Duhkha, 顿耻岣丑补, 顿耻岣丑腻: 34 definitions
Introduction:
Duhkha means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Dukha.
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In Hinduism
Vaisheshika (school of philosophy)
Source: Wisdom Library: Vai艣e峁ka顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟, 鈥減ain鈥�) is one of the seventeen 驳耻峁嘺蝉 (鈥榪ualities鈥�), according to the Vai艣e峁ka-蝉奴迟谤补蝉. These 驳耻峁嘺蝉 are considered as a category of 辫补诲腻谤迟丑补 (鈥渕etaphysical correlate鈥�). These 辫补诲腻谤迟丑补s represent everything that exists which can be cognized and named. Together with their subdivisions, they attempt to explain the nature of the universe and the existence of living beings.
Vaisheshika (啶掂啶多啶粪た啶�, vai艣e峁ka) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. Vaisheshika deals with subjects such as logic, epistemology, philosophy and expounds concepts similar to Buddhism in nature
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: Wisdom Library: N腻峁瓂a-艣腻stra顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥渢ime of sorrow鈥� and is one of the six reasons for 鈥渃onjugal union鈥� (惫腻蝉补办补) between a king and a women, according to the N腻峁瓂a艣腻stra chapter 24. Accordingly, 鈥渃onjugal union (惫腻蝉补办补) being due, kings should go to the bed-chamber of a wife even if she may be in her menses and may not be his favourite鈥�.
Natyashastra (啶ㄠぞ啶熰啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya鈥攖heatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟).鈥擜gni Pur腻峁嘺 tells the following about the origin of 顿耻岣丑补m.
Hi峁僺腻 (violence) is the wife of Adharma (unrighteousness). To the couple were born two daughters called An峁泃a (falsehood) and Ni办峁泃a (fraud) and from them were born the daughters Bhay腻 (fear) Naraka (hell) M腻y腻 (illusion) and Vedan腻 (pain). M腻y腻 brought forth M峁泃yu (death), the annihilator of all living objects, and Vedan腻, from Raurava (a particular hell) brought forth 顿耻岣丑补 (sorrow, grief). From M峁泃yu were born J腻ti (caste), Jar腻 (wrinkles), 艢oka (sorrow), T峁涐梗峁嚹� (covetouseness) and Krodha (anger). (Agni Pur腻峁嘺, Chapter 19).
: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥渟uffering鈥� (i.e., that which brings 鈥榤isery鈥�), according to the 艢ivapur腻峁嘺 2.3.15 (鈥淭he penance and reign of T腻rak腻sura鈥�).鈥擜ccordingly, as Brahm腻 narrated: 鈥淸...] At the same time, several phenomena of evil portent forboding misery and distress happened, when the son of Var腻峁単墨 was born making the gods miserable. O dear, the phenomena of three varieties indicating great calamity and terrifying the worlds occurred in the sky, heaven and earth. I shall narrate them. With a terrifying noise, thunderbolts fell along with comets; shooting meteors rose up, making the world miserable [i.e., 诲耻岣丑补]. [...]鈥�.
The Purana (啶啶班ぞ啶�, pur腻峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Nyaya (school of philosophy)
: Shodhganga: A study of Ny腻ya-vai艣e峁ka categories1) 顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟, 鈥減ain鈥�) refers to one of the twelve prameya (鈥渙bjects of valid knowledge) according to the first chapter of Gautama鈥檚 Ny腻yas奴tra (2nd century CE). Prameya in turn represents the second of the sixteen 辫补诲腻谤迟丑补s (鈥渃补迟别驳辞谤颈别蝉鈥�). Accordingly, 鈥�诲耻岣丑补 (pain) is caused from the painful and bitter experience of everybody鈥�.
2) 顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟, 鈥減ain鈥�) and Sukha (pleasure) refers to two of the twenty-four 驳耻峁嘺蝉 (qualities) according to all the modern works on Ny腻ya-Vai艣e峁ka.鈥擲ukha (pleasure) and 诲耻岣丑补 (pain) are the special qualities (驳耻峁嘺) of the self. These two qualities are treated in pair, but these are not contradictory qualities. That means 诲耻岣丑补 is not the negation of sukha or the vice-versa. Both these are positive qualities. According to Pra艣astap腻da sukha is a positive feeling which is produced from the contact of the sense-organs with agreeable objects together with the conjunction of the self and mind. These contacts together with the merit of the self-bring about a felling the effect of which is characterized by affection brightness of the eye etc. Pra艣astap腻da also maintains that pleasure can be 蝉尘峁泃颈箩补 (produced by memory) and 蝉补峁僰补濒辫补箩补 (produced by imagination). Sm峁泃ija-sukha is produced from the recollection of past pleasurable objects. Sa峁僰alpaja-sukha is produced from the expectation of future objects.
While defining sukha and 诲耻岣丑补 in the Tarkasa峁僩raha Anna峁僢ha峁弓a follows Pra艣astap腻da. Thus, in his view also that which is experienced by all with agreeable feeling is called sukha. Similarly that which is experienced by all as disagreeable feelings is called 诲耻岣丑补. However, it appears that he finds these definitions of pleasure and pain as not adequate and faulty and as such he offers a better definition of sukha in the D墨pik腻. Pleasure is that which is qualified by the generality sukhatva generated by apperception (补苍耻惫测补惫补蝉腻测补) of the judgement 鈥業 am happy鈥�. The similar will be the case of 诲耻岣丑补 though Anna峁僢ha峁弓a has not specifically mentioned it. He also says that the description of pleasure and pain mentioned earlier are only descriptions of their nature and not definitions.
Nyaya (啶ㄠ啶ぞ啶�, nyaya) refers to a school of Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. The Nyaya philosophy is known for its theories on logic, methodology and epistemology, however, it is closely related with Vaisheshika in terms of metaphysics.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
: archive.org: The Elephant Lore of the Hindus顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥減ain鈥� (i.e., those elephants sensitive to pleasure), according to the 15th century 惭腻迟补峁単补濒墨濒腻 composed by N墨laka峁囜弓ha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.鈥擺Cf. chapter 5, 鈥渙n marks of the stages of life鈥漖: 鈥�6. With wood-like (hardening) skin, thin (nearly closed) sutures (in the skull), thin hair (on the head), fond of mud, water, and dust; he shows a very little sexual excitement, becomes angry, is sensitive to pleasure and pain (诲耻岣丑补) and to guidance with the foot [ca sukha峁� 诲耻岣丑补峁� yata峁� budhyate], and also understands words (of command) and other (directions, sc., with goad or stick), and so (begins to be) controllable by a driver, and is superficially sensitive (to very slight stimuli); the nape of the neck, avagraha, and tusks become prominent: this is a kalabha, who has reached the fifth year鈥�.
Unclassified Ayurveda definitions
: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of terms顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟):鈥擨t refers to Unhappiness, sarrow, woe, grief, misery, pain, anguish, agony, affliction, wretchedness, suffering, trouble, hardship, adversity, infliction, trial, tribulation. Any action which gives pain to Indriya (Sense-organs) and Atma due to perception of Adharma / Papa karma is Duhlha
膧yurveda (啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙う, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of 膧yurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Vastushastra (architecture)
: Brill: 艢aivism and the Tantric Traditions (architecture)顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥減ain鈥�, according to the Devy腻mata (in the section 艣补濒测辞诲诲丑腻谤补-辫补峁璦濒补 or 鈥渆xcavation of extraneous substances鈥�).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸...] If a cord is cut, there is death or deadly pain (诲耻岣丑补鈥�诲耻岣丑补峁� v腻 mara峁嚹錸tikam). [The officiant] who has knowledge of the ritual should perform the fire rite for quelling of calamities, if he becomes aware of such [omens]. Since a levelled house brings every comfort and prosperity [to the residents], one should divide the site properly with cords and examine extraneous substances beneath the site. [...]鈥�.
Vastushastra (啶掂ぞ啶膏啶む啶多ぞ啶膏啶む啶�, v腻stu艣腻stra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.
Pancaratra (worship of N腻r腻ya峁嘺)
: University of Vienna: Sudar艣ana's Worship at the Royal Court According to the Ahirbudhnyasa峁僪it腻顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥渟orrow鈥�, according to the Ahirbudhnyasa峁僪it腻, belonging to the P腻帽car腻tra tradition which deals with theology, rituals, iconography, narrative mythology and others.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸This rite] should be employed by utterly glorious Sovereigns when they are in distress鈥擺for this rite] removes the three kinds of sorrow which begin with the one relating to oneself (诲耻岣丑补鈥�腻诲丑测腻迟尘颈办腻诲颈诲耻岣丑腻苍腻峁�); causes the destruction of all afflictions; is marked by auspiciousness; destroys all enemies; pacifies (i.e. removes unwanted consequences of ritual mistakes etc.); is the cause of triumph; kills the Demons; brings about prosperities; subdues all; bestows the longest of lives; is meritorious; [and] was perfomed by ancient Kings鈥�.
Pancaratra (啶ぞ啶炧啶氞ぐ啶距い啷嵿ぐ, p腻帽car腻tra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation by Jason Birch顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥渟uffering鈥�, according to the Am峁泃asiddhi (verse 24.1-2).鈥擜ccordingly, [while describing 办腻测补蝉颈诲诲丑颈 in terms redolent of tapas (i.e., purification and bindu):] 鈥淲hen the accomplishment of [destroying] the [five] impurities [is achieved], as well as the union of the two Bindus, then one should know the body to be perfected and endowed with all good qualities. [Such a Siddha] is free from cold, heat, thirst, fear, desire and greed. He has crossed over the ocean of anxiety, disease, fever, suffering (诲耻岣丑补) and grief鈥�.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as 腻sanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Samkhya (school of philosophy)
: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): (samkhya philosophy)顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to a 鈥渟orrow鈥�, according to V腻caspatimi艣ra鈥檚 commentary on S腻峁卥hyak腻rik腻 (K腻rik腻 19).鈥擜ccordingly, [while equating 耻诲腻蝉墨苍补 with neutrality鈥攎腻诲丑测补蝉迟丑测补]: 鈥淭herefore, because the three Gu峁嘺sare absent, neutrality [is mentioned]. A happy person who is satisfied with happiness and a sad person who detests sorrow (诲耻岣丑补) are not neutral. Thus, one who is neutral is free of [happiness and sorrow] and he is also called 耻诲腻蝉墨苍补鈥�.
Samkhya (啶膏ぞ啶傕啷嵿く, S腻峁僰hya) is a dualistic school of Hindu philosophy (astika) and is closeley related to the Yoga school. Samkhya philosophy accepts three pramanas (鈥榩roofs鈥�) only as valid means of gaining knowledge. Another important concept is their theory of evolution, revolving around prakriti (matter) and purusha (consciousness).
Vedanta (school of philosophy)
: Wikisource: Ashtavakra Gita顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥渟uffering鈥� (being caused by dualism), according to the A峁ａ弓腻vakrag墨t腻 (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Ved腻nta topics.鈥擜ccordingly, [as Janaka says to A峁ａ弓avakra]: 鈥淸...] So now abandoning the body and everything else, by some good fortune or other my true self becomes apparent. [...] Knowledge, what is to be known, and the knower鈥攖hese three do not exist in reality. I am the spotless reality in which they appear because of ignorance. Truly dualism is the root of suffering (诲耻岣丑补). There is no other remedy for it [dvaitam奴lamaho 诲耻岣丑补峁� n腻nyattasy腻'sti bhe峁jam] than the realization that all this that we see is unreal, and that I am the one stainless reality, consisting of consciousness. [...]鈥�.
Vedanta (啶掂啶︵ぞ啶ㄠ啶�, ved腻nta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra1) 顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟, 鈥渟uffering 鈥�) refers to one of the eight kinds of contemplations (补苍耻辫补艣测补苍腻) among the Buddha鈥檚 disciples, according to the 2nd century Mah腻辫谤补箩帽腻p腻ramit腻艣腻stra (chapter 16). Accordingly, 鈥渇or them, everything is impermanent (anitya), suffering (诲耻岣丑补), empty (艣奴苍测补), egoless (补苍腻迟尘补办补), like a sickness (roga), an ulcer (驳补峁囜笉补), like an arrow (艣补濒测补) stuck in one鈥檚 body, like an agony (agha)鈥�.
According to chapter 31, there are two kinds of suffering (诲耻岣丑补):
- inner suffering (腻dhy腻tmika-诲耻岣丑补),
- outer suffering (b腻hya诲耻岣丑补-诲耻岣丑补).
According to chapter 37, there are two kinds of suffering:
- bodily suffering (k腻yika-诲耻岣丑补),
- mental suffering (caitasika-诲耻岣丑补).
By the power of their wisdom (辫谤补箩帽腻产补濒补), the holy individuals (腻谤测补辫耻诲驳补濒补) have no further mental suffering like sadness (daurmanasya), jealousy (墨谤峁腻), malice (惫测腻辫腻诲补), etc. On the other hand, because they have received a body composed of the four great elements as a result of actions in their previous existences, they still have bodily sufferings such as old age (箩补谤腻) and sickness (惫测腻诲丑颈), hunger and thirst (办峁迟辫颈辫腻蝉补), cold and heat (艣墨迟辞峁ａ箛补), etc., but these bodily sufferings are slight and quite rare.
2) 顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥渟ensation of displeasure鈥� and represents one of the twenty-two faculties (indriya), according to the 2nd century Mah腻辫谤补箩帽腻p腻ramit腻艣腻stra chapter 38. The word indriya, derived from the root id or ind, is synonymous with great power, with control. The twenty-two Dharmas in question [viz., 诲耻岣丑补] have the characteristic of being dominant in regard to the living being (sattva) in that which concerns: his primary constitution, his distinctiveness, his duration, his moral defilement and his purification.
: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch腻顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥渟uffering鈥�, according to the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch腻: the eighth chapter of the Mah腻sa峁僴ip腻ta (a collection of Mah腻y腻na Buddhist S奴tras).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淪on of good family, there are eight purities of the insight (辫谤补箩帽腻) of the Bodhisattvas. What are the eight? To with, [...] (5) although they teach four summaries of the dharma, they never see anything in impermanence (anitya), suffering (诲耻岣丑补), selfless (补苍腻迟尘补), or quiescence (艣腻苍迟补); (6) although they teach to enter into action and duties, they are free from karmic result and also not disturbed by performing deeds; (7) although they are established in the knowledge of teachings which is beyond discursive thinking, they elucidate the division of words of all teachings; (8) they attain the illumination of all teachings and teach living beings about impurity and purification鈥�.
Mahayana (啶す啶距く啶距え, mah腻y腻na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of which some of the earliest are the various Praj帽腻p腻ramit腻 蝉奴迟谤补蝉.
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Tibetan Buddhism顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) is the name of a R腻艣i (zodiac sign) mentioned as attending the teachings in the 6th century Ma帽ju艣r墨m奴lakalpa: one of the largest Kriy腻 Tantras devoted to Ma帽ju艣r墨 (the Bodhisattva of wisdom) representing an encyclopedia of knowledge primarily concerned with ritualistic elements in Buddhism. The teachings in this text originate from Ma帽ju艣r墨 and were taught to and by Buddha 艢腻kyamuni in the presence of a large audience (including 顿耻岣丑补).
: academia.edu: The Structure and Meanings of the Heruka Ma峁囜笉ala顿耻岣丑腻 (啶︵啶冟啶�) is the name of a 岣屇錵in墨 who, together with the V墨ra (hero) named 顿耻岣丑补cinta forms one of the 36 pairs situated in the 痴腻办肠补办谤补, according to the 10th century 岣屇錵腻谤峁嘺惫补 chapter 15. Accordingly, the 惫腻办肠补办谤补 refers to one of the three divisions of the 苍颈谤尘腻峁嘺-辫耻峁璦 (emanation layer鈥�), situated in the 贬别谤耻办补尘补峁囜笉补濒补. The 36 pairs of 岣屇錵in墨s [viz., 顿耻岣丑腻] and V墨ras are reddish madder in color; they each have one face and four arms; they hold a skull bowl, a skull staff, a small drum, and a knife.
: OSU Press: Cakrasamvara Samadhi顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟, 鈥渟uffering鈥�) refers to 鈥渓ife is suffering鈥� and represents one of the 鈥渇our noble truths鈥�, according to Buddhist teachings followed by the Newah in Nepal, Kathmandu Valley (whose roots can be traced to the Licchavi period, 300-879 CE).鈥擳he primary teaching of 艢腻kyamuni Buddha was the Catv腻ri 膧ryasaty腻ni (鈥淭he Four Noble Truths鈥�, which are as follows: 1. 诲耻岣丑补 "life is suffering" 2. samudaya "suffering arises from craving" 3. nirodha "the cessation of craving is the end of suffering" 4. 尘腻谤驳补 "there is a path which leads to the end of suffering".
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (惫补箩谤补测腻苍补) are collected indepently.
General definition (in Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-samgraha顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟, 鈥渟uffering鈥�) refers to the first of the 鈥渇our noble truths鈥� (肠补迟耻谤腻谤测补蝉补迟测补) as defined in the Dharma-sa峁僩raha (section 21). The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (e.g., 诲耻岣丑补). The work is attributed to Nagarjuna who lived around the 2nd century A.D.
顿耻岣丑补 refers to one of the 鈥渆ight worldly conditions鈥� (lokadharma) as defined in the Dharma-sa峁僩raha (section 61).
顿耻岣丑补 or 顿耻岣丑补箩帽腻苍补 refers to the 鈥渒nowledge of suffering鈥� and represents one of the 鈥渢en knowledges鈥� (箩帽腻苍补) as defined in the Dharma-sa峁僩raha (section 93).
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Jainism顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟, 鈥渕isery鈥�) refers 鈥渇eeling of misery鈥� and is one of the causes leading to the influx (腻蝉谤补苍补) of karmas extending unpleasant feelings (补蝉腻迟腻惫别诲补苍墨测补).
顿耻岣丑补 is a Sanskrit technical term defined in the Tattv腻rthas奴tra (ancient authorative Jain scripture) from the 2nd century, which contains aphorisms dealing with philosophy and the nature of reality.
: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra 5: The category of the non-living顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟, 鈥渟uffering鈥�) according to the 2nd-century Tattv腻rthas奴tra 5.20.鈥斺�淭he function of matter (pudgala) is also to contribute to pleasure (sukha), suffering (诲耻岣丑补), life (箩墨惫颈迟补) and death (尘补谤补峁嘺) of living brings鈥�. What is misery (诲耻岣丑补)? Owing to the rise of the 补蝉腻迟腻-惫别诲补苍墨测补 (experience of misery) karma and due to the external efficient causes like place, time, substance or modes, the disposition of affliction of the soul is called misery.
: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve Reflections顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) refers to 鈥�(the fire of) suffering鈥�, according to the 11th century J帽腻n腻r峁嘺va, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by 艢ubhacandra.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸This self] whose intention is confounded by the poison of manifestly false knowledge, desire and so forth falls into an existence that is difficult to endure, inflamed by the fire of endless suffering (ananta-诲耻岣丑补-agni-prad墨pta)鈥�.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary诲耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟).鈥攏 (S) Pain, sorrow, affliction, unhappiness. 2 A difficulty, disease, trouble; a cause or an occasion of pain. 3 Lues Venerea. 诲耻岣丑补 p腻h奴na 岣嵞錱a dy腻v腻 Apply the remedy to the evil. 诲耻岣丑补 m腻na峁嚹撫箖 g. of s. To be pained or grieved about; to be sorry for. 诲耻岣丑补 v膿艣墨sa b腻ndha峁嚹撫箖 To tell a grievance or pain to the whole world. du岣グ斐竽錭腻 v腻峁囜弓腻 ucala峁嚹撫箖-gh膿峁嚹撫箖 To take part in the pain or trouble of. du岣グ斐竽鍁ara 岣嵞錱a d膿峁嚹撫箖 or ph腻sa峁噛腻 gh腻la峁嚹撫箖 or 峁錵补峁嚹抚箖 To triumph over an unfortunate person; to apply salt to a sore: also to touch a sore point. du岣h膿峁� p腻p膿峁� (With pain and sin.) With painful effort and great ado.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟).鈥�a. [du峁ａ弓腻ni 办丑腻ni yasmin, du峁ａ弓a峁� khanati khan-岣峚, du岣h-ac v腻 Tv.]
1) Painful, disagreeable, unpleasant; 啶膏た啶傕す啶距え啶距 啶ㄠた啶ㄠう啶� 啶︵啶冟啶距 啶多啶班啶む啶� 啶︵啶冟啶い啷� 啶掂え啶 (si峁僪腻n腻峁� ninad腻 du岣グ斐竽遽弗 艣rotu峁� 诲耻岣丑补mato vanam) 搁腻尘.
2) Difficult, uneasy.
-kham 1 Sorrow, grief, unhappiness, distress, pain, agony; 啶膏啶栢 啶灌た 啶︵啶冟啶距え啷嵿く啶ㄠ啶啶� 啶多啶い啷� (sukha峁� hi du岣グ斐竽錸yanubh奴ya 艣obhate) M峁沜chaka峁璱ka 1.1; 啶う啷囙さ啷嬥お啶ㄠい啶� 啶︵啶�- 啶栢ぞ啶む啶膏啶栢 啶むう啷嵿ぐ啶膏さ啶む啶むぐ啶 (yadevopanata峁� du岣�- 办丑腻tsukha峁� tadrasavattaram) V.3.21; so 啶︵啶冟啶膏啶�, 啶膏ぎ啶︵啶冟啶膏啶� (诲耻岣丑补sukha, sama诲耻岣丑补sukha) &c.
2) Trouble, difficulty; 艢. Til.12; 啶呧ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶距え啶距ぎ啶班啶溹え啷� 啶︵啶冟啶ぐ啷嵿啶苦い啶距え啶距 啶� 啶班啷嵿し啶｀ 啷� 啶嗋く啷� 啶︵啶冟啶� 啶掂啶く啷� 啶︵啶冟啶� 啶оた啶椸ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶距 啶曕し啷嵿啶膏啶多啶班く啶距 (arth腻n腻marjane 诲耻岣丑补marjit腻n腻峁� ca rak峁峁噀 | 腻ye 诲耻岣丑补峁� vyaye 诲耻岣丑补峁� dhigarth腻岣� ka峁ａ弓asa峁兣況ay腻岣�) || 笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补 (Bombay) 1.163. (诲耻岣丑补m and 诲耻岣丑别苍补 are used as adverbs in the sense of 'hardly' 'with difficulty' 'or trouble' 艢.7.13. avyakt腻 hi gatir诲耻岣丑补峁� dehavadbhirav腻pyate Bhagavadg墨t腻 (Bombay) 12.5; Kum腻rasambhava 4.13; 笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补 (Bombay) 1.; R.19.49; H.1.158).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟).鈥攏.
(-办丑补峁�) 1. Pain, sorrow. affliction, distress, unhappiness. 2. The world. 3. Difficulty, trouble. E. 诲耻岣丑补 to give pain, affix ac; or du bad, and 办丑测腻 to call; or khan to dig, 岣峚 aff. du峁ａ弓腻ni 办丑腻ni yasmin, or du峁ａ弓a峁� khanati .
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟).鈥� (properly 诲耻峁丑补 诲耻峁丑补), i. e. dus-kha, I. n. Pain, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 1, 26; [Y腻j帽avalkya, (ed. Stenzler.)] 2, 218. Instr. 潞办丑别苍补, With difficulty, [笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补] iii. [distich] 263. Ii. adj., f. 办丑腻. 1. Painful, unpleasant, [Hariva峁兣沘, (ed. Calc.)] 12661; [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 2, 28, 7. 2. Difficult, [Bhagavadg墨t腻, (ed. Schlegel.)] 18, 8. 潞办丑补尘, adv. Scarcely, hardly, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 2, 53, 6; [艢腻kuntala, (ed. B枚htlingk.)] [distich] 172.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟).鈥擺adjective] uneasy, unpleasant; [neuter] uneasiness, pain, sorrow ([comparative] 诲耻岣丑补++tara鈥� [neuter]), as [adverb] = [instrumental], [ablative], & 掳鈥� with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, unwillingly.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) 顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟):鈥�1. 诲耻岣丑补 mfn. (according to grammarians properly written 诲耻峁�-办丑补 and said to be from dus and kha cf. su-kha; but more probably a Pr腻kritized form for 诲耻岣�-蝉迟丑补 q.v.) uneasy, uncomfortable, unpleasant, difficult, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺; Hariva峁兣沘] ([Comparative degree] -tara, [Mah腻bh腻rata; 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺])
2) n. (ifc. f(腻). ) uneasiness, pain, sorrow, trouble, difficulty, [艢atapatha-br腻hma峁嘺 xiv, 7, 2, 15; Manu-sm峁泃i; Mah腻bh腻rata] etc. (personified as the son of Naraka and Vedan腻, [Vi峁ａ箛u-pur腻峁嘺])
3) n. [impersonal or used impersonally] it is difficult to or to be ([infinitive mood]with an [accusative] or [nominative case] [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 vii, 6, 38; Bhagavad-g墨t腻 v, 6])
4) 诲耻岣丑补m -鈭�as, to be sad or uneasy, [Ratn腻val墨 iv, 19/20]
5) -鈭�办峁�, to cause or feel pain, [Y腻j帽avalkya ii, 218; Mah腻bh腻rata xii, 5298.]
6) 2. 诲耻岣丑补 [Nominal verb] [Parasmaipada] khati, to pain, [Saddharma-pu峁囜笉ar墨ka]
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) 顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟):鈥�(办丑补峁�) 1. n. Pain, distress.
2) [labhya (bhya岣�-bhy腻-bhya峁�) a.] Obtained or effected with trouble.
3) [sa峁僾ardvita (ta岣�-t腻-ta峁�) a.] Reared with trouble and difficulty.
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Dukkha, Duk办丑腻va, Duh腻va, 顿奴产丑补, 顿奴丑补惫补.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (sa峁僺办峁泃am), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟) [Also spelled dukh]:鈥�(nm) sorrow; unhappiness; suffering, grief, distress; ~[kara] distressing, grievous, bringing sorrow and suffering in its wake; ~[traya] the three sorrows viz. physical, mundane and divine; ~[da] painful, grievous/sorrowful; dolorous; ~[d腻yaka/~d腻y墨] painful, causing grief/sorrow; distressing, agonising; -[诲惫补峁僤惫补] distress and affliction; ~[prada] see [诲耻岣丑补da; ~s腻dhya] difficult, that which can be attained or achieved through sorrow/suffering; -[sukha me峁�] through thick and thin; •[艣ar墨ka hon腻] to cast one鈥檚 lot with, to stand through thick and thin; —[u峁環腻n腻] to endure suffering/sorrow; to undergo hardships; —[ko pah腻岣峚 峁弓an腻] grave calamity to befall; to be in terrible distress; —[dekhan腻] to pass through a suffering; —[den腻] to grieve, to inflict grief/sorrow/suffering (on), to trouble; —[pahu峁僣an腻] to feel sorry, to be grieved/distressed, to feel unhappy; —[p腻n腻] to endure suffering/sorrow, to suffer, to undergo hardships; —[ba峁冡弓腻n腻] to share one鈥檚 sorrow, to minimize sorrow through sympathy; —[m腻nan腻] to be sorry, to be sorrowful, to be unhappy; —[me峁� sumirana saba karai峁� sukha me峁� karai na koya] the devil sick would be a monk.
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Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpus顿耻岣丑补 (嗖︵硜嗖冟矕):鈥�
1) [noun] mental suffering; sadness; grief; sorrow.
2) [noun] an uncomfortable, distressing or unpleasant situation or condition.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary顿耻岣丑补 (啶︵啶冟):鈥攏. 1. sorrow; grief; distress; pain; 2. trouble; difficulty;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+22): Duhkhabhajana, Duhkhabhajane, Duhkhabheshaja, Duhkhabhuyishtha, Duhkhabodha, Duhkhacara, Duhkhacarin, Duhkhacchinna, Duhkhachedya, Duhkhacinta, Duhkhadagdha, Duhkhadayaka, Duhkhagni, Duhkhagraha, Duhkhahan, Duhkhahara, Duhkhahetu, Duhkhajvalana, Duhkhakarin, Duhkhakri.
Full-text (+655): Duhkhakara, Duhkhabhagin, Sukhaduhkha, Samaduhkha, Duhkhashila, Duhkhata, Aduhkha, Duhkhadohya, Antarduhkha, Nirduhkha, Duhkhanvita, Duhkhanta, Duhkhatita, Mahaduhkha, Duhkhajivin, Duhkhayoga, Duhkhapraya, Duhkhasamcara, Duhkharta, Duhkhabhaj.
Relevant text
Search found 164 books and stories containing Duhkha, 顿耻岣丑补, 顿耻岣丑腻; (plurals include: Duhkhas, 顿耻岣丑补s, 顿耻岣丑腻s). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra (by Gelongma Karma Migme Ch枚dr枚n)
IV. Links between impermanence, suffering and non-self < [Chapter XXXVII - The Ten Concepts]
II. The concept of suffering (诲耻岣丑补-sa峁僯帽腻) < [Chapter XXXVII - The Ten Concepts]
Appendix 8 - The fourth dhy腻na < [Chapter XXXIX - The Ten Powers of the Buddha according to the Abhidharma]
Bhagavad-gita (with Vaishnava commentaries) (by Narayana Gosvami)
Verses 10.4-5 < [Chapter 10 - Vibh奴ti-yoga (appreciating the opulences of the Supreme Lord)]
Verse 12.5 < [Chapter 12 - Bhakti-yoga (Yoga through Pure Devotional Service)]
Verse 6.32 < [Chapter 6 - Dhy腻na-yoga (Yoga through the Path of Meditation)]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada D腻sa)
Text 7.41 < [Chapter 7 - Literary Faults]
Text 10.58 < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Text 10.220 < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 5.18.12 < [Chapter 18 - Uddhava Hears the Gop墨s鈥� Words and Returns to Mathur腻]
Verse 5.21.29 < [Chapter 21 - The Story of 艢r墨 N腻rada]
Verse 5.18.22 < [Chapter 18 - Uddhava Hears the Gop墨s鈥� Words and Returns to Mathur腻]
Preksha meditation: History and Methods (by Samani Pratibha Pragya)
Appendix 2 - Mah腻praj帽a鈥檚 composition on Bh腻van腻
Appendix 1 - M奴lap腻峁環a of Jay腻c腻rya鈥檚 Texts, etc.
3.1.4. Meditation on the Results of Karma (vip腻ka) < [Chapter 3 - The History of Meditation in Ter腻panth]
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