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Rudra is closely connected with 惫谤腻迟测补. It is a special characteristic feature of Rudra. The complete 15^th 办腻峁囜笉补 of the Atharvaveda is consecrated to 惫谤腻迟测补s.

In the introduction of this 15^th 办腻峁囜笉补, 厂腻测补峁嘺 interprets the term 惫谤腻迟测补 as:

vr膩tyo n膩ma upanayan膩disa峁僺k膩rah墨na岣� puru峁�a岣� | so鈥檙th膩d yaj帽膩divedavihit膩岣� 办谤颈测腻岣� kartu峁� n膩dhik膩r墨.^[1]

It means Vr膩tyas are those who are not being purified with upanayana etc., 蝉补峁僺办腻谤补蝉 and who have no right to do the Vedic karmas.

W.D. Whitney defines the term 惫谤腻迟测补 in the words of different authorities and quotes鈥�

鈥淭he word 惫谤腻迟测补 is defined by BR (Bohtlingk and Roth鈥檚 Sanskrit-Worterbuch) as 鈥榖elonging to a roving band (惫谤腻迟补), vagrant; member of a fellowship that stood without the Brahmanical pale.鈥� It is further applied to the son of an uninitiated man (叠补耻诲丑腻测补苍补, i. [8.] 16.16; cf. Manu, X.20, or also to one who has let the proper time for the sacrament of initiation slip by (Manu, ii.39). And the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, at v.35.46=1227, classes the 惫谤腻迟测补 with the offscourings of society, such as incendiaries, poisoners, pimps, adulterers, abortionists, drunkards, and so on.鈥�^[2]

In the Atharvaveda 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, the relation between Rudra and eka惫谤腻迟测补, the chief of the 惫谤腻迟测补s is described. According to Mahadev Chakravarti, 鈥楾he Brahman is conceived of as the Vr膩tya and Rudra is exalted as Eka-惫谤腻迟测补, the 惫谤腻迟测补 par excellence.鈥�^[3] The eka惫谤腻迟测补 or 惫谤腻迟测补 par excellence is regarded as great god or 惭补丑腻诲别惫补^[4] and 莫艣腻苍补^[5] which are the designations of Rudra-艢颈惫补. The eka惫谤腻迟测补 holds a bow in his hand;^[6] his belly is blue and back is red.^[7] The origin of eka惫谤腻迟测补 is mystic. In the Atharvaveda, it is said that the eka惫谤腻迟测补 originates from 笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈 in a golden form.^[8] In the Br膩hma峁噄c and Pur膩峁噄c literature, Rudra originates from 笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈 in the form of a child.

This eka惫谤腻迟测补 is closely connected with the different names of Rudra which is crystal clear from this illustration that the gods made Bhava, the archer, an attendant of the 惫谤腻迟测补, from the intermediate region of the eastern quarter. The archer 艢补谤惫补 was made his (惫谤腻迟测补鈥檚) saviour from the intermediate direction of the southern quarter. 笔补艣耻辫补迟颈 was made his protector of the western region, Ugra of the northern region, Rudra of the lower region, 惭补丑腻诲别惫补 of the upper region and 莫艣腻苍补 of the intermediate region.^[9] In the Atharvaveda 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, these names are attributed to Rudra and in the 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 literature, these names are bestowed by 笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈 to his newly born child Rudra. The eka惫谤腻迟测补 wears a kalmali mani, a jewel.^[10] In the 峁欢惫别诲补, Rudra is also known as 碍补濒尘补濒墨办颈苍^[11] and Rudra wears a glorious 苍颈峁�k补 or necklace on his neck as well as he bears a bow and arrows in his hands.^[12]

驰腻蝉办补 gives the meaning of the term kalmali as:

jvalato n膩madheyametat.^[13]

It means that the thing which glitters is called kalmali. The close relation between Rudra and eka惫谤腻迟测补 becomes clear from these above mentioned similarities.

Any new references regarding Rudra are hardly found in the 厂腻尘补惫别诲补. The 厂腻尘补惫别诲补 is hardly contains any independent subject matter. Therefore the 厂腻尘补惫别诲补 has been given less importance because of the absence of new information. Except seventy five mantras, all the mantras have been taken directly from the 峁欢惫别诲补. Generally the mantras of the 厂腻尘补惫别诲补 are to be sung at the ceremonies of the Soma sacrifice. Therefore, simply stated, the book of mantras used by the special class of Udag膩t峁� priests at the Soma sacrifice is known as the 厂腻尘补惫别诲补.^[14]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

厂腻测补峁嘺 on Atharvaveda-sa峁僪it膩, 15 办腻峁囜笉补

[2]:

Vide, Whitney, W.D., Atharvaveda 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, Vol.III, p.50

[3]:

Vide, Chakravarti, Mahadev, The Concept of Rudra-艢颈惫补 Through The Ages, p.10

[4]:

so鈥檝ardhata sa mah膩nabhavat sa mah膩devo鈥�bhavat || Atharvaveda-sa峁僪it膩, 15.1.4

[5]:

Ibid., 15.1.5

[6]:

Ibid., 15.1.6

[7]:

苍墨濒补尘补蝉测辞诲补谤补峁� 濒辞丑颈迟补峁� p峁涐梗峁環am || Ibid., 15.1.7

[8]:

sa 辫谤补箩腻辫补迟颈岣� suvar峁嘺m膩tmannapa艣yat tat pr膩janayat || Ibid.,15.1.2

[9]:

Ibid., 15.5.1-7

[10]:

艣谤补诲诲丑腻 pu峁吪沜al墨 mitro m膩gadho 惫颈箩帽腻苍补峁� 惫腻蝉辞丑补谤耻峁ａ箛墨峁�a峁� 谤腻迟谤墨 办别艣腻 haritau pravartau kalmalirma峁噄岣� || Ibid., 15.2.5

[11]:

峁欢惫别诲补, 2.33.8

[12]:

Ibid., 2.33.10

[13]:

Nirukta, 1.17

[14]:

cf. Macdonell, A.A., A History of Sanskrit Literature, p.114