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C. DEVALA AN ANCIENT AUTHORITY ON DHARMA鈥擠evala is one of the most prominent & ancient authorities on Dharma. REFERENCE TO DEVALA BY SANKARACARYA, ANANDAGIRI & GOVINDANANDA : 2 t 1 1 Sankaracarya, one of the most important & reliable ancient authorities, explicitly mentions Devala, as a dharmasutrakara who had accepted the doctrine of pradhana, being the cause of the world. He also remarks at another place, that some sistas, who were followers of veda, had accepted the pradhanakaranavada. The commentators³, Anandagiri & Govindananda, while commenting upon the words in the sankarabhasya, distinctly mention Devala etc., to be such a sista, the follower of veda, as referred to by Sankaracarya. 1 Thus Devala was an ancient dharmasutrakara, who had dealt with the sankhya tenets in his own treatise. In conformity with 1 the above statements of sankaracarya & the commentators (Anandagiri & Govindananda), numerous prose & verse quotations of Devala, are 4 found in which sankhya tenets are dealt with. DEVALA & LISTS OF SMRT IKARAS Devala was also an ancient, reputed smrtikara. (1) He is mentioned as a smrtikara in the lists, those of eighteen & twentyone 6 5 smrtikaras. (2) Devala is mentioned in the list of thirty-six surtikaras 7. (3) But it is a fact that Devala is not mentioned in the lists, those ascribed to Yajnavalkya (1.4/5), Sankha-likhita

52 (Viramitrodaya-Paribhasha-prakasha,p.16), Paithinasi (Viramitrodaya-Paribhasha-prakasha, p.15/16), Parasara (1.12 to 15)! etc. These lists are only illustrative & selective & hence are not at all exhaustive. The remarks of the Smrticandrika are noteworthy here. 8 Like the Smrticandrika, other commentators & digest-writers were also equally aware of the fact that the lists of Smrtikaras were not exhaustive & hence they tried to make their enumerations exhaustive as far as possible, by mentioning various other lists. They also enumerated the names of smrtikaras, who were not mentioned. in the several lists, quoted by them. They also introduced the names of these other smrtikaras, on the strength of the word 'adi' 9, occuring at the end of the list, presented by sankhalikhita. 11 (4) Moreover, Ballaasena 10 & Prataparudradeva also mention Devala, among the smrtikaras, enumerated by them. nyj (5) Almost all the commentators (excepting Visvarupa & Medhatithi) & the digest-writers refer to & quote prefusely, the opinions of Devala, on different topics. Generally, all of them, have regarded Devala to be a distinguished authority on Dharma. PRINTED DEVALASMRTI : 12 There is a printed Devalasmrti of about ninety verses, dealing mainly with the problem of readmittance by purification of the Hindus, converted to Islama. The availability of this text also proves Devala to be an important ancient authority on Dharma.

Thus, Devala is one of the famous & outstanding authorities in the field of Dharmasastra. 53 i

1) 2) REFERENCES 54 Brahmasutra Shankarabhashya 1/4/28, Cr.Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II-A, n..1, Group A-V.2.a for quotation. Vaidikasya darsanasya pratyasannatvad... Vedanusaribhisca kais cicchistaih kenacidamsena Parigrhitatvad pradhanakaranavadam... Brahmasutra Shankarabhashya 2/1/4/12 3) 4) Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II-A.V.2.b & oe for quotations. 5) Cf.Reconstructed Text III.6 1 Visnuh parasaro daksah samvartavyasaharitah/ satatapo vasisthasca yamapastambagautamah// Devalah 'sankhalikhitau bharadvajosanotrayah/ saunako yajnavakyasca dasastau smrtikarikah// M Danakamalakara (F.193a), Madanaratnapradipa danavivekodyota Part III p.164. 6) Vasistho naradascaiva sumantusca pitamahah/ babhruh karsnajinih satyavrato gargyasca devalah// Jamadagnirbhardvajah pulastyah pulahah kratuh/ atreyah chagaleyasca maricirvatsa eva ca// paras kararsyasragau vaijavapastathaiva ca/ ityanye smrtikartara ekavimsatiriritah// Viramitrodaya-Paribhasha-prakasha,p.18, Viramotrodaya-Yajnavalkya-Vyakhya, p. 17. 1 { } : t

7) "In the account given of the samhitas in that encyclopaedic work, padmapurana, the name of Atri, which is seen in Yajnavalkya's list, is omitted, & the number of thirty-six, is completed by adding, Marici, Pulastya, Praceta, Brgu, Narada, Kasyapa, Visvamitra, Devala, Rsyasrnga, Gargya, Baudhayana, Paithinasi, Jabali, Sumantu, Paraskara, Lokaksi, Kuthumi". 55 The Dharmasastra Hindu Religious 8) 9) Codes, Manmath Nath Dutt, Vol. I, Intro.p.ii. 1 Kimiyam parisankhya 1- Ma evam / Tatha sati vatsa-marici-devala, paraskarapulastya-pulaha-kratu-rsyasriga-sankhalikhita-cchagaleyadinam dharmasastrapranetrtvam na syat/ Na ca tathastiti vacyam/: Tesamapi vedamulasmrtisastrapranetrtvena manvadibyo 'visesat// 1 Smr.C.I.p.2 & Parashara-madhava I.p.108 for similar remarks. Sankhalikhitagranthau adisabdegrahyascaite-budha-devala-somajamadagni-visvamitra-prajapati-vrddhasatatapa-sumantu-paithinasipitamaha-baudhayana-chagaleya-jabala-cyavana-marici-kasyapah// Krityakalpataru Brahmacarikanda p. 24 (Cf.also Krityaratnakara P.29, Hemadri Vratakhanda Adhyaya 1,p.19, Viramitrodaya (P)p.16, Balambhatti Acara, pp.9-10. i

56 10) Manum vasistham samvartam yajnavalkyam ca gautamam/ katyayanam ca jabalam vyasam danabrhaspatim// Brhadvasistham haritam pulastyam visnumeva ca/ satatapam yamam yogiyajnavalkyam ca devalam// 1 Introductory verses, Danasagara Vol.I, p.3 11) Manvangirovyas agautamatreyayamavasisthadaks as amvartasatatapa 1 1 1 arasaravis nvapastambaharitas ankhakatyayanaguru-pracetonaradayogisvarabodhayanapitamahasumantukas yapababhru-paithinas ivyaghrapadasatyavratabharadvajagargyakars najinijabali-jamadagnilaugaksivatsamaricidevalaparaskaralikhitachagaleyatribhih pranitah smrtayah// 12) Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter I, n. 3. Sarasvativilasa-Vyavaharakanda II. p.13