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The allegorical interpretations in Vedic and Classical Literature inspired the later writers, and they began to introduce this technique in Sanskrit dramas too. Drama is a direct, objective and impersonal representation of life on the stage. And, the allegorical dramas convey a veiled moral meaning in which various qualities and virtues are personified. Every dramatist has his own philosophy, and he imparts his message to the audience through this medium. With a view of establishing some particular philosophy, which he believes, an author discusses all other philosophical thoughts on the stage. Normally, the study of philosophy is dull, abstruse and uninteresting. Drama simplifies and makes them presentable on the stage in a simple style, by which a common man can understand that philosophy without loosing interest in it. It was Asvaghosa who first brings out allegorical fragments like Buddhi (wisdom), Kirti (fame) and Dhrti (firmness) as characters in his drama Sariputraprakarana. These characters appear and converse on the stage as real human beings with all the features of a typical character. Inspired by such personifications and representations, later writers started writing dramas with personified characters. Works like Prabodhacandrodaya of Krsnamisra, the Sankalpa-suryodaya of Venkatanatha, etc. are some examples of such dramas. The different types of imaginary characters in these dramas are brought on the stage in order to present certain philosophical, moral and social problems of that period. In the series of such allegorical dramas, the Agamadambara or Sanmatanataka of Jayanta Bhatta, 21 the author of Nyayamanjari, who flourished during tenth centruy A.D., can be said to be the first work of this kind. 21. Agamadambara of Jayantabhatta, Ed. Dr.Raghavan, Mithila Institute Series, Darbhanga, 1964.

33 This play consists of four acts. It presents the adherents of different schools of philosophy which were prevalant at the time of the poet. The Prabodhacandrodaya of Krsnamisra can be the first complete allegorical drama available to us. He was an ascetic, who lived in the later half of the eleventh century A.D. Being a follower of Sri Sankaracarya, Krsnamisra propagated the Advaita Philosophy through this drama. Krsnamisra's play gives useful information about the fading phase of the Buddhistic and Jaina faiths. He shows considerable skill in giving human colour to his abstract theme. Onkarnath, in his work 22 gives a list of forty-eight dramas of this type. Among them 16 plays have already been published. Those are 1. Prabodhacandrodaya of Krsnamisra 23 2. Mohaparajaya of Yasahpala 24 3. Sankalpa-suryodaya of Venkatanatha or Vedanta Desika 25 4. Caitanya-candrodaya of Kavikarnapura 5. Amrtodayam of Gokulanatha 27 6. Vidya-parinaya of Anandaraya Makhin 28 7. Jivanandam of Anandaraya Makhin 29 22. Omkaranath (Sodhaprabandha) Sanskrit Vibhag, Prayaga, Viswavidyalaya, Prayag (Unpublished), 1967. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, 1968. 23. 24 Ed. Municaturvijaya Central Library, Baroda, 1918. 25. Ed. Pandit V.Krishnamacarya, The Adyar Library, Adyar, Madras, 1948. 26. Nirnaya Sagar Press, 23, Kolaphat lane, Bombay, 1917. 27. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Com by Acharya Ramachandra Misra, Varanasi, 1965. 28. Nirnaya Sagar Press, Kolaphat lane, Bombay, 1930. 29. Ed.Duraiswami Aiyangar, Adyar Library Series, 59, Adyar, 1947.

34 8. Puranjana-caritam of Sri Krishna Datta 30 9. Jivasamjivaninalaka of Sri Venkitaramanacarya 31 10. Dharma-vijaya of Bhudeva Sukla 32 11. Jivanmukti-kalyana of Nalla Diksita 33 12. Cittavrtti-kalyana of Nalla Diksita 34 13. Yatiraja-vijaya-nataka of Sri Vatsya Varadacarya 35 14. Jnanasuryodayam of Vadicandra Suri 36 15. Mithyajnanavidambanam of Ravidasa 37 16. Municaturvijayam authourship anonimous 38 The following dramas are those which are preserved in manuscript form in various libraries : 1. Sariputra-prakarana of Asvaghosa 39 2. Muktiparinaya of Sundaradeva 40 30. 31. Vidarbha Samsodhana Mandala Granthamala No.16, Nagpur, 1961. V.V.Subbayya and Sons Publishing House, Bangalore, 1945. Sri Sankara Gurukula Series, No. 10, Sri Vanivilasam Press, Srirangam, 1944. Ed. Municaturvijaya Central Library, Baroda, 1935. 32. Vidya Vilasa Press, Gopalamandir lane, Varanasi, 1930. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Tirupathy Devastanam, Tirupati, 1956. Government Press, Nagpur, 1926. Harischandra Kaviratnadwara Vidyaratna, Calcutta, 1894. Gaekvad Oriental Series, Baroda, 1918. An incomplete manuscript discovered by Lueders from Central Asia, Chinese Literature, 1956, Part III, p. 149. 40. Tanjore New Catalogue, No. 4460, NW Province Catalogue pt., VII, p.46.

i 35 3. Bhavanapurusothama of Ratnakheta Srinivasadiksita 4. Siddhantabherinataka of Sudarsanacarya 42 5. Viveka-vijaya of Ramanuja Kavi 43 6. Anumiti-parinaya of Nrsimhakavi 7. Bhaktivaibhava of Jivadeva 45 44 8. Mithyajnana-khandana of Ravidasa 46 9. Purnapurusartha-Candrodaya of Jatavedas 47 10. Prabodhodayam of Sukleswaranatha 48 41 11. Sivanarayanabhanjamahodaya Natika of Narasimhamisral 12. Satsanga-vijaya of Vaijanatha 50 13. Svanubhuti of Ananta Pandita 51 14. Dharmodaya of Dharmadeva Gosvami 52 49 41. Srinivasa Diksit, Saraswati Mahal Library, Tanjore, No. 4427/979. 42. Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Mysore and Coorg, p.286. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. Government Orient Sanskrit Manuscripts Library, Madras, No. D.12683. Descriptive Catalogue of the Madras Govt. Oriental Manuscripts Library, No. D.12463. Triennial Catalogue Manuscripts collected from the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras, No. 3752; Descriptive Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Adyar Library Adyar, No. 1478. (Bombay Branch, R.A.S. 1289-90, No.10, 4200), 1951. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras, No. 12540-41. M.Hariprasad Sastri, Notices, 11 series, Vol. III No. 190, p.12224. The Asiatic Society Bengal, 1901, p.18 and M.Hariprasad Sastry, Report on Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts, 1805-1900. 50. Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Library, Gujarat, No.64, p.124. 51. Report of Manuscripts in Rajasthan and Centre India No. 1904 - 6, p.4. 52. Journal of the Assam Research Society, Volume III-4, p.119.

36 15. Sanmata-nataka of Jayanta Bhatta 16. Tattvamudrabhadrodaya of Triveni 54 53 17. Bhartrharirajyatyaga of Krsnabaladeva Varman 55 18. Citsuryaloka of Nrsimhadaivajna 56 19. Pasandadharma-khandana of Damodarasrama 20. Svatma-prakasana of Sundarashastri 58 21. Krsna-bhakti-candrika of Anandadeva 59 The following dramas are known only by their names. 1. Maya-vijayam of Anantanarayana Suri 2. Jnana-candrodaya of Padmasundara 3. Vijayaranjanam of Indireshakavi 4. Saubhagyamahodaya of Jagannatha Sikra Kavi 5. Sivalinga-suryodaya of Mallanaraddya 5. Suddhasattvam of Matamarsi Venkatacarya 53. 54. 59 55. 56. Report of Operation in Search of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Bombay Circle, by Peterson, Bombay, Volume V, No. 407, p.262. Dr. M.Krisnamacarya, Sanskrit Poetesses, p.62-63, Souvenir of Silver Jubilee of the Trivendrum Sanskrit Series. Private Manuscripts, Lucknow, 1806, p.315. List of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries of Southern India by Gustave Oppest, Volume 1, Madras, 1906-28, p.437. 57. Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit Books in the British Musium, Col.No. 316, London, 1906-29. 58. Private Manuscripts No.1037-38, Chidambaram, 1913. 59. Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Collections of Manuscripts deposited in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 4, Volume XIV, 1937. 60. Omkarnath, Op.cit, p.18.

37 6. Vidwan-manoranjini of Ciranjivi Bhattacarya 7. Sivabhaktananda of anonymous authorship 8. Jnanamudranataka or Arthapancaka Nataka of Sesa Ramanuja In addition to the above mentioned dramas, Satnam Talwar to the following dramas. They are: 1. Navagraha-carita of Ghanasyama 62 2. Dhruvabhyudaya of Kavi Sankarlal Singh 3. Candatandava of Jivanyayatirtha 4. Vimukti of Dr. V.Raghavan Besides 65 - 63 Bhattacarya 64 61 has referred these dramas, M.Krishnamacariar mentions certain other allegorical dramas 66 1. Sridamacarita of Sri Somaraja Diksita 2. Prapanna-sapindikarana-nirasa of Ghattasisacarya 3. Natyaparisista of Krsnadeva Vacaspati 4. Saralacitsukhisara of Rameshacandra 5. Suddhasattva of Madabhuri Venkatacarya 6. Bhartrharinirveda of Harihara 61. A Study of allegorical Sanskrit Dramas (unpublished thesis), Satnam Talwar, University of Delhi, 1967. S.Gopal, Journal of the Tanjore Saraswati Mander Library Tanjore, No.3 (Volume - XV). 62. 63. Ed. Limbadipura, First Ed., Sanvat, 1968. 64. Acaryapanchanama Smritigranthalaya, No.4. 65. 66. Ed. in Sanskrit Pratibha, Sahitya Academy Publication, New Delhi, 1961. Krishnamacariar, M., History of Classical Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1974, pp.680-83.

38 7. Brahma-vidya of Narayana Shastri 8. Santirasa of Vaikunthapuri 9. Vedanta-Vilasa of Varadacarya 10. Pramanadarsa of Sukhesvara Dr. V.Raghavan in his "The Number of Rasas" mentions some other dramas 67. They are : 1. Mudrika-kumuda-candra of Yesascandra 2. Antarvyakarana-natya-parisista of Krsnananda Sarasvati 3. Ihamrgi or Sarvavinoda of Krsnavadhuta Besides these, some other dramas are also found to be preserved. They are: 1. Srinivasaratha-vijaya-nataka of Narasimha 68 2. Dharmoddharana of Durgeswara 69 3. Ubhayagrasa-rahudaya of Vijayindratirtha Moreover, some other allegorical works are available to us. They are: 1. Bhartrharinirveda of Hariharopadhyaya 2. Pracandarahudaya of Ghanasyama 72 3. Vivekacandrodaya-nataka of Sivakavi 73 71 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. Dr.V.Raghavan: The Number of Rasas, The Adyar Library, Adyar, 1940, pp. 36-40. A Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, British Musium, Cecil Bendak, London, 1902. Karnatak University Journal of Humanities, 1957. A list of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries of South India by Gustav, Madras, No. 2504. Durgaprasad and Kasinath Pandurang Parab, Kavyamala, No.29, The Nirnayasagar Press, Bombay 1892. Galgali Ramacarya, Satyadhyana Vidyapitha, Vidya Karyalaya, 1960. K.V.Sarma Vishveshvarananda Institute Series 37, Vishveshvarananda Institute, Hoshiyarpur, 1966.