) [noun] the living beings collectively.

11) [noun] the symbol for the number nine.

12) [noun] a dwelling place; a house.

13) [noun] (mus.) a note with which a 谤腻驳补 (musical mode) is begun or must be begun with.

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骋谤腻丑补 (嗖椸硩嗖班簿嗖�):鈥�

1) [noun] the act of one who seizes or an instance of this; seizure; holding.

2) [noun] the act of receiving (something from another).

3) [noun] any rapacious animal, chiefly living in water, as crocodile, shark, hippopotamus, etc.

4) [noun] (myth.) name of a hell.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

Nepali dictionary

: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary

1) Graha (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�):鈥攏. planet;

2) 骋谤腻丑补 (啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距��):鈥攏. alligator; crocodile;

context information

Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.

See also (Relevant definitions)

Partial matches: The, The, Te, Graha.

Starts with (+21): Grahabadhe, Grahabhita, Grahabhite, Grahacarita, Grahacikitsa, Grahacintamani, Grahadaya, Grahadipika, Grahadruma, Grahagana, Grahagatidarshaka, Grahagocara, Grahagrama, Grahagrasta, Grahagraste, Grahakalpa, Grahakanda, Grahakaumudi, Grahakautuka, Grahakoshthaka.

Full-text (+1515): Samgraha, Parigraha, Vigraha, Nigraha, Pratigraha, Avagraha, Upagraha, Panigraha, Patadgraha, Navagraha, Pragraha, Namagraha, Dhanurgraha, Agraha, Anugraha, Parshnigraha, Rikthagraha, Udgraha, Jivagraha, Grahashanti.

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Search found 182 books and stories containing Graha, 骋谤腻丑补, The graha; (plurals include: Grahas, 骋谤腻丑补s, The grahas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (by Sw腻m墨 M腻dhav腻nanda)

Section II - Yajnavalkya and Artabhaga < [Chapter III]

Section III - Yajnavalkya and Bhujyu < [Chapter III]

Section IV - Yajnavalkya and Ushasta < [Chapter III]

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Satapatha-brahmana (by Julius Eggeling)

Kanda IV, adhyaya 6, brahmana 5 < [Fourth Kanda]

Kanda IV, adhyaya 1, brahmana 2 < [Fourth Kanda]

Kanda IV, adhyaya 6, brahmana 1 < [Fourth Kanda]

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Temples of Purushottama Kshetra Puri (by Ratnakar Mohapatra)

5.13. Navagrahas in Odisha art < [Chapter 2 - Characteristics features of Orissan Temples]

8. Navagraha Temple (in Puri) < [Chapter 7 - Miscellaneous Temples of Purushottama Kshetra]

3. Sculptures of Lord Jagannatha Temple < [Chapter 3 - Lord Jagannatha Temple]

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Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita (by Nayana Sharma)

Bh奴tas and Grahas < [Chapter 8]

Practice of Therapeutics < [Chapter 4]

Disease as an entity or as a process < [Chapter 4]

+ 9 more chapters / show preview

International Ayurvedic Medical Journal

A review of correlation between graha-nakshatra and nakshatra vrikshas with astrological and ayurvedic approach < [2021, Issue 8, August]

Grahabadha- a study of microbial infection in ancient times < [2021, Issue 2, February]

To study the efficacy of pancha-tikta ksheera sarpi basti in asthimajjagata vata w.s.r. to kati graha < [2017, Issue XII, december,]

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Natyashastra (English) (by Bharata-muni)

Chapter XXVIII - On the Instrumental Music (腻todya)

Chapter XXXIII - On Covered Instruments (avanaddha)

Chapter XXXII - The Dhruv腻 Songs

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