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The term 驰腻尘补濒补 literally represents a group of very early Tantric texts. The word 驰腻尘补濒补 denotes the worship performed by a couple in union.^[1] Traditionally it is believed that 驰腻尘补濒补鈥檚 are eight in number, they are: 搁耻诲谤补测腻尘补濒补, 厂办补苍诲补测腻尘补濒补, 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补, 痴补谤耻峁嘺测腻尘补濒补, 驰补尘补测腻尘补濒补, 痴腻测耻测腻尘补濒补, 碍耻产别谤补测腻尘补濒补 and 滨苍诲谤补测腻尘补濒补.^[2] 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata is one of the oldest 艢补颈惫补 Tantra treatises originated in seventh century CE.^[3] Shaman Hatley observes that the origin of this text is in Orissa.^[4]

But Csaba Kiss has put forward another view point that the original place of 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata is 笔谤补测腻驳补. Kiss notes thus:

鈥淸鈥�] the centre of the initiation 惭补峁囜笉补濒补 of the 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra is 笔谤补测腻驳补 may have some weight, and may lead us to the supposition that the birth-place of the text should not lie extremely far from 笔谤补测腻驳补, modern Allahabad. In support of 笔谤补测腻驳补 being the place of the origin of the text, one could also refer to 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra 1.27-28, in which Sattik膩, the Goddess herself, is said to be incarnated in 碍补峁嘺惫墨谤补, a village near 笔谤补测腻驳补.鈥�^[5]

The forty-fifth chapter of 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata illustrates three types of 厂腻诲丑补办补蝉; 罢腻濒补办补, 惭颈艣谤补办补 and Carubhojin.^[6] They are also called 艢耻诲诲丑补, 础艣耻诲诲丑补 and 艢uddh膩艣uddha. As term 艢耻诲诲丑颈 is closely related to physical or mental purity, these names of 厂腻诲丑补办补蝉 are closely related to the concept of Karmic Purification. Hence 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata recommends expiatory rituals for destructing the Karmic bondage of previous life. And it also interestingly notes that the 艢耻诲诲丑补 type of 厂腻诲丑补办补 used cow flesh as well as sexual rituals.^[7] According to the orthodox Brahmanical views, the sexual observances were considered as sinful and impure actions. Other earliest Tantras also significantly record the usage of flesh and observances of sexual rituals.^[8] 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata suggests expiatory rites mostly for the 厂腻诲丑补办补蝉, who do not get purified merely by initiation (顿墨办峁Ｄ�),^[9] Some of them are given below: Svayonidar艣ana Ritual: It is a kind of ritual process also called as vision on one鈥檚 previous life, which should be practiced for the destruction of Karmic bondage of a 厂腻诲丑补办补 in his three past lives. The practitioner performs these rituals with a 顿奴迟墨 or 艢补办迟颈. The Mantric installation, Sarvay膩ga (entire pantheon worship), 罢补谤辫补峁嘺 (libation) to Agni, food offerings to the deity, Homa, Japa, sexual rituals with the female partner, worship of 笔墨峁环补, 贬峁沝测腻驳补 are the part of this worship. At the end of this ritual, the 厂腻诲丑补办补 constructs a throne on the ground and the 艢补办迟颈 sits down there, then the 厂腻诲丑补办补 kisses and embraces the vagina (笔墨峁环补) of the 艢补办迟颈, and get the female 顿奴迟墨 to an orgasm and taste the fluid, and the 厂腻诲丑补办补 again worships the pantheon. The 厂腻诲丑补办补 spends three days in this way. He strictly follows the dreams in sleeping related to past Karmas and previous births. Afterwards the practitioner starts the performing of expiatory rituals for the removing of past Karmic impurities of his 膧taman (Soul). It can be noticed that the 厂腻诲丑补办补 is performing all expiatory rituals in the presence of a female partner.^[10] The expiatory rituals are followed for purifying the past Karmas of all 厂腻诲丑补办补蝉.

Recitation of Mantras: Accordingly Japa atonement is the most important remedy of Karmic bondage of a Tantric practitioner related to his previous birth. The recitation is to be used in two contexts (1) previous births as birds and animals, (2) Previous births as 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补, 痴补颈艣测补, 艢奴诲谤补 and as men of other outcastes. 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata recommends hundred and eight times of recitation of Mantras for purifying the previous births of the 厂腻诲丑补办补蝉 as a deer, bird, cat, cow, dog, jackal, rabbit, porcupine, iguana, wolf, turtle, and crocodile. A 厂腻诲丑补办补 should recite Mantra eight thousand times in the case of previous birth as elephant, horse, donkey, rhinoceros, tiger, yak, the gayal ox, lion, and bear.^[11] According to 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata the number of recitation is five thousand if he is a 碍峁�a迟谤颈测补 in his previous life. Ten thousand if the birth is as 痴补颈艣测补, fifteen thousand if it is as 艢奴诲谤补. If the birth is as a member of outcastes like fisherman, hunter, 颁补峁囜笉腻濒补, shoemaker, cooker, 艢惫补辫腻办补, oil-miller, 艢aucaka, deer-hunter, butcher, barber, blacksmith, goldsmith, shepherd and as the son of a prostitute, 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata recommends ten thousand times of recitation. The birth as a Bukasa, Bhilla, 艢补产补谤补, Pulinda, 惭腻濒补 etc. demands expiation of five thousand recitations.^[12]

In the concluding part of this Svayonidar艣ana ritual 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata significantly notes that the ascetic observances (Vratas), initiation (顿墨办峁Ｄ�) and the post initiatory rules like Samaya would provide deliverance from previous Karmic bondage. It can be seen another Svayonidar艣ana ritual in 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata for purifying seven past lives of a Tantric practitioner. In this similar way 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata describes various Svayonidar艣ana rituals in four days, five days etc.^[13]

The impact of the Karma theory and caste system is clearly seen in expiatory rites of 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata According to this system, purity of 厂腻诲丑补办补 is appraised to the previous births. It profusely says that a Tantric practitioner can remove his past Karmans only by the purificatory rituals: anena 辫谤腻办迟补苍补峁� karma 艣辞诲丑补测颈迟惫腻 惫颈艣耻诲丑测补迟颈.^[14]

Expiatory rituals for 厂腻诲丑补办补: Carubhojin is a special type of 厂腻诲丑补办补. 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata strictly restricts the usage of meat, alcohol and sexual rituals of a Carubhojin.^[15] At the same time other rituals are granted to this impure 厂腻诲丑补办补. 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata recommends expiatory ritual to an impure 厂腻诲丑补办补 if he engages in transgressive rituals, if he touches the substances like meat and alcohol etc. Sexual dealings with a woman, physically or mentally, are harmful acts concerning a Carubhojin. It strictly directs the retention of semen by a Carubhojin.^[16] If an impure Tantric practitioner performs these types of transgressive rituals, 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata says that he would experience diseases, terrible poverty and at last he would be subdued by death.^[17] Reciting Mantra is the very expiation prescribed in 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata in all types of sinful acts of a Carubhojin. It is interesting to note that 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata recommends expiatory rituals for a 罢腻濒补办补 too, who omits meat, alcohol and sexual rituals.^[18] Reciting Mantra is the main expiation for a 惭颈艣谤补办补 too, mostly if he eats from an uninitiated person鈥檚 house.^[19]

Expiation using the flame: The forty fifth chapter of 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata discusses expiations using a flame, which indicates that the tradition of 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata strongly believes in Nimitta and 艢补办耻苍补 concepts. It is a method of predicting the auspicious and inauspicious results of the rite considering various visible features of the flame of fire used for Homa. These predictions based on the flame in Homa were absolutely related to the concept of Nimitta and 艢补办耻苍补.

The evident features of flame, which might cause to different impacts if proper expiation is not done, are clarified into various types.

They are:

1. smoke coloured flame,
2. smokeless flame,
3. lapis and lazuli coloured flame,
4. flame colour resembling a feather from the tail of a parrot,
5. crackling flame,
6. sparks emitting flame,
7. harsh dirty colour flame.^[20]

It is believed that the smoke coloured flame leads to illness, the lapis lazuli colour flame causes for injury by weapons, the crackling and parrot feather coloured fire causes for the death of a Tantric practitioner, the flame which arises with a spark destroys the powers of the 厂腻诲丑补办补. Here 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata prescribed M峁泃yuj帽aya Mantra for all types of illnesses and diseases, and in these various causes only the number of repetition of Mantra is merely changed.^[21] And the remarkable matter is that, the smooth and auspicious flame leads to a positive result which fulfills the desires.^[22] It is believed that the smooth one intimates the attainment of liberation, but 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata proclaims that it does not help to reach the enjoyment of desires. So as to remove one鈥檚 illness, a desirer should perform eight thousand fire sacrifices and ten thousand recitation of Mantra as an expiatory rite.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

诲补尘辫补迟测辞岣� 辫奴箩腻 y膩maleti nigadyate | 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 33.25.

[2]:

Recently 闯补测补诲谤补迟丑补测腻尘补濒补, 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补 and some folios of 鲍尘腻测腻尘补濒补 are discovered. See, The 膧驳补尘补 Encyclopedia, Vol. II, pp.137-38.

[3]:

See Alexis Sanderson, 鈥淭he 艢补颈惫补 Age -The Rise and Dominance of 艢补颈惫颈蝉尘 in the Early Medieval Period鈥�, The Genesis and Development of Tantrism, ed. Shingo Einoo, Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009, pp. 41-349. Judit Torzosok considered that 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata is an early 艢腻办迟补 Tantra treatise. Vide 鈥淲omen in Early 艢腻办迟补 Tantras: 顿奴迟颈, 驰辞驳颈苍墨 and 厂腻诲丑补办墨鈥�, Cracow Indological Studies, ed. Marzenna Czerniak-Drozdzwicz and Ewa Debika-Boreka, Vol. VI, Jagiellonian University, Institute of Oriental Studies, 2014. p. 340.

[4]:

Hateley, Shaman, The 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra and Early 艢补颈惫补 Cult of 驰辞驳颈苍墨s, PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2007, pp. 228-236.

[5]:

Csaba Kiss, The 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation, Institute Francise De Pondicherry, 2015, Introduction, p.16.

[6]:

For more details of 厂腻诲丑补办补蝉 in 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata See, Csaba Kiss, op.cit., pp. 35-53.

[7]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.208 & 45.220.

[8]:

Cf. 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.277-279; 罢补苍迟谤腻濒辞办腻, 5.93-95, 5.121 & 29.106. For details vide Ernest Furlinger, The Touch of 艢补办迟颈 -A Study in Non-Dualistic Trika 艢补颈惫颈蝉尘 of Kashmir, D.K. Print world, New Delhi, 2009, pp. 209-210.

[9]:

In an 膧驳补尘补 corpus initiation is very important ritual, most of the Tantric systems strictly follows initiatory rituals, because an initiation released from all bondage of Karma of 厂腻诲丑补办补 and it leads to the liberation. Sanderson rightly observed thus: 鈥渢he Tantric rituals of initiation (顿墨办峁Ｄ�) were held to destroy the birth regenerating power of the individual鈥檚 past actions (Karma) in the sphere of Veda-determined values, and to consubstantiate him with the deity in a transforming infusion of divine power.鈥� See Sanderson, A., 鈥溑毑咕北咕辈醭� and Tantric Studies鈥�, The World鈥� s Religions, p. 660.

[10]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.529-561.

[11]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.562-567.

[12]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.568-572.

[13]:

艣补办迟颈峁僲腻诲颈迟补岣� 办峁泃惫腻 峁�a峁璶膩ry膩峁兣沜膩par膩峁僺tath膩 |
adhik膩ri峁噛astai岣� s膩rdha峁� sn膩tv膩 诲别惫补驳峁沨补峁� vi艣et ||
鈥︹赌︹赌︹赌︹赌︹赌︹赌︹赌︹赌︹赌︹赌�
parip膩峁瓂膩 tath膩 k峁�obhy膩 膩hnike 膩hnike kram膩t || 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.574-589. According to Csaba Kiss, the word Parip膩峁瓂a is indicating orgasm one by one in all women at present. Csaba Kiss, op.cit., p. 35.

[14]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.596.

[15]:

mady膩ni na sp峁浥沞nmantr墨 naivedy膩ya na kalpayet |
vipar墨t膩ni karm膩峁噄 na kad膩citsam膩caret ||
补苍测补迟丑腻 kurute devi s膩dhako j帽膩navarjita岣� |
丑辞尘补峁� 补谤驳丑补蝉迟补迟丑腻 蝉辫补谤艣补峁� 辫谤腻测补艣肠颈迟迟补峁� sam膩caret || 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.444-446.

[16]:

补惫补驳谤补丑补峁� na moktavyam | 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.483, 490, 497.

[17]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45. 448-49.

[18]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.498-500.

[19]:

苍腻诲丑颈办腻谤颈驳峁沨别 产丑耻办迟惫腻 mantrasy膩峁ａ弓a艣ata峁� japet |
苍颈测补尘补峁� v膩 yath膩 kury膩nna bhoktavya峁� kad膩cana岣� || 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.516. Also see 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.515-17.

[20]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.133-135.

[21]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.125-143.

[22]:

叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata indicates that the auspicious flames are (1) Flame in auspicious direction (2) the golden coloured flame (3) nice and white flame (4) the yellow coloured flame (5) flame resembling jasmine and vermilion and (6) flame with deep sound. According to this, the smooth flame is an intimation to bestow liberation, golden colour flame mentions to bestow enjoyments (Bhukti), the flame resembling jasmine and vermilion is a hint to bestowing all powers (Siddhi), the smooth and white colour flame gives a hint to the achieving of the inferior Siddhis, the yellow flame gives a clue for the ordinary enjoyment of a Tantric practitioner. 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补tantra or Picumata, 45.125-128.