Murti, ūپ, ūī, ūٳپ, Murtti: 32 definitions
Introduction:
Murti means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, Tamil. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Images (photo gallery)
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In Hinduism
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
: archive.org: Catalogue of Pancaratra Agama Textsūپ (मूर्ति) refers to the “various aspects (of God)�, discussed in the twenty-fourth chapter of the Īśvarasaṃhitā (printed edition), a Pāñcarātra work in 8200 verses and 24 chapters dealing with topics such as routines of temple worship, major and minor festivals, temple-building and initiation.—Description of the chapter [ܻ-ṣaṇa-Բ-徱-]: [...] Nārada then turns to the fourth question posed by the sages, this concerning the disciplined state of mind [Բ] to be achieved while uttering mantras to various aspects [ūپ] of God. He answers that the single, ekaūپ-aspects require one particular type of Բ-contemplation with the appropriate mantras being employed (73-84a); dvītiyaūپ etc. (84b. ff.) others. In addition, the ṣuپū-aspects require still other kinds of mental appreciation in contemplating God and His activities; Բū-forms of God, yet others; and 岵屹ū-forms of God yet again others (up to 129).
: SriMatham: Vaiṣṇava Iconology based on Pañcarātra Āgamaūپ–Anything which has definite shape and physical limits, an embodiment orincarnation. This is a Sanskrit term used in hindu iconology (e.g. the Āgamas).

Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Shilpashastra (iconography)
: Red Zambala: Hindu Icons and Symbols | Introductionūپ (मूर्ति).—anything which has definite shape and physical limits, an embodiment or incarnation.
: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (shilpa)ūپ (मूर्ति) refers to one of the synonyms for “image� or “idol�, according to the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.—The Śilpaśāstras viz., the Bṛhatsaṃhitā, Mānasāra, Śilparatna, Devatāmurtiprakaraṇa etc. have the discussion on Iconography. Thus it can be assumed that in later period the practice of image worship came forward and still the practice of image worship is prevailing in Indian society. In Sanskrit, different words like ūپ, پ, 𱹲ū貹 etc. are used to denote image or idol.

Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्र, śilpaśāstra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopediaūپ (मूर्ति).—One of the thirteen daughters of Dakṣaprajāpati. This girl was married to Dharma. Nara and Nārāyaṇa are the sons born to ūپ of Dharma. (4th Skandha, Bhāgavata).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index1a) ūپ (मूर्ति).—A sage of the epoch of the Tenth Manu.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa VIII. 13. 22.
1b) A son of Vasiṣṭha and a Prajāpati of the Svārociṣa epoch.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 9. 9.
2) ūī (मूर्ती).—A daughter of Dakṣa, and a wife of Dharma; mother of Nara and Nārāyaṇa.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa IX. 4. 6; II. 7. 6; IV. 1. 50 and 52.

The Purana (पुरा�, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Ganapatya (worship of Ganesha)
: Google Books: Ganapati: Song of the Selfūپ (मूर्ति) refers to “physical objects consecrated for worship� (associated with the worship of a deity).—ūپ� (or pratima or arca) refers to “image� or “picture� and are physical objects consecrated for worship. They may be movable (cala) or immovable (acala). The latter are fixed on pedestals and cannot be moved once they are installed, and thus there is neither invocation nor dismissal for them. [...] For any external worship of Gaṇeśa, the first requirement that is absolutely necessary is a ūپ, an image (or photo) of Gaṇeśa. Not only should this image be a source of happiness, it should also invoke feelings of serenity within one. Second, his trunk should turn toward his left side, and his eyes should be looking directly at you.
: archive.org: Shiva Purana - (Ganesha)ūپ (मूर्ति) refers to the “image (of Gaṇeśa)�, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.4.18 (“Gaṇeśa crowned as the chief of Gaṇas�).—Accordingly, as Śiva said to Gaṇeśa: “[...] Then the rites shall formally be dismissed. Then he shall remember Gaṇeśa. Thus the Vrata shall be concluded auspiciously. When thus the Vrata is duly completed in a year, the devotee shall perform the rite of formal dismissal for the completion of the Vrata. At my bidding twelve brahmins shall be fed. After placing a jar your image (ūپ) shall be worshipped [pūjyā ūپstvadīyikā]. [...�.
Ganapatya (गाणपत्�, ṇa貹ٲⲹ) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Ganesha is revered and worshipped as the prime deity (ishta-devata). Being a minor though influential movement, Ganapatya evovled, llike Shaktism and Shaivism, as a separate movement leaving behind a large body of literature.
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
: Pure Bhakti: Brhad Bhagavatamrtamūپ (मूर्ति) refers to:—A form; Deity. (cf. Glossary page from Śrī Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta).

Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu�).
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
: Google Books: Manthanabhairavatantram1) ūپ (मूर्ति) refers to “iconic� (e.g., ūپrūpā—one who abides in an iconic form), according to the Śrīmatottara-tantra, an expansion of the Kubjikāmatatantra: the earliest popular and most authoritative Tantra of the Kubjikā cult.—Referring to the inner space within the triangular Yoni, the Śrīmatottara says: “O fair lady, thus Śrīnātha sports in the Circle of the Void (śūԲⲹṇḍ) and (so does) Kubjikā, the mother of Kula who is Kuṇḍalī by name. [...] Applied on the plane of mantra and visualization, she who is undifferentiated (Ծṣk) is differentiated (첹). When she abides in the differentiated (aspect), she abides as mantra. Undifferentiated, she is devoid of mantra. When she abides in an iconic form [i.e., ūپ-rūpā], she is gross; she is subtle when present in the aniconic (aūپ) (aspect). Linked to the planes of mantra and iconic she is action impelled on the plane of visualization (Բ)�.
2) ūپ (मूर्ति) refers to the “divine effigy�, according to Abhinava’s Tantrāloka verse 6.2-4.—Accordingly, “The places are said to be of three kinds: in the vital breath, in the body and outside (the body). The breath is five-fold in the body. (Thus, place) is of two kinds, according to whether it is outside (the body) or within (it). The external (places) are the ṇḍ, the sacrificial ground (ٳṇḍ), the (sacrificial) vessel (ٰ), the rosary (ṣaūٰ), the book (pustaka), the Liṅga, the skull (ū), the cloth (貹ṭa), the image (made of papier-mâché) (pusta), the idol (پ), and the divine effigy (ūپ). Thus the outer (place) is of eleven kinds (each which are of) countless varieties. �.

Shakta (शाक्�, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric Traditionsūپ (मूर्ति) refers to the “embodiment (of the Pāśupata teaching)�, according to the Ჹܻٴdzٰ verse 3.—Accordingly, “Victorious is the One God, Śiva, the embodiment (ūپ) of the Kevalajñāna [i.e., kevalajñānaūپr�.

Shaiva (शै�, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Vedanta (school of philosophy)
: Wikisource: Ashtavakra Gitaūپ (मूर्ति) refers to the “nature (of consciousness)�, according to the Aṣṭāvakragītā (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Vedānta topics.—Accordingly, [as Aṣṭavakra says to Janaka]: “[...] Who does not end up with indifference to such things and attain peace when he has seen the differences of opinions among the great sages, saints and Yogīs? Is he not a Guru who, endowed with dispassion and equanimity, achieves full knowledge of the nature (ūپ-parijñāna) of consciousness [kṛtvā ūپparijñāna� caitanyasya na ki� guru�], and leads others out of ṃs? [...�.

Vedanta (वेदान्�, vedānta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).
Gitashastra (science of music)
: Shodhganga: Kohala in the Sanskrit textual tradition (gita)ūپ (मूर्ति) refers to the “images� (e.g., of the Ṣāḍava-rāgas) according to the Saṅgītanārāyaṇa, Vol. I, p.88.—[Cf. gauḍasya dvaividhya� kohalīye�... ūپstu nibandhāntare].
Gitashastra (गीतशास्त्र, īٲśٰ) refers to the ancient Indian science of Music (gita or samgita), which is traditionally divided in Vocal music, Instrumental music and Dance (under the jurisdiction of music). The different elements and technical terms are explained in a wide range of (often Sanskrit) literature.
General definition (in Hinduism)
: Google Books: Understanding MantrasDeities have three forms (ūپ):
- as personifications (devatāūپ);
- as symbolic diagrams (yantraūپ);
- and as sound (mantraūپ).
In Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions (tantric Buddhism)ūپ (मूर्ति) refers to the “body�, according to Kuladatta’s Kriyāṃgpañjikā, a text within Tantric Buddhism representing a construction manual for monasteries.—Accordingly, [Բٰ in chapter 5]—“When the wood [to be used for the construction of a monastery] or the stones [to be used for the construction of a caitya] are brought into the city, [the Ācārya] should send a message [that these materials are being brought into the city] to the king or the citizens. He should make people with joyful minds whose bodies quiver with excitement (madana-sphūrti-ūپ) carry [these materials�.

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (Բ) are collected indepently.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve Reflectionsūپ (मूर्ति) refers to “form� (of an object), according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “Those objects having a pleasant form (puṇya-ūپ), which are seen in the morning and not at midday, vanish for the embodied souls in this world�.

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossaryūپ.�(IE 7-1-2), ‘three�; rarely used to indicate ‘eight�; but cf. rūpa used in the sense of ‘one�. Note: ūپ is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryūٳپ (मूर्त्ति).—f (S) A statue, an idol, an image, any figure or definite shape. 2 The body. 3 (Freely.) A person, a man, an individual. Ex. āmhī cāra ūٳپ āhōnta.
: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishūپ (मूर्ति).�f A statue, an idol. The body. A person.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryūپ (मूर्ति).�f. [ū-پ]
1) Anything which has definite shape and limits, material element, matter, substance; एतत् सर्व� यन्मूर्त� चामूर्तं � तस्मान्मूर्तिरेव रयिः (etat sarva� yanmūrta� cāmūrta� ca tasmānūپreva rayi�) Praśna Up.1.5.
2) A form, visible shape, body, figure; कौटिल्यधीरज्ज�- निबद्धमूर्ति� मन्य� स्थिरा� मौर्यनृपस्� लक्ष्मीम् (kauṭilyadhīrajju- nibaddhaūپ� manye sthirā� mauryanṛpasya lakṣmīm) Mu.2.2; R.3.27; 14.54.
3) An embodiment, incarnation, personification, manifestation; करुणस्� मूर्ति� (karuṇasya ūپ�) Uttararāmacarita 3.4; ʲñٲԳٰ (Bombay) 2.159.
4) An image, idol, a statue.
5) Beauty.
6) Solidity, hardness.
7) Body (kalevara); विशिखसंहतितापितमूर्तिभिः (viśikhasaṃhatitāpitaūپbhi�) Kirātārjunīya 14.64; Manusmṛti 1.17,19.
8) A limb of the body (śī屹ⲹ); नह� मे तप्यमानस्य क्षय� यास्यन्त� मूर्तय� (nahi me tapyamānasya kṣaya� yāsyanti mūrtaya�) Rām.1. 64.2.
9) (In phil.) The mind and the four elements earth, air, fire and water.
Derivable forms: ūپ� (मूर्ति�).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionaryūٳپ (मूर्त्ति).—f.
(-ٳپ�) 1. Matter, substance, solidity. 2. The body. 3. Figure, form, body in general, or any definite shape or image. 4. Manifestation. 5. Beauty. 6. Hardness. E. ū to faint, to become insensible, aff. ktin, form irr.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionaryūپ (मूर्ति).—probably better ūٳپ, i. e. mṛd + ti, cf. [Բśٰ] 12, 120. 1. Matter, substance, [Բśٰ] 1, 17; hard substances, [Բśٰ] 12, 120 (Jones: the terrene parts of the human body). 2. Figure, form, [Bhartṛhari, (ed. Bohlen.)] 2, 1; [ʲñٲԳٰ] ii. [distich] 169. 3. Body, [Ჹٲṅgṇ�] 5, 364. 4. Incarnation, [Բśٰ] 1, 98. 5. Image, [Բśٰ] 2, 225. 6. Beauty, [ʲñٲԳٰ] ii. [distich] 107.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionaryūپ (मूर्ति).—[feminine] (firm) body, embodiment, form, shape, image, person, adj. —� formed of; [plural] the solid parts of the body.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) ūپ (मूर्ति):—[from ū] f. any solid body or material form, ([plural] material elements, solid particles; ifc. = consisting or formed of), [Upaniṣad; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] embodiment, manifestation, incarnation, personification, [Taittirīya-brāhmaṇa; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc. ([especially] of Śiva, [Hemādri’s Caturvarga-cintāmaṇi])
3) [v.s. ...] anything which has definite shape or limits (in [philosophy] as mind and the 4 elements earth, air, fire, water, but not ś, ether, [Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams 52 n. 1]), a person, form, figure, appearance, [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
4) [v.s. ...] an image, idol, statue, [Kāvya literature]
5) [v.s. ...] beauty, [ʲñٲԳٰ]
6) [v.s. ...] Name of the first astrological house, [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā]
7) [v.s. ...] of a daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Dharma, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
8) [v.s. ...] m. Name of a Ṛṣi under the 10th Manu, [ib.]
9) [v.s. ...] of a son of Vasiṣṭha, [Viṣṇu-purāṇa]
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionaryūٳپ (मूर्त्ति):�(ٳپ�) 2. f. Matter; form, figure; the body; an image.
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)ūٳپ (मूर्त्ति) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Mutti.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम� (ṃsṛt), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryūپ (मूर्ति):�(nf) an idol, statue; image; -[첹] sculpture; statuary; ~[] sculptor; statuary; ~[ūᲹ첹] an idolater; -[ūᲹԲ/ū] idolatry; ~[ṃj첹] an iconoclast; -[ṃjԲ] iconoclasm; ~[ñԲ] iconography; -[ṃg] statuary; —, [laghu] statuette; —[ٴḍa] to indulge in iconoclasm; to shatter a statue/an image.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpusūپ (ಮೂರ್ತಿ):�
1) [noun] the shape, outline or configuration of anything; the form; any solid body; a material form.
2) [noun] the physical structure of a human being; the body.
3) [noun] an idol of a deity, human being etc.; a statue.
4) [noun] an assuming of a physical form (as by an abstract principle); manifestation; embodiment; personification.
5) [noun] the quality of being hard, rigid or solid.
6) [noun] the quality of being beautiful; beauty.
7) [noun] a crow.
8) [noun] (math.) a symbol for the number three.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Tamil dictionary
: DDSA: University of Madras: Tamil Lexiconūٳپ (மூர்த்தி) noun < ūپ.
1. Body; embodiment; உடல். ஒத்தொளிர� மூர்த்தியார் [udal. otholiru murthiyar] (சளாமண� குமா�. [sulamani kumara.] 1).
2. Form; figure; வடிவம். அன்பென� மூர்த்தியார் [vadivam. anpenu murthiyar] (பெரியபுராணம் மூர்த்தி. [periyapuranam murthi.] 9).
3. God; கடவுள். திரிமூர்த்தி. [kadavul. thirimurthi.]
4. Arhat; அருகன். (திவா.) [arugan. (thiva.)]
5. The Buddha; புத்தன�. (திவா.) [puthan. (thiva.)]
6. Śiva; சிவன�. (யாழ்ப்பாணத்த� மானிப்பாயகராதி) [sivan. (yazhppanathu manippayagarathi)]
7. The Śakti of ٳپōٲ; சத்திய� சாதத்தின� சத்த�. (சதாசிவ.) [sathiyo sathathin sathi. (sathasiva.)]
8. Ascetic; one who performs penance; தவமேடமுடையவன�. [thavamedamudaiyavan.] (சீவகசிந்தாமண� [sivagasindamani] 3071.)
9. Saint, sage, great personage, a term of reverence; பெரி�.ார�. ஓதுவார்மூர்த்த�. [periyar. othuvarmurthi.]
10. Lord; தலைவன். (யாழ்ப்பாணத்த� மானிப்பாயகராதி) [thalaivan. (yazhppanathu manippayagarathi)]
11. Matter; substance; பொருள். (யாழ்ப்பாணத்த� மானிப்பாயகராதி) [porul. (yazhppanathu manippayagarathi)]
12. Style; fashion; மாதிரி. (யாழ்ப்பாணத்த� மானிப்பாயகராதி) [mathiri. (yazhppanathu manippayagarathi)]
Tamil is an ancient language of India from the Dravidian family spoken by roughly 250 million people mainly in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary1) Murti (मुर्ति):—n. � मूर्ति [ūپ]
2) ūپ (मूर्ति):—n. 1. form; manifestation; embodiment; personification; the image and representation of deity in temple; shrine or in the home; 2. free standing sculpture; effigy;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+9): Murtibala, Murtibhamjaka, Murtibhamjakate, Murtibhamjaki, Murtibhamjane, Murtibhavisu, Murtibheda, Murtidharin, Murtidharini, Murtigol, Murtigollu, Murtilakshana, Murtilinga, Murtimamta, Murtimatra, Murtimaya, Murtipada, Murtiparijnana, Murtipratishtha, Murtipratishthapana.
Full-text (+840): Ashtamurti, Dakshinamurti, Trimurti, Tejomurti, Mantramurti, Sahasramurti, Tapomurti, Pratimurti, Kshemamurti, Caturmurti, Mahamurti, Vishvamurti, Murtilakshana, Murtimat, Atmamurti, Murtidhara, Murtipa, Shrimurti, Khalamurti, Acyutamurti.
Relevant text
Search found 169 books and stories containing Murti, ūپ, ūī, ūٳپ, Murtti, Murthi, Moorthi; (plurals include: Murtis, ūپs, ūīs, ūٳپs, Murttis, Murthis, Moorthis). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Tirumantiram by Tirumular (English translation)
Verse 2985: He Entered in Me < [Tantra Nine (onpatam tantiram) (verses 2649-3047)]
Verse 3030: Jiva Becomes a Flaming Light < [Tantra Nine (onpatam tantiram) (verses 2649-3047)]
Verse 1087: She is Supreme Cause < [Tantra Four (nankam tantiram) (verses 884-1418)]
Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary) (by Śrī Śrīmad Bhaktivedānta Nārāyana Gosvāmī Mahārāja)
Verse 2.2.49 < [Chapter 2 - Jñāna (knowledge)]
Verse 2.3.66 < [Chapter 3 - Bhajana (loving service)]
Verse 2.3.25 < [Chapter 3 - Bhajana (loving service)]
Abhijnana Sakuntalam (with translation and notes) (by Bidhubhusan Goswami)
Prastavana (prologue): Translation and notes < [Abhijnana Sakuntalam, text and notes]
Chapter 7: Translation and notes < [Abhijnana Sakuntalam, text and notes]
Chapter 1 - Prathama-anka (prathamo'nkah) < [Abhijnana Sakuntalam, text and notes]
Shiva Purana (by J. L. Shastri)
Chapter 3 - Upamanyu’s advice to lord Kṛṣṇa < [Section 7.2 - Vāyavīya-saṃhitā (2)]
Chapter 31 - The Hymn of lord Śiva < [Section 7.2 - Vāyavīya-saṃhitā (2)]
Chapter 4 - The exalted magnificence of Gaurī and Śiva < [Section 7.2 - Vāyavīya-saṃhitā (2)]
Brahma Samhita (Jiva Goswami commentary) (by Srila Narayana Maharaja)
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 11.18 < [Chapter 11 - Additional Ornaments]
Text 4.65 < [Chapter 4 - First-rate Poetry]
Text 1.14 < [Chapter 1 - The Purpose of Poetry]
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