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Significance of Duhkha

Duhkha is a significant term across various philosophical traditions, describing the concept of suffering or pain. In Jainism and Vaishnavism, it denotes suffering and unhappiness as integral to the human experience. In Buddhism, Duhkha encompasses various forms of suffering, including dissatisfaction and the inherent misery of life, which are crucial for understanding existence. Additionally, Vedanta connects Duhkha to thoughts about worldly objects causing pain, while Mahayana Buddhism emphasizes its relationship with human experience and perception.1
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Synonyms: Suffering, Pain, Distress, Anguish, Discomfort, Grief, Misery, Unhappiness, Sorrow, Adversity

In Dutch: Duhkha; In German: Duhkha; In Finnish: Duhkha; In Spanish: Duhkha

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Buddhist concept of 'Duhkha'

Buddhism Books

Duhkha in Buddhism signifies suffering and dissatisfaction inherent in life, encompassing perceptions of existence, the skandhas' role, and how individuals experience beauty and reality, underscoring the interconnectedness of all conditioned phenomena with suffering.

Significance in Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism):
Mahayana Books

From: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

(1) A fundamental concept in Buddhism that refers to suffering or dissatisfaction, which is intrinsic to the human condition, encompassing various forms, including physical and mental anguish.[1] (2) Suffering or dissatisfaction, often discussed in the context of the skandhas and their relationship to human experience.[2] (3) Suffering or the feeling of dissatisfaction that pervades existence, according to Buddhist thought.[3] (4) Suffering; a term used to describe the experiences individuals must recognize to understand the nature of existence.[4] (5) The term for suffering in Buddhism, often linked to the reality of existence and the nature of life.[5]

Mahayana is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sutras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajnaparamita sutras.

Hindu concept of 'Duhkha'

Hinduism Books

Duhkha in Hinduism signifies pain and unhappiness as inherent aspects of human existence, encompassing suffering, dissatisfaction, and anxiety, often linked to attachment to mundane objects, emphasizing that life is fundamentally filled with misery.

Significance in Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma):
Vaishnavism Books

From: Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary)

(1) of sufferings[6]

Vaishnava or vaishnavism (vaishnavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Bhagavad-gita-rahasya (or Karma-yoga Shastra)

(1) Pain or unhappiness; often considered as integral to the human experience and existence.[7]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Significance in Yoga (school of philosophy):
Yoga Books

From: Yoga-sutras (with Bhoja鈥檚 Rajamartanda)

(1) Pain as a result of foulness, manifesting as a sense of repugnance.[8]

Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as asanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).

Significance in Vedanta (school of philosophy):
Vedanta Books

From: Thirty minor Upanishads

(1) A mere thought of the objects of mundane existence leading to suffering.[9]

Vedanta refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Jain concept of 'Duhkha'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, Duhkha symbolizes suffering and the experience of pain, emphasizing the awareness of life's inherent difficulties and the pursuit of liberation from such distress through spiritual practices and moral living.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary)

(1) Suffering; the feeling of pain.[10]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.