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Dasarupaka (critical study)

by Anuru Ranjan Mishra | 2015 | 106,293 words

This page relates ‘Ihamriga rules� of the English study of the Dasarupaka of Dhananjaya: an important work on Hindu dramaturgy (Natya-shastra) from the tenth century dealing with the ten divisions of Sanskrit drama (nata), describing their technical aspects and essential dramaturgical principals. These ten types of drama are categorised based on the plot (vastu), hero (neta) and sentiment (rasa)

Part 3-6 - Ī峾ṛg rules

Rules of the ṭyśٰ�

1) According to the ṭyśٰ (XX.78-80), in the Ī峾ṛg, the hero should be immortal or divine and a war should occur because of the divine (divya) woman. The plot should be well composed and there should be distrust.

2) There should be haughty male characters and the plot should consist of the anger of a woman. There should also be the agitation, flight and encounter.

3) The Ī峾ṛg should be constructed properly with the kidnapping, betraying and harassing of the woman and overall sentiment should be erotic (śṛṅ).

4) The plot should consist of the hero, style and the sentiments as in the ղDz. The only difference is that there will be a divine female character in the Ī峾ṛg.

5) In the case of the danger for the hero, the battle should be avoided by using any trick.

6) The ղDz and the Ī峾ṛg should be constructed with three Junctures. There should not be the development and the pause Junctures. The Ī峾ṛg and the ղDz should not use the gay style (첹śīṛtپ).

Rules of the Daśarūpaka�

1) According to the Daśarūpaka (III.72b-75), the plot of the Ī峾ṛg should be a mixed one and there should be four acts and three Junctures.

2) The hero and the villain may be either human or divine beings; without any restriction. They should be well known, brave and haughty. At the end, the villain commits improper acts by mistake, �antyo (پⲹ첹) 貹岹ܰٲṛt.�

3) There should be the reflection of the erotic (śṛṅ) sentiment; and the villains should try to get the divine woman against her will, either by kidnapping or by some other way.

4) The plot should avoid battle; however, it can betray hostility. The death of the renowned person, though occurring, should not be shown on the stage.

Difference between the ṭyśٰ and those of the Daśarūpaka

1) Bharata does not describe the nature of the plot. However, ٳ󲹲ԲñᲹⲹ states that the plot of the Ī峾ṛg should be a mixed one.

2) Bharata does not mention the number of acts in the Ī峾ṛg, whereas ٳ󲹲ԲñᲹⲹ states that it should have four acts.

3) Bharata does not describe the nature of the villain of the story; whereas ٳ󲹲ԲñᲹⲹ states that the villain should be well known, vehement and he may be divine or human being.

4) Bharata does not mention that the Ī峾ṛg should contain the instance of love of the villain who kidnaps the divine woman against her will; whereas, ٳ󲹲ԲñᲹⲹ states that one should present the resemblance of love on the part of the hero or villain who tries to obtain a divine woman against her will, by kidnapping her or by any such means. Bharata states that Ihāmṛga contains the sentiments, style and hero as in ղDz, whereas ٳ󲹲ԲñᲹⲹ is silent about it.

The application of the rule in the Drama

1) According to the rules of the ṭyśٰ, the hero and heroine should be divine beings. In the ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa, of ղٲᲹ, the hero is ṛṣṇa and the heroine is ܰ쳾ṇīand both are divine beings. Again, the rule stipulates that the plot should be well composed and well arranged and also there should be scenes of fight and distrusts because of the divine woman. The ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa, is well composed and well arranged by ղٲᲹ. There are also scenes of fight between Śśܱ and ṛṣṇa, for the divine woman ܰ쳾ṇ� and the plot contains distrust.

2) Further, the Ī峾ṛg should consist of haughty persons, anger of women, agitation, war, encounter and similar characteristics. The ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa, consist of haughty persons, such as Śśܱ, Rukmi, . ܰ쳾ṇ� was worried for the behavior of Śśܱ and she did not agree to marry him, although she did not express her anger anywhere in the drama. However, she was terrified by the story of Śśܱ’s birth. She was also agitated, when she came to know that she was supposed to marry Śśܱ, against her will. Śśܱ was forcing ܰ쳾ṇ�, to marry him; but she wanted to marry ṛṣṇaand the dispute led to the war. The ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa has also employed ṃkṣo, vidrava and ṃpṭa, which are the causes of the anger, war, encounter and typhoon like incidents. The drama also contains scenes of 峾’s anger, encounter and war with Śśܱ and Rukmīand the agitation of Śśܱ, ܰ쳾ṇīand ṛṣṇa.

3) According to the rules of the ṭyśٰ, the Ī峾ṛg should contain kidnapping, betraying and harassing of women and the overall sentiment shall be erotic (śṛṅ) sentiment. Further, the drama should be well composed and the plot should be properly arranged. The ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa, is well composedand the plot is properly arranged and it consists of more than twenty characters. The story of the ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa, is very short and the language is very simple. As per the rules, the heroine ܰ쳾ṇ� is kidnapped by ṛṣṇa. However, the ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa does not have erotic (śṛṅ) as main sentiment. ղٲᲹ has employed heroic (ī) sentiment, as the main sentiment and it looks like the overall sentiment in the ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa is heroic. Perhaps, ղٲᲹ has accepted the rule of ٳ󲹲ԲñᲹⲹ, that in the Ī峾ṛg, there should be the reflection of erotic (śṛṅ) sentiment but it should not employ erotic (śṛṅ) as the main sentiment. The ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa also consists of scenes like war, fights, anger, which are the characteristics of heroic (ī) sentiment.

4) Bharata, further, states that the Ī峾ṛg is similar to ղDz, in the case of hero, sentiment and style, but, it differs from the ղDz in that it has divine woman as heroine. Both hero and villain (ṛṣṇa and Śśܱ respectively) and the plot are well known because they are taken from the epic, �Ѳٲ�. The ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa has used violent style (ṭīvṛtپ), grand style (ٳٱīṛt) and verbal style (īṛtپ), as it consists of the sentiments like heroic, furious, comic, terrible and marvellous.

5) According to the rule, the battle scenes should be avoided even if the hero is sought to be killed. In the ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa, ղٲᲹ has avoided the war scenes, between ṛṣṇa and Śśܱ. Even though the villain Śśܱ, is sought to be bashed up.

6) According to the rule, the Ī峾ṛg should have three junctures as in the ղDz. The ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa of ղٲᲹ also contains three junctures, which shall be discussed later. Bharata rules that Ī峾ṛg should consist of gay style (첹śīṛt); however, ٳ󲹲ԲñᲹⲹ is silent about the styleand the ܰ쳾ṇīharaṇa has not employed the low gay style (첹śīṛt).

7) Bharata does not mention the number of acts that the Ī峾ṛg should contain; whereas ٳ󲹲ԲñᲹⲹ states that Ī峾ṛg should contain four acts. Accordingly, the Ī峾ṛg of ղٲᲹ consists of four acts.

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