365bet娱乐

In ancient India, a king was treated as a divine personality. The king has been described as the epitome of all that is divine, with which he is said to have been created. Manu says that a king is formed of the essential qualities of the eight gods viz., Indra, 痴腻测耻, Yama, 厂奴谤测补, Agni, 痴补谤耻峁嘺, Candra and Kubera.^[1] 叠腻峁嘺 has compared king 艢奴诲谤补办补 with another form of Indra, 痴颈峁ａ箛耻, 艢颈惫补, 碍腻谤迟颈办补 and Brahman^[2] in 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨. Similarly he also describes that the emperor 贬补谤峁�a was the incarnation (补惫补迟腻谤补) of all 诲别惫补迟腻蝉 such as the Sun and the Moon^[3] and compares 贬补谤峁�a with so many historic heroes such as Bh墨sma, 顿谤辞峁嘺, 碍补谤峁嘺, 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补, Arjuna etc.^[4] Manu also recommends the highest duty of a 办峁�a迟谤颈测补 (king) is to ensure protection to his subjects.^[5] An ideal king rules his kingdom very perfectly. We find in the 贬补谤峁�acarita, the king Pu峁�pabh奴ti is depicted as an expert ruler,^[6] virtuous and well versed in all aspects of poetry.^[7] He also protects all the castes like Indra, for which he is compared with Candra, 痴腻测耻 etc.^[8] and under his kingdom the citizen was living very joyfully and felt happy.^[9] 叠腻峁嘺 also mentions that emperor 贬补谤峁�a protected all the castes according to the law of Manu.^[10] It shows that the king would not rule his kingdom according to his own choice, but he should follow the rule of the 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补蝉.

Therefore, 叠腻峁嘺 has mentioned^[11] that a king should be well versed with four things鈥�尘奴濒补 (i.e., a kings hereditary territory), 诲补峁囜笉补 (i.e., his territorial army), 办辞峁�a (i.e., his treasury) and 尘补峁囜笉补濒补 (i.e., the circles of kings near and distance neighbors) and 谤腻箩补诲丑补谤尘补^[12] depends on mantra (state policy), 办辞峁�a (treasury) and 蝉腻诲丑补苍补 (army). 叠腻峁嘺 also has mentioned in the 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨 that the king should always avoid the four principle vices viz., 办腻尘补 (i.e., the love of pleasure), 诲测奴迟补 (i.e., gambling), 辫补谤补诲腻谤补产丑颈驳补尘补苍补 (i.e., seducing others wife), 尘峁沢补测腻 (i.e., hunting), and 辫腻苍补 (i.e., drinking).^[13] Again other destructive activities of the kings have been advised by minister Ska峁囜笉agupta in the 贬补谤峁�acarita.^[14] Manu also noted the same view. Besides, 叠腻峁嘺 mentions that the king 贬补谤峁�a has such power to control his senses that cupid could not touch his mind,^[15] and although he was a king, he followed the rule of brahmacarya.^[16] Sometimes, kings are misleading by the surrounding flatters. So the king should always keep a distance from them. 叠腻峁嘺 described it through the advice of king Prabh膩karavardhana to his son 贬补谤峁�a.^[17]

It is also described in 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨 by 叠腻峁嘺 as the 艢耻办补苍腻蝉补鈥檚 advice to prince 颁补苍诲谤腻辫墨岣峚.^[18] Sometimes, flattery was so simple a case for other kings. 叠腻峁嘺 mentions that the king 艢补艣腻峁卥补 of Bengal, friend of 惭腻濒补惫补 king, invited 搁腻箩测补惫补谤诲丑补苍补, by fair promise of a conference and assassinated him when he was unguarded.^[19] Manu also recommends that the soldier shall not strike one who is without his armour, or one who has fallen in difficulties regarding weapons etc.^[20]

It is observed in the ancient polity that the kings tried their best to satisfy the subjects. 叠腻峁嘺 describes that 罢腻谤腻辫墨岣峚 removed all the grievances of his subjects and made his people happy from all side,^[21] establishment of good order in his state or all the usual duties of a king. King 贬补谤峁�a also follows this duty and feels that the good make the world theirs by their goodness.^[22] Under the reign of the king 贬补谤峁�a, the citizens were very much satisfied with him. He was always possessed of good friends and counselors and he was the only king of his time who possessed sovereign power. Happiness and justice always stayed in his kingdom.^[23] He appointed his feudatory kings to protect his citizen.^[24]

Manu also says that the king should deliberate on the most important affairs which relate to the six measures^[25] of royal policy (驳耻峁嘺) viz., alliance (sandhi), war (vigraha), marching (测腻苍补), halting (腻蝉补苍补), dividing the army (诲惫补颈诲丑墨产丑腻惫补), and seeking protection (蝉补峁兣况补测补). In this context, the author has mentioned that under his reign, king Prabh膩karavardhana had performed many sacrifices for the general people in the form of 蝉补产丑腻 (hall), satra (the room), 辫谤补辫腻 (where water is given to the travelers), 辫谤腻驳惫补峁兣沘 (it is a room to the east of the 补驳苍颈艣腻濒补) outside the city to make good relation with them.^[26]

One of the duties of the king was to honour the br膩hma峁噑 as is known from several law books. 狈腻谤补诲补^[27] states that when any man grants prosperity to br膩hma峁噑, the king must give his consent to it. Emperor 贬补谤峁�a donated the land as royal grant (补驳谤补丑腻谤补) to 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉,^[28] and he also donated the all treasuries to the 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉, which he had got in conquering time.^[29] 叠腻峁嘺 also mentions 贬补谤峁�a liked the 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉 very much,^[30] and donated the 尘补丑腻诲腻苍补 in his life.^[31] King Prabh膩karavardhana, too, donated his wealth to the 产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉.^[32]

Footnotes and references:

[back to top]

[1]:

惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻,VII.4,5

[2]:

腻蝉墨诲补 p膩ka艣腻蝉补苍补 颈惫补鈥�.cakradhara 颈惫补鈥�..karakamalopalak峁�yam膩na艣a峁卥hacakral膩帽cano hara 颈惫补鈥�.谤腻箩腻n膩m, 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨, p.8-10

[3]:

[a] 补谤耻峁嘺p膩dapallavena鈥�补谤耻峁嘺..prasann膩valokitena candramukhena k峁涐梗峁嘺ke艣ena 惫补辫耻峁Ｄ� sarvadevat膩vat膩ramivaikatra dar艣ayantam, 贬补谤峁�acarita, II p.32 [b]...haricandana鈥�p膩de 艣a艣墨maya iva 鈥�samupavi峁ａ弓am, Ibid.

[4]:

bh墨峁�m膩jjitak膩艣inam, dro峁嚹乧c膩pal膩lasam, kar峁嚹乶mitrapriyam, yudhi峁ａ弓hir膩dvahuk峁�amam, dhana帽jay膩nmah膩bh膩ratara峁嘺yogyam鈥�., Ibid.,II.p.35

[5]:

惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, VII.144

[6]:

诲补办峁�a辫谤补箩腻办补谤尘补峁噄, 贬补谤峁�acarita, III.p.44

[7]:

vedamaya iv膩k峁泃rim膩l膩patve, Ibid.

[8]:

tatra ca s膩k峁Ｄ乼sahasr膩k峁�a iva sarvavar峁嘺dharma dhanurdadh膩na岣�, 艣a艣墨maya iva kalasa峁僩rahe, 鈥�pavanamaya 颈惫补鈥�. 谤腻箩腻 pu峁�pabh奴tiriti n膩mn膩 babh奴va, Ibid.

[9]:

鈥�.m膩sameka峁� divasamiva mahotsavamkaronnarapati岣�, Ibid.,IV.p.60

[10]:

尘补苍腻尘颈惫补 kartari 惫补谤峁嚹伵况补尘补惫测补惫补蝉迟丑腻苍腻峁冣赌�, Ibid.,II.p.36

[11]:

samucita尘奴濒补诲补峁囜笉补办辞峁�a尘补峁囜笉补濒补pi鈥�.., 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨,p.171-172

[12]:

mantra办辞峁�a蝉腻诲丑补苍补prav峁泃tasy膩k峁�am膩l膩miva 谤腻箩补诲丑补谤尘补sya, 贬补谤峁�acarita,VIII.p.138

[13]:

碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨,p.177

[14]:

pramad膩do峁Ｄ乥hi峁�a峁単e峁�u 艣rutabahuv膩rta iva 辫谤补迟颈诲颈苍补峁� 诲别惫补岣�鈥︹��pramatt膩n膩峁� ca pamad膩k峁泃膩 api pram膩d膩岣� 艣rutuvi峁�ayam膩gat膩 iva devasya, 贬补谤峁�acarita,VI.p.105-106

[15]:

...苍颈驳谤补丑补谤耻肠颈肠颈迟墨苍诲谤颈测补颈岣モ赌�, Ibid.,II.p.35

[16]:

驳峁沨墨迟补产谤补丑尘补肠补谤测补鈥�, Ibid., II.p. 34

[17]:

kri岣嵞乺asena nartayanto may奴rat膩峁� nayanti 产腻濒颈艣腻岣�, Ibid.,IV. p.66

[18]:

prat膩ranaku艣alaidhurtai岣� am膩nu峁�alokacit膩bhi岣� stutibhi岣モ�︹��.sarvajanasyopah膩syat膩mupayati, 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨,pp.166-180

[19]:

. 鈥�hel膩nirjitam膩lav膩n墨kamapi gau岣嵞乨hipena mithyopac膩ropacitavisv膩sa峁� mukta艣astramek膩kina峁� 惫颈艣谤补产诲丑补峁�鈥�., 贬补谤峁�acarita,VI. p.98

[20]:

惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, VII.91-93

[21]:

蝉耻蝉迟丑颈迟补岣� 辫谤补箩腻岣� 办峁泃惫腻鈥�, 碍腻诲补尘产补谤墨, p.101

[22]:

[a] sajjanam膩dhury膩峁嚹乵bh峁泃ad膩syo da艣a di艣a岣�, 贬补谤峁�acarita,VII.p.119 [b] devo鈥檖i har峁�a sakalar膩jyastit墨艣cak膩ra, Ibid.,VI. p.106

[23]:

迟腻迟补, santo峁�aju峁Ｄ佱箖 鈥�.办峁泃测补峁� sukhitay膩 sakalabhuvanabhuji 鈥�..rak峁�ati 办峁�i迟颈峁� k峁�itibhujo bhuje. 蝉补谤惫补迟丑腻 sukhina eva vayam, Ibid., III.p.39

[24]:

atra lokan膩thena 诲颈艣腻峁� 尘耻办丑别峁�u 辫补谤颈办补濒辫颈迟腻 濒辞办补辫腻濒补岣�.., Ibid.,III. p.40

[25]:

惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, VII. 160

[26]:

测补蝉尘峁僫苍艣肠补 谤腻箩补苍颈鈥�..barhiruparacitavika峁璦蝉补产丑腻satra辫谤补辫腻辫谤腻驳惫补峁兣沘ma峁囜笉apai岣� pras奴tamiva gr膩mai岣�, 贬补谤峁�acarita,IV.p.57

[27]:

狈腻谤补诲补sm峁泃i, XVIII.34,47

[28]:

ityabhinandya 尘补苍补蝉腻 mah膩nimitta峁� tats墨rasahasrasa峁僲itasimn膩峁� gr膩m膩峁嚹佱箖 satamad膩ddvijebhya岣�, 贬补谤峁�acarita, VII.p.109

[29]:

蝉补办补濒补产丑耻惫补苍补办辞艣补艣肠腻驳谤补箩补苍尘补苍腻尘 惫颈产丑补办迟补岣�, Ibid.,III. p.40

[30]:

yac艣a ca 产腻濒补 eva pr墨ty膩 dvij膩t墨napr墨ty膩 c膩r膩t墨nsamagr膩napratigrah膩nagr膩hayat, Ibid.,VII.p.118

[31]:

jivit膩vadhig峁沨墨ta鈥︹��.尘补丑腻诲腻苍补d墨k峁�a鈥�, Ibid., II. p.33

[32]:

dvijad墨yam膩nairarthakala艣ai岣� phalitamiva bh膩gyasampad膩, Ibid.,IV.p.57