Merkitys: Pahoja tekoja
Paha teko viittaa buddhalaisuudessa ja muissa uskonnoissa tekoihin, jotka ovat vahingollisia sekä tekijälleen että muille. Se käsittää väärät teot, jotka johtavat negatiivisiin seurauksiin ja huonoon karmaan, tuottaen kärsimystä. Paha teko voi ilmetä moninaisin tavoin, kuten itsekkyytenä, epäeettisinä valintoina tai haitallisten aikomusten toteuttamisena. Näiden tekojen tunnistaminen ja niiden seurauksista vastuullisuuden ottaminen ovat keskeisiä näkökulmia sekä hengellisessä että käytännön elämässä.
Englanniksi: Evil deed, Evil act, Wicked deed
Vaihtoehtoinen kirjoitusasu: Paha teko, Paha teko
Huomaa: Alla olevat esimerkit ovat vain suuntaa antavia, eivätkä ne edusta suoraa käännöstä tai lainausta. Sinun vastuullasi on tarkistaa tosiasiat totuuden varalta.
Buddhalainen käsite 'Pahoja tekoja'
Paha teko, or evil deeds, in the context of Buddhism, represent actions that are detrimental, leading to negative consequences and suffering. These actions stem from unwholesome mental factors and malevolent intentions, creating bad karma [1] [2]. These actions are harmful to oneself and others [3] [4] [5] and often lead to negative rebirths [6] and the cycle of samsara [7]. Such actions are considered immoral and sinful, potentially leading to untimely death or suffering [8] [9].
The concept of "Paha teko" also includes actions that may seem positive initially, but ultimately lead to negative outcomes [10]. These actions are often driven by desires, attachment, or unethical behavior [11] [12]. They can result in a bad reputation, loss of friends, and other forms of suffering [13]. The repercussions of these deeds extend beyond the present life, impacting future existences [14] [15].
In Theravada Buddhism, the concept is strongly emphasized. These actions are classified as unwholesome, with the potential to lead one away from virtue and righteousness [16]. The actions of individuals who lack moral virtue can lead to suffering [17]. Actions are often connected to past lives, causing negative repercussions in the present [18]. The importance of avoiding these actions is highlighted to prevent the accumulation of negativity [19].
In Mahayana Buddhism, evil deeds are seen as actions that one can be protected from through faith and offerings [20]. These actions are connected to the idea of negative karma [21]. In the context of Tibetan Buddhism, these actions are seen as those that should be avoided [22].
These harmful actions, whether stemming from malicious intent or misguided decisions, are a central theme in Buddhist teachings, emphasizing the importance of ethical conduct and mindfulness to break free from suffering [23] [24]. These actions should be avoided to prevent negative karmic outcomes and promote spiritual growth [25] [26]. The actions that cause harm should be reflected upon [27]. One must seek forgiveness for such actions [28]. The negative actions lead to suffering and misfortune [29]. They are a blemish on all living beings [30]. They can be committed secretly, leading to regret [31]. They should be cut off to prevent negative karmic outcomes [32].
Hindu käsite 'Pahoja tekoja'
In the context of Hinduism, "Paha teko" (or "Pahat teot") � meaning "evil deeds" or "wrong actions" � represents a crucial concept tied to karma, dharma, and the cycle of rebirth. Vaishnavism highlights how these actions, morally reprehensible or sinful, distance an individual from the divine and necessitate divine grace for redemption [33]. The actions that stray from righteousness separate the individual from the divine [34]. The Puranas extensively explore this concept. These texts associate such actions with pain, negative repercussions, and lower status in the afterlife [35] [36]. Actions driven by "Darkness" bring negative consequences and fear [37]. Malice, wrongdoing, and the consequences of such actions are frequently detailed [38] [39] [40]. Immoral actions lead to detrimental outcomes in both this life and the afterlife . Even actions by Brahmins, if negative, can lead to loss of status .
Unvirtuous lives, such as those of individuals without fathers, are condemned [41]. Violent acts, like Indra's against Diti's unborn child, trigger curses and negative repercussions [42]. Ravana's future harmful actions, predicted by the gods, exemplify the destructive potential of power . Falling from caste status is directly linked to the degradation of spiritual standing . King's past sinful actions impact his present life . Immoral or wicked actions can affect an individual's spiritual journey . Sinful actions lead to suffering and rebirth in lower forms . The moral failings of even divine figures, like Bharata, are acknowledged, highlighting the complexity of karmic consequences . Actions marked by malice or wrongdoing result in punishment . Sinful actions taken without moral consideration lead to adverse karmic effects . Spiritual degradation can be reversed through devotion to Vishnu .
Sinful or wrongful actions require atonement . Negative repercussions follow sinful or morally wrong actions . The downfall of Baka, due to his wrongful actions, is another example . Theft and other wrongful actions have spiritual and worldly consequences . Devotion to Krishna can absolve sinful actions . Past actions can impact relationships and fulfillment . The actions of demons are contrasted with the virtuous . Wrongful actions by a king affect not only his life but also his ancestors and future generations . Actions that violate moral conduct and harm family harmony are also considered . Actions considered wrong but tolerated for the welfare of kinsmen present a nuanced perspective [43]. Adverse conditions can arise from unwholesome actions [44]. Actions that are considered improper and shameful are also described [45]. Immoral actions bring negative consequences, especially associated with Ravana [46]. Kaikeyi's actions are seen as the root of suffering [47]. The unjust banishment of Shri Rama reflects betrayal [48].
The actions of Asumanjas are compared to Rama's moral character [49]. Actions that inflict pain are considered ruthless and lead to unhappiness [50]. Killing an ascetic is recognized as sinful [51]. Shuka's misdeeds are acknowledged as the source of his tribulations [52]. The actions that have caused suffering merit punishment [53]. The demons' wrongful acts are the target of Rama's retribution [54]. Dashagriva is urged to abandon his destructive behavior [55]. Dhundhukari's sins led to his transformation after death . Evil deeds lead to curses and abhorrent forms [56]. Actions by Kaikeyi caused general wrongs and misery [57]. Actions leading to misery and woes suggest guilt [58]. Actions of the wicked are wrong and harmful [59]. Moral wrong or sinful actions often have negative consequences [60] [61]. In Kavya, a wrongful action brings negative consequences [62]. Actions with malicious intent are associated with characters like Shishupala .
Yoga connects immoral actions to future lives . In Jyotisha, unfavorable outcomes can be predicted based on astrological configurations [63]. Vedanta explains how these actions can be removed through knowledge [64]. Actions do not cling to the one who knows Brahman [65]. Actions that lead to suffering are negative [66]. Actions are something from which a person frees themselves [67]. Actions that produce negative consequences diminish with knowledge [68]. Evil deeds are morally wrong, and their effects on good deeds are discussed [69]. Actions that lead to suffering in hells are also discussed [70]. Harmful actions are mentioned in relation to good works [71]. Sinful actions lead to negative consequences and suffering [72]. Actions with negative intent can detract from spiritual duties [73]. Individuals seek to detach themselves from harmful actions at death [74]. Actions do not affect those with knowledge of Brahman [75]. Actions causing harm and negative consequences are discussed in the context of soul embodiment [76]. Morally wrong actions result in negative consequences, considered 'sin' [77].
Shaivism relates actions to lower births . Dharmashastra considers actions morally wrong and harmful, resulting in guilt [78]. Sinful actions require atonement [79] [80]. Brahmins abstain from immoral actions to achieve fulfillment [81]. Vedic knowledge can extinguish the guilt from immoral actions [82]. Past improprieties contribute to a king's weakness [83]. Forbidden actions are morally wrong [84]. Theft and robbery are not legitimate sources of wealth [85]. Actions from love and hatred are "taints" that can be destroyed by their effects [86]. Malicious actions by thieves harm well-behaved people [87]. Morally wrong acts evoke loathing and regret [88]. Negative actions experienced individually reflect the solitary nature of existence [89]. Misconduct results in penalties in future lives [90]. Wrongful acts in the past affect a person's standing [91]. Wicked actions typically cause harm [92]. Pancaratra describes actions detrimental to spiritual progress and blocking divine grace [93]. Negative actions lead to suffering and lower realms [94]. Actions driven by negative intentions result in adverse consequences [95].
Jainisti käsite 'Pahoja tekoja'
Jainismissa "Paha teko" (pahat teot) viittaa vahingollisiin tekoihin, jotka korvaavat hyvien tekojen puutetta [96]. Nämä ovat usein väärintekoja tai moraalittomia tekoja, joita tietämättömät jatkuvasti harjoittavat [97]. Ne voivat johtaa jopa korkeassa asemassa olevien tuhoon [98].
Esimerkiksi Pingalan vahingollinen teko edellisessä elämässä vaikutti hänen päätöksiinsä [99]. Tällaiset teot ovat yleensä moraalisesti vääriä ja vahingollisia, usein henkilökohtaisen hyödyn tavoittelussa [100]. Ne ovat syntisiä ja johtavat vakaviin seurauksiin [101]. Näitä pahoja tekoja, ashubha, kerääntyy myös työn alueilla [102].
Pahoja tekoja käsite paikallisissa ja alueellisissa lähteissä
Paha teko eli pahat teot historiallisessa kontekstissa Intiassa viittaavat monenlaisiin vääriin tekoihin. Ne voivat olla moraalisesti vääriä ja aiheuttaa kärsimystä nykyisessä elämässä [103]. Osa teoista poistetaan korkeamman voiman toimesta [104]. Ne voivat myös heikentää sielun puhtautta ja todellista tietoa [105].
Osa teoista saa ryhmän vajoamaan pahoihin hajuisiin [106], ja ne voivat olla vaarallisia tai haitallisia [107]. Moraalisesti väärät teot voivat myös hämärtää ääretöntä viisautta [108]. Mielen levottomuus ja jatkuva pahojen tekojen tekeminen estävät ymmärrystä [109]. Litan vaimon teot ja tiikerin katumus ovat esimerkkejä [110] [111]. Lopulta ne eivät ole syntiä vaan itsensä vahingoittamista [112].
Lähteet ja viitteet lisälukemista varten
Yllä oleva luettelo perustuu useisiin (englanninkielisiin) artikkeleihin buddhalaisuudesta, hindulaisuudesta, jainismista, historiasta ja muista henkisistä perinteistä. Käytetyt lähteet ja lisätietoja siitä, mitä “Pahoja tekoja� symboloi, löytyy alta:
-) Abhidhamma in Daily Life (by Ashin Janakabhivamsa) door Ashin Janakabhivamsa: ^(1), ^(7), ^(8), ^(9), ^(14), ^(15), ^(24)
-) Dhammapada (Illustrated) door Ven. Weagoda Sarada Maha Thero: ^(2), ^(5), ^(18), ^(19), ^(23), ^(30), ^(31)
-) The Great Chariot door Longchenpa: ^(3), ^(4), ^(25), ^(26), ^(28), ^(32)
-) Guide to Tipitaka door U Ko Lay: ^(6)
-) Dhammapada (translated from the Pali) door F. Max Müller: ^(10), ^(16)
-) A Discourse on Paticcasamuppada door Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw: ^(11)
-) Lankavatara Sutra door Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki: ^(12)
-) Cetasikas door Nina van Gorkom: ^(13)
-) Maha Buddhavamsa—The Great Chronicle of Buddhas door Ven. Mingun Sayadaw: ^(17)
-) Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva Purvapranidhana Sutra: ^(20)
-) Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva fundamental vow sutra door Johnny Yu: ^(21)
-) The Six Yogas of Naropa door C. A. Musés: ^(22)
-) Apadana commentary (Atthakatha) door U Lu Pe Win: ^(27)
-) Milindapanha (questions of King Milinda) door T. W. Rhys Davids: ^(29)
-) Tiruvaymoli (Thiruvaimozhi): English translation door S. Satyamurthi Ayyangar: ^(33), ^(34)
-) Mahabharata (English) door Kisari Mohan Ganguli: ^(35), ^(36), ^(37), ^(38)
-) Devi Bhagavata Purana door Swami Vijñanananda: ^(39)
-) Yoga Vasistha [English], Volume 1-4 door Vihari-Lala Mitra: ^(40)
-) Gautami Mahatmya door G. P. Bhatt: ^(41), ^(42)
-) Brihaddharma Purana (abridged) door Syama Charan Banerji: ^(43)
-) Ramayana of Valmiki (Shastri) door Hari Prasad Shastri: ^(44), ^(45), ^(46), ^(47), ^(48), ^(49), ^(50), ^(51), ^(52), ^(53), ^(54), ^(55)
-) Ramayana of Valmiki (Griffith) door Ralph T. H. Griffith: ^(56), ^(57), ^(58), ^(59), ^(60), ^(61)
-) Kathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story) door Somadeva: ^(62)
-) Hayanaratna: The Jewel of Annual Astrology door Martin Gansten: ^(63)
-) Brahma Sutras (Shankaracharya) door George Thibaut: ^(64), ^(65), ^(66), ^(67), ^(68), ^(69), ^(70), ^(71)
-) Taittiriya Upanishad door A. Mahadeva Sastri: ^(72)
-) Isopanisad (Madhva commentary) door Srisa Chandra Vasu: ^(73)
-) Brahma Sutras (Ramanuja) door George Thibaut: ^(74), ^(75), ^(76)
-) Taittiriya Upanishad Bhashya Vartika door R. Balasubramanian: ^(77)
-) Vasistha Dharmasutra door Georg Bühler: ^(78)
-) Baudhayana Dharmasutra door Georg Bühler: ^(79), ^(80), ^(81)
-) Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi door Ganganatha Jha: ^(82), ^(83), ^(84), ^(85), ^(86), ^(87), ^(88), ^(89), ^(90), ^(91), ^(92)
-) Parama Samhita (English translation) door Krishnaswami Aiyangar: ^(93), ^(94), ^(95)
-) Naladiyar: ^(96), ^(97), ^(98)
-) Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra door Helen M. Johnson: ^(99)
-) Uttaradhyayana Sutra door Hermann Jacobi: ^(100)
-) Sutrakritanga (English translation) door Hermann Jacobi: ^(101)
-) Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) door Vijay K. Jain: ^(102)
-) Triveni Journal: ^(103), ^(104)
-) The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda door Srila Narayana Maharaja: ^(105), ^(106), ^(107), ^(108), ^(109), ^(112)
-) Folklore of the Santal Parganas: ^(110)
-) Bhaktavijaya: Stories of Indian Saints door Justin E. Abbott: ^(111)