365bet娱乐

General.

搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 is considered to be the first poetic composition in the world or at least in India, and hence it is called the 膧di 碍腻惫测补 (First Epic). It is an epic as it contains descriptions and references to ancient themes. 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 is its author, and hence 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 is known as the '膧di kavi" also. 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 and 艢r墨 搁腻尘补 were contemporaries. During his life in exile in the forest 搁腻尘补 visited V膩lm墨k墨鈥檚 腻艣谤补尘补. It was in this 腻艣谤补尘补 that 厂墨迟腻 lived after being abandoned by 搁腻尘补. The connection in many ways of the life of 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 with the '搁腻尘补 story' was an incentive for him to write the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺.

Composing of 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺.

Once while returning from the river 罢补尘补蝉腻 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 witnessed a hunter shooting down one of a 碍谤补耻帽肠补 (a kind of bird) couple. The intense emotion created by the incident burst out as follows in verse form.

"尘腻 苍颈峁Ｄ乨补 辫谤补迟颈峁ａ弓丑腻峁� 迟惫补尘补驳补尘补岣� 艣腻艣惫补迟墨岣� 蝉补尘腻岣� / yat krau帽camithun膩dekamavadh墨岣� k膩mamohitam. //"

Immediately 叠谤补丑尘腻 appeared on the scene and advised 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 to write the story of 搁腻尘补 in the same pattern as that verse. 叠谤补丑尘腻 taught him about the past and the future of the history of 搁腻尘补. As 厂墨迟腻, 碍耻艣补, and Lava were living in his 腻艣谤补尘补 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 was well in the know about the present. In the above background 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 completed writing the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 Story in 24,000 verses. The epic is divided into seven 办腻峁囜笉补蝉 (sections) of five hundred chapters. The seven sections are the B膩la办腻峁囜笉补, the 础测辞诲丑测腻办腻峁囜笉补, the 础谤补峁噛补 办腻峁囜笉补, the 碍颈峁�k颈苍诲丑腻 K膩峁囜笉a, the Sundara K膩峁囜笉a, the Yuddha K膩峁囜笉a and the Uttara办腻峁囜笉补.

痴腻濒尘墨办颈 taught the poem to Lava and 碍耻艣补 and when they went with 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 to 础测辞诲丑测腻 during the a艣vamedhayaj帽a of 艢r墨 搁腻尘补, they sang the poem in the open assembly there.

Different views about the author.

Tradition ascribes the authorship of the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 to 痴腻濒尘墨办颈. But, western scholars hold the view that a part of B膩la办腻峁囜笉补 and the whole of Uttara办腻峁囜笉补 are interpolations of a future date. The following are the reasons for this view.

(i) Two different texts are found for cantos one and three of B膩la办腻峁囜笉补. In one of them many of the stories mentioned in the other are missing. It may, therefore, be surmised that the two texts were composed during different periods.

(ii) In the early texts of 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 stories like Ga峁単膩vatara峁嘺m are not to be found. So they must be interpolations of a later period.

(iii) Only in K膩峁囜笉as one and seven is 艢r墨 搁腻尘补 treated as an incarnation. In the other K膩峁囜笉as he is considered in the capacity of a hero only.

(iv) Uttara办腻峁囜笉补 is not to be found among the early translations of 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 into other languages.

(v) In the B膩la办腻峁囜笉补 it is stated that 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 composed the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺, taught it to 碍耻艣补 and Lava, and that they recited the whole poem before 艢r墨 搁腻尘补 at 础测辞诲丑测腻. Many of the things mentioned in this K膩峁囜笉a are repeated in Uttara办腻峁囜笉补, which, therefore, must have been written by someone else.

The period of 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺.

According to Indian belief 艢r墨 搁腻尘补 lived at the end of 罢谤别迟腻测耻驳补, which came to its close in 8,67,100 B.C. As per 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 艢r墨 搁腻尘补 ruled the country for 11,000 years. He was forty years old when he ascended the throne. 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 began writing the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 after Lavaku艣as were born. In the light of the above facts. certain scholars opine that the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 was written near about 878000 B.C. But, western critics and some eastern critics do not accept this view. Professor Jacobi holds the view that the original of 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 is anterior to 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺. Most scholars do not agree with this view. A great majority of critics are of opinion that 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 is anterior to 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补. They argue as follows:鈥�

(i) The traditional belief in India is that 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 was written much earlier than 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补.

(ii) 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 makes no reference to any of the characters of 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补.

(iii) The 艢r墨 搁腻尘补 story is referred to in many a 闯腻迟补办补 story of the Buddhists.

(iv) 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 has made no mention about the city of P膩峁璦l墨putra established near about 380 B.C. It is an irrefutable fact that 艢r墨 搁腻尘补 had passed by the city.

(v) During the reign of emperor 础艣辞办补 the 笔谤腻办峁泃补 language was spoken in the areas where the incidents mentioned in 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 took place. But, 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 was written much anterior to the emergence of 笔谤腻办峁泃补 language.

According to Professor Keith 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 was written in 300 B.C.

Different readings of 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺.

In various parts of India three original texts or readings are found of the original 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺. In each of the three texts nearly (1/3) of the portions differ from one another. The Bombay text is popular in northern and southern India. The second is the Bengal text. The third, the Kashmir text, is popular in the north-western parts of India. The inference to be made from the existence of these three different texts is that the original epic was composed in a 笔谤腻办峁泃补 language, which was most popular at the time and that it was later translated into Sanskrit by different persons at different times. This theory will explain the existence of the different texts. For many years it continued to be handed down from mouth to month till it assumed written form in Sanskrit.

Other 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺s.

The 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 story in other forms and garbs, is also prevalent in India. One of them is V膩si峁ａ弓har膩m膩ya峁嘺 or J帽膩nav膩si峁ａ弓ha. The authorship of it also is ascribed to 痴腻濒尘墨办颈. Most of the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺s like V膩si峁ａ弓hottarar膩m膩ya峁嘺, 厂墨迟腻vijaya, Adbhutar膩m膩ya峁嘺, Adbhutottarar膩m膩ya峁嘺 etc. found in different parts of India are believed to have been written by 痴腻濒尘墨办颈. Adbhutar膩m膩ya峁嘺 is composd of twentyseven cantos. According to this 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺, it was 厂墨迟腻, who killed 搁腻惫补峁嘺 of ten heads. There is another 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 in Sanskrit called 础诲丑测腻迟尘补-搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺. It is a poem separated from 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉apur膩峁嘺. It is written in the form of a conversation between Um膩 (笔腻谤惫补迟墨) and 艢颈惫补. 膧苍补苍诲补-搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 and 惭奴濒补-搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 extol the greatness of 贬补苍奴尘腻苍.