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King should alert about the appropriate marching time towards his enemy. It is very important for the 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king.

In this respect Manu 蝉补颈诲鈥�

鈥渕膩rga艣墨r峁�e 艣ubhe 尘腻蝉颈 测腻测腻诲 测腻迟谤腻峁� 尘补丑墨辫补迟颈岣� |
辫丑腻濒驳耻苍补峁� 惫腻'迟丑补 肠补颈迟谤补峁� v膩 m膩sau prati yath膩valam ||鈥� 7.182 ||^[1]

It means,

鈥淟et the king undertake his march in the fine month 惭腻谤驳补艣颈谤峁�a, or towards the months of 笔丑腻濒驳耻苍补 and chaitra according to the condition of his army鈥�.^[2]

Commentator Kull奴kabha峁�峁璦 said about this鈥�

鈥测补艣肠补迟耻谤补峁単补惫补濒辞辫别迟辞 谤腻箩腻 karirath膩digamanavilamvena vilamvitapray膩峁嘺岣�, tath膩 haimantika艣asyavahula帽ca parar膩峁ａ弓ra峁� jigami峁�u岣�, samupagaman膩ya 艣obhane m膩rga艣or峁�e 尘腻蝉颈 测腻迟谤腻峁� kury膩t | ya岣� punara艣va valapr膩yo 苍峁沺补迟颈岣� 艣墨ghragatirva sarvanta 艣asyavahula峁� parar膩峁ａ弓ra峁� yiy膩su岣� sa ph膩lgune caitre v膩 尘腻蝉颈 svavalayogyak膩l膩natikrame峁嘺 y膩y膩t | ataeva manvartha vy膩p膩rapara峁� sa峁僰峁�epe峁嘺 y膩j帽膩valkyavacanam鈥斺�測ad膩 艣asyagu峁噊peta峁� parar膩峁ａ弓ra峁� 迟补诲腻 vrajet |鈥�

Commentator 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 said about this鈥�

鈥測膩tavy膩pek峁�ay膩 val膩pek峁�ay膩 诲墨谤驳丑补峁� yoddhumicchan valapr膩ya岣� 艣膩radav膩santika艣asyapr膩ya峁� parar膩峁ａ弓ra峁� m膩rga艣墨r峁�e 测腻测腻诲 atra hi gacchan 艣腻谤补诲补峁� 辫丑补濒补峁� 驳峁沨腻诲颈驳补迟补峁� 蝉耻办丑补峁� 驳峁沨苍腻迟颈 惫腻蝉补苍迟补峁� 艣asyamupahar膩ti | 办腻濒补艣ca 尘补丑腻苍 durgoparodh膩dik膩ryak峁�amo m膩rga艣ca prasiddhavakrapathopabh峁泃ak膩艣odakav墨rudho na bhavanti, 办腻濒补艣ca n膩nyu峁ａ箛a艣墨ta岣� | upacitamapi na 艣补蝉测补峁� 苍腻苍腻辫谤补测耻办迟补峁� 辫谤颈测补峁� 艣asyattayopagh膩ta办腻濒补viprakar峁Ｄ乸ek峁�ay膩 ca para 腻艣谤补测补峁� sandhatte | ubhaya艣asyopagh膩t膩vakar峁�a峁嘺峁� samyak 办峁泃补峁� bhavatyatmana艣ca val膩pacaya iti | upadh膩tam膩tracik墨r峁�ay膩 parade艣膩deralpa办腻濒补s膩dhye v膩 y膩tari, valapr膩ya岣� ph膩lgunacaitrayory膩y膩t v膩santika艣asyapr膩yade艣am 迟补诲腻pyatmano yavas膩di bhavati | paropadh膩tak峁�etragata艣asyopagh膩t膩t | yath膩valamiti yena prak膩re峁嘺 val膩nur奴pa峁� 测腻测腻诲ityartha岣� 鈥� |

Here 艣ubhe means鈥攚hen fodder and grain are abundant and the roads dry.

碍补耻峁璱濒测补 also said about this鈥�

鈥渁tyu峁ａ箛amalpayavasendhanodaka峁� v膩诲别艣补峁� hemante 测腻测腻诲 tu峁Ｄ乺adurdinamag膩dhanimnapr膩ya峁� gahanat峁涐箛av峁沰峁�a峁� v膩 诲别艣补峁� gr墨峁�me y膩y膩t | svasainyavy膩y膩mayogya峁� parasy膩yogya峁� var峁�ati y膩y膩t | m膩rga艣墨r峁�o峁� tai峁Ｄ�峁� c膩ntare峁嘺 d墨rghak膩l膩峁� 测腻迟谤腻峁� y膩y膩t | 肠补颈迟谤墨峁� 惫补颈艣腻办丑墨峁� c膩nt墨re峁嘺 madhyamak膩l膩峁� jye峁ａ弓膩m奴l墨yam膩峁Ｄ佱笉h墨峁� c膩ntare峁嘺 hrasvak膩l膩mupo峁�i峁�yanvyasane caturth墨m | vyasan膩bhiy膩na峁� vig峁沨yay膩ne vy膩khy膩tam | 鈥�(9.1. 37-41).^[3]

It means,

鈥淗e should march in winter against a country which is very hot or which has little fodder, fuel and water, He should march in summer against a country with showers of snow, or consisting mostly of deep water or with dense grass and trees.

He should march when it is raining against a country suited to the operations of his own army and unsuited to those of the enemy. He should march on an expedition of long duration between the 惭腻谤驳补艣颈谤峁�a and the pausa full moon days, on one of medium duration between the caitra and the 惫补颈艣腻办丑补 full moon days, on one of short duration between the 闯测补颈峁ａ弓丑补 and the 腻峁Ｄ佱笉丑补 full moon days, on the fourth (expedition), if desirous of burning up (the enemy) in his calamity Marching in (the enemy鈥檚) calamity has been explained in (the section on) marching after making war.鈥�^[4]

According to Manu, 鈥淭he month of 惭腻谤驳补艣墨谤峁�a has been declared to be the most suitable season for leading an expedition for it is during this period of the year that a country is full of fresh crop and foodstuff. The months of falguna and caitra, i.e the vernal season is also suitable for march inasmuch as such kinds of food stuff as barley, peas and others ripen during that part of the year.

But kau峁璱lya has, however, indicated different reasons of the year for undertaking march against different kinds of country. Thus a king may march during the dry season against a country which is of hot climate and in which fodder and water are obtainced in little quantities. He may march during the summer against a country in which the sun is shrouded by mist and which is full of deep valleys and thickets of trees and grass. He may march during the rains against a country which is suitable for the manoeuvre of his own army and which is of reverse nature for his enemies鈥� army. 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 also speaks of a long march between the months of December and January and a March of mean length between March and April and a short march between May and June.鈥�^[5]

Beside this鈥�

鈥渁nye峁�vapi tu 办腻濒别峁�u yad膩 pa艣yed 诲丑谤耻惫补峁� jayam |
迟补诲腻 测腻测腻诲 vig峁沨yaiva vyasane cotthite rip墨岣� ||鈥� 7.183 ||^[6]

Means,

鈥淓ven at other times, when he has a certain prospect of victory, or when a disaster has be fallen his foe, he may advance to attack him鈥�.^[7]

Commentator Kull奴ka 蝉补颈诲鈥�

鈥渦kta办腻濒补vy膩rikte峁�u yath膩tmano 苍颈艣肠颈迟补峁� jayamavagat迟补诲腻 svabalayogya办腻濒别 gr墨峁�m膩d膩vapi hastya艣v膩dibalapr膩yo vig峁沨yaiva 测腻迟谤腻峁� kury膩t | 艣atto艣c膩m膩tyadi prak峁泃igocarada峁囜笉ap膩ru峁�y膩divyasane j膩te'ripak峁�abh奴t膩y膩峁� tatprak峁泃膩vapyuktak膩l膩danyatr膩pi y膩y膩t鈥� |

And commentator 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 said about this鈥斺�渁sy膩pa峁Ｄ乨a岣� etadvetireke峁嚹乶yetvapi pr膩v峁涐笉膩di办腻濒别峁�u yad膩 manyet膩tmano'va艣yambh膩vivijaya峁� 迟补诲腻 y膩y膩t | yad膩 hastya艣vavalapr膩ya峁� var峁Ｄ乻va艣vavala峁� hastivala峁� 迟补诲腻 hi svavala办腻濒补prabh膩v膩dek膩ntiko 箩补测补岣� | 惫测补蝉补苍补峁� parasya svavalako艣adi tasmintutpanne svavala办腻濒补 nirapek峁�o y膩y膩t | vyasanap墨岣峣to hi 艣补迟谤耻岣� s膩dhyo bhavati | k膩峁ａ弓amiva gu峁噊payukkasanniyoga m膩tr膩deva vina艣yati | vig峁沨yeti y膩tavyamev膩峁ａ弓abhy膩h奴ya y膩y膩t 尘补丑腻苍asminnev膩va gamyate鈥� |

And 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 also 蝉补颈诲鈥�

鈥減r膩ya艣a艣c膩c膩ry膩岣� paravyasane y膩tavyam ityupadi艣anti | 艣aktyudaye y膩tavyamanaik膩ntikatv膩d vyasan膩n膩m鈥� iti kai峁璱lya岣� | yad膩 v膩 辫谤补测腻迟补岣� kar艣ayitumucchettu峁� v膩 艣aktuy膩damitra峁� 迟补诲腻 y膩y膩t |鈥�(9.1.42-44).^[8]

鈥淎nd in general the teachers advise 鈥極ne should march in the enemy鈥檚 calamity.鈥� On accetion of strength one should march, there being uncertainty as to calamities鈥�, says Kau峁璱ly. Or he should march when by marching he would be able to weaken or exterminate the enemy鈥�.^[9]

According to Manu the appropriate time of marching is when enemy is in calamity:

鈥槼俨够迥� 测腻测腻诲vig峁沨yaiva vyasane cotthite ripo岣モ�� |

But 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 says king should march when by marching he would be able to weaken or exterminate the enemy.鈥�

鈥樑沘ktyudaye y膩tavyam |鈥�

Comentator 惭补濒濒颈苍腻迟丑补 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥渘anu y膩tavyo'pi 办腻濒别 y膩tavya itya艣a峁卥aya ayameva 办腻濒补 ityaha sva艣补办迟颈iti鈥� |

King should march when he realise鈥檚 that he should ruin his enemy by his strength.

In this context 碍腻尘补苍诲补办补 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥減r膩ye峁嘺 santo vy膩sane ripu峁嚹佱箖 yatavyamityeva sam膩di艣anti | tannai峁�a岣� pak峁�o 惫测补蝉补苍补峁� hyani峁ａ弓a峁� k峁�amantu sannabhyudita岣� prat墨y膩t |鈥�

So, there are two opinion about appropriate marching time. One is when the enemy is in calamity end other is when the 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king should ruin his enemy by his force power. But 碍腻尘补苍诲补办补 did not acknowledge his own opinion.

Poet 惭腻驳丑补 was well aware about this subject. King should march against his enemy when he is in calamity and weak. We come to know this through 叠补濒补谤腻尘补蝉 opinion.

Following verse proves this.

鈥渟va艣aktyupacaye kecita parasya vyasate'pare |
y膩nam膩hus迟补诲腻s墨na峁� tv膩mutth膩payati dvayam ||鈥� 2.57 ||^[10]

鈥淪ome maintain march to be at the increase of one鈥檚 own power, while other hold it to be at the calamity of the enemy. Both these things raise you up sitting or inactive as you are鈥�.^[11]

When the 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king realises that it is the time to march against his enemy or not, it is very much important thing in the field of war policy.

鈥減r膩yena santo vyasane rip奴峁嚹佱箖 y膩tavyamityeva sam膩di艣anti | tantai峁�a岣� pak峁�o 惫测补蝉补苍补峁� h膩ni峁ａ弓a峁� k峁�amantu sannabhy奴dita岣� prat墨y膩t鈥� iti |鈥� (K膩m膩ndaka).

According to 碍腻尘补苍诲补办补 many scholars proficient in politics. 惭补濒濒颈苍腻迟丑补 quotes here from the 碍腻尘补苍诲补办墨 苍墨迟颈蝉腻谤补. He says that when the enemy in inconvenience and adversity then 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king should march for war towards the enemy. Some scholars say that such behavior is not justified, rather when 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king realises that he is fit for war to achieve joy then he will march towards enemy. But 碍腻尘补苍诲补办补 didn鈥檛 given his own opinion. 惭补濒濒颈苍腻迟丑补 says when the 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king will realise that his force is enough to win the enemy he will march towards enemy. Supporting his own opinion 惭补濒濒颈苍腻迟丑补 quoted 碍腻尘补苍诲补办补, 惭补濒濒颈苍腻迟丑补 also quoted Manu鈥檚 opinion.

According to Manu鈥檚 Opinion when the enemy is in danger then he (king) should march towards him.

鈥榗otthite ripo岣� |鈥� (7.183).

But 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 says king should march when by marching he would be able to weaken or exterminate the enemy 艣aktudaye power. 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补 is unable from, both sides now. So, it is the high time to march towards 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补. So according to 叠补濒补谤腻尘补 it should be proclaimed war at once. 惭腻驳丑补 prefers that king should march when his nemy is in calamity and he would be able to weaken the enemy. The words vyasana and 艣补办迟颈 used by him prove this. This opinion of Manu and 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 is reflected here. 12/45 and 17/16 No. verses remind us 惭腻驳丑补s knowledge about the marching time.

This 艣濒辞办补 stands for the principle of war policy and the characteristic features of 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king also.

The 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补vadha of poet 惭腻驳丑补 is also well known like 叠丑腻谤补惫颈鈥檚 碍颈谤腻迟腻谤箩耻苍墨测补. 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补vadha is an epic, not a political scripture.We come to know that 惭腻驳丑补 has vast political thoughts. He composed the epic 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补vadha with that knowledge. He gathered his political knowledge from different political scriptures. Poet mentioned about the concept of 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king. Poet 惭腻驳丑补 mainly wanted to compose his epic basing on political facts and stories which are related to 艣谤墨办峁涐梗峁嘺 of the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p.713.

[2]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p. 181.

[3]:

R. P. Kangle: Op.cit., part-I, p. 218.

[4]:

ibid. part-II, p. 408.

[5]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p.182.

[6]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p. 714.

[7]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p. 183.

[8]:

R. p. Kangle: Op. cit., part-I, p. 218.

[9]:

ibid., part-II, p. 408.

[10]:

Haridas Siddhantavagisha: Op.cit., p. 73.

[11]:

Sitanath Kavyaratna & Madhab Dass Sankhyatirtha: Op.cit., p. 163.