365bet娱乐

Music is totally based on sound and the instrumental Music is nothing but the sound, created with different instruments. In Sanskrit the term 腻迟辞诲测补 is used to denote instrument.^[1] According to the 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, instrumental Music is that which manifests 苍腻诲补 i.e., sound.^[2] The 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补^[3] as well as the 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补 accepts four kinds of instrumental Music.^[4]

The 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 also accepts four kinds and gives the divisions of instrumental Music as-

1. tata,
2. 蝉耻峁�i谤补,
3. ghana and
4. avanaddha.^[5]

These are discussed here鈥�

1. Tata:

The musical instrument called tata denotes that kind of instrument which has strings.^[6] According to the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the instruments having strings like 惫墨峁嚹� etc. are included in this group of musical instruments.^[7]

According to the 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, 惫墨峁嚹� is of two kinds viz.,

1. 艣ruti惫墨峁嚹� and
2. svara惫墨峁嚹�.^[8]

2. 厂耻峁�i谤补:

The word 蝉耻峁�i谤补 means hollow.^[9] So it can be said that the instrument called 蝉耻峁�i谤补 is filled with holes and it is hollow from inside.^[10] The 蝉耻峁�i谤补 kind of instrument is also known as wind instrument.^[11] According to the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, instruments like flute etc. fall under the group of 蝉耻峁�i谤补 kind of instrument.^[12]

In the 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, different kinds of wind instruments are mentioned. These are鈥�

1. 惫补峁兣沘,
2. 辫腻惫补,
3. 辫腻惫颈办腻,
4. 尘耻谤补濒墨,
5. madhukara,
6. 办腻丑补濒补,
7. 迟耻峁囜笉耻办颈苍测补,
8. 肠耻办办腻,
9. 艣峁涐箙驳补尘补迟补 and
10. 艣补峁卥丑补.^[13]

3. Ghana:

In the 碍补濒腻苍颈诲丑颈 commentary of Kallin膩tha on 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, the word ghana is explained as 尘奴谤迟颈 i.e., material element^[14] and it is said that鈥�

ghana ityasya 惫测腻办丑测腻苍补峁� 尘奴谤迟颈riti.^[15]

It can be said that as the word ghana denotes compactor solid^[16], this kind of Music instruments are made with some solid metals. According to the 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, the ghana kind of instruments make sound when they strike together.^[17] The 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 mentions 迟腻濒补 i.e., cymbal as the example of ghana kind of instrument.^[18] The 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补 also mentions 迟腻濒补, 办腻峁僺测补, 驳丑补峁囜弓腻, 办峁�u诲谤补驳丑补峁囜弓颈办腻, jaya驳丑补峁囜弓腻, 办补尘谤腻, 艣耻办迟颈辫补峁�峁�补 etc as examples of ghana kind of instrument.^[19]

4. Avanaddha:

According to the 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, those instruments whose mouths are covered with leather, known as avanaddha.^[20] In the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 尘耻谤补箩腻 i.e., drum^[21] etc. are included under the group of avanaddha type of instruments.^[22]

In the 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, some examples of avanaddha type of instruments are given. These are鈥�

1. 辫补峁璦丑补,
2. mardala,
3. 丑耻岣岛办办腻,
4. 办补谤补峁���,
5. 驳丑补峁璦,
6. 驳丑补岣峚蝉补,
7. 岣峢补惫补蝉补,
8. 岣峢补办办腻,
9. 办耻岣岛办办腻,
10. 办耻岣岛惫腻,
11. 谤耻帽箩腻,
12. 岣峚尘补谤耻办补,
13. 岣峚办办腻,
14. ma峁囜笉i岣峚办办腻,
15. 岣峚办办耻濒墨,
16. 蝉别濒濒耻办腻,
17. 箩丑补濒濒补谤墨,
18. 产丑腻峁嘺,
19. 迟谤颈惫补濒墨,
20. dundubhi,
21. 产丑别谤墨,
22. 苍颈岣�s腻峁嘺 and
23. tumbakya.^[23]

Different Elements and Characteristics Features of Instrumental Music:

The 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 says that the instrumental Music should be associated with some characteristics.^[24]

The 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 also discusses some characteristic features of instrumental Music which are discussed here.

a) In instrumental Music, the svaras i.e., notes are same with vocal Music. But the only difference is that in the case of vocal Music the notes raise from below to upwards where as in the case of instruments like 惫墨峁嚹�, flute etc., the order is reversed.^[25]

b) The 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 talks about three kinds of 惫峁泃迟颈蝉 of instrumental Music. On those 惫峁泃迟颈蝉 of instrumental Music, the playing procedures of instruments are dependent. Three kinds of 惫峁泃迟颈蝉 are- 肠颈迟谤腻, 惫峁泃迟颈 and 诲补办峁�i峁嚹�.^[26] 颁颈迟谤腻, 惫峁泃迟颈 and 诲补办峁�i峁嚹� consist of two, four and eight 尘腻迟谤腻蝉 respectively.^[27] In the 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 the term 办补濒腻 is used to denote 惫峁泃迟颈.^[28]

c) In the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the playing of 尘耻谤补箩腻 i.e., drum type of instrument is nicely explained. It is said here that to play these kinds of instruments, sixteen syllables are needed. These syllables are- ka, kha, ga, gha, 峁璦, 峁环补, 岣峚, 岣峢a, ta, tha, da, dha, ya, ra, la and ha.^[29] These syllables are played on a drum kind of instruments with proper hand strokes. In the 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, five kinds of 辫腻峁噄辫谤补丑补迟补 i.e., hand strokes are recommended to play the drum type of instrument. These are- 蝉补尘补辫腻峁噄, 补谤诲丑补辫腻峁噄, 补谤诲丑腻谤诲丑补辫腻峁噄, p膩r艣vap膩峁噄 and 辫谤补诲别艣颈苍墨.^[30] These hand stokes can be completely controlled, semi controlled or may be free, according to their uses.^[31]

d) According to the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, there are four kinds of 尘腻谤驳补蝉 i.e., way of playing drum. These are- ahita, vitasta, 腻濒颈辫迟补 and 驳辞尘耻办丑墨.^[32] In this context the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 seems to follow the 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 as 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 also accepts four kinds of 尘腻谤驳补蝉.^[33] According to the 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补^[34] as well as the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the 尘腻谤驳补蝉 are related in connection with their projection of different sentiments. The instruments should be played in different 尘腻谤驳补蝉 for the depiction of different sentiments. For example-In the projection of 艣峁涐箙驳腻谤补 and 丑腻蝉测补 rasas, the instruments have to be played in 补丑颈迟补尘腻谤驳补. In 惫墨谤补, raudra and adbhuta, the 尘腻谤驳补 of playing instruments should be vitasta尘腻谤驳补. In 办补谤耻峁嘺 and 艣腻苍迟补, the 腻濒颈辫迟补尘腻谤驳补 and in 产墨产丑补迟蝉补 and 产丑补测腻苍补办补, the 驳辞尘耻办丑墨尘腻谤驳补 are followed.^[35]

e) In the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the sitting arrangements of the musicians are also discussed. According to the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the musicians should sit near the door of the greenroom. Moreover, they should be visible properly.^[36] The 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 also says about an orchestra which should be endowed with players of stringed instruments, singers, attendance of the singer, players of 惫颈辫腻帽肠墨, 惫墨峁嚹�, 惫补峁兣沘, 尘峁沝补峁単补, 辫补峁嘺惫补 and dardura.^[37]

From the above discussion, it can be said that the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 offers a very technical and minute discussion about the elements of Vocal Music as well as Instrumental Music, through which one can get an overall knowledge about the technicality of Indian music and its richness during the period of this 辫耻谤腻峁嘺 specifically.

Footnotes and references:

[back to top]

[1]:

腻迟辞诲测补峁� 惫腻诲测补尘/ 艢补产诲补办补濒辫补诲谤耻尘补, Vol-1, p.170

[2]:

鈥�.惫腻诲测补峁� 苍腻诲补vyakty膩 pra艣asyate/ 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, Vol-1, 2.1

[3]:

肠补迟耻谤惫颈诲丑补峁� tu vij帽eyam腻迟辞诲测补峁� lak峁�a峁嚹乶vitam/ 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, 28.1

[4]:

[...] 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, Vol-3. 6.3

[5]:

caturvadham腻迟辞诲测补峁� 迟补迟补峁� 蝉耻峁�i谤补峁� ghanamavanaddha峁� ca/ 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.19. p. 38

[6]:

鈥�..迟补迟补峁� tantr墨gata峁冣��../ 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, 28.2

[7]:

[...] 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.19. p. 38

[8]:

[...] 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, Vol-3. 6.7

[9]:

V.S Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p.609

[10]:

蝉耻艣颈谤补峁� chidramasy膩st墨ti 蝉耻峁�i谤补miti 蝉耻峁�i谤补v膩dyasya lak峁�a峁嘺m/ 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, 碍补濒腻苍颈诲丑颈 commentary, Vol-3,6.p.318

[11]:

V.S Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p.609

[12]:

鈥�..蝉耻峁�i谤补峁� 惫补峁兣浤乨颈鈥�./ 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.19. p. 38

[13]:

[...] 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, vol-3, 6.11-12

[14]:

V.S Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p.444

[15]:

厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, 碍补濒腻苍颈诲丑颈 commentary, Vol-3,6.p.318

[16]:

V.S Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p.197

[17]:

鈥︹赌�..s膩bhigh膩t膩d v膩dyate yatra tad ghanam/ 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, vol.3, 6.6

[18]:

鈥︹赌�驳丑补苍补峁� 迟腻濒腻诲颈鈥�./ 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.19.p.38

[19]:

[...] 厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, vol.3, 6.15

[20]:

carm膩vanaddhavadanamavanaddha峁� tu v膩dyate/ Ibid., vol.3, 6.6

[21]:

V.S Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p.443

[22]:

鈥�..avanddha峁� 尘耻谤补箩腻di鈥�../ 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.19.p.38

[23]:

厂补峁僩墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, vol-3, 6.12-14

[24]:

[...] 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, 28.1

[25]:

[...] 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.19.p.38

[26]:

[...] Ibid., 3.19.p.38

[27]:

[...] Ibid., 3.19.p.38

[28]:

[...] 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, 31.5-6

[29]:

[...] 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.19.p.38

[30]:

[...] 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, 33.p.1355

[31]:

ete ca p膩峁噄prahat膩 nig峁沨墨t膩rdh膩rdhanig峁沨墨t膩 尘耻办迟腻 测补迟丑腻测辞驳补峁� 办腻谤测腻 bhavanti/ 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, p.1359

[32]:

鈥︹赌�ahitavitast腻濒颈辫迟补驳辞尘耻办丑墨m膩rg膩岣モ�︹赌�/ 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.19.p.38

[33]:

狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, 33.p.1355

[34]:

鈥�..m膩rg膩艣rite rasai岣� samyak/ Ibid., 34.23

[35]:

[...] 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.19.p.39

[36]:

bhavanti c膩tra nepathyabhavanadv膩r膩sam膩nara峁単膩bhiv墨k峁�a峁嘺m/ Ibid., 3.19.p.39

[37]:

[...] 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, 28.4-5