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Significance of Muhurta

Muhurta is a significant unit of time in Hinduism, Jainism, and other Indian traditions, typically measuring approximately 48 minutes. It serves various purposes, including marking auspicious moments for rituals and aligning with spiritual practices in astrology and yoga. In Hindu cosmology, muhurtas help divide day and night and are essential for understanding periods of time related to karma, meditation, and celestial events. This traditional measure is consistently referenced across diverse philosophical texts and practices.1
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Synonyms: Auspicious time, Favorable moment, Propitious time, Lucky hour, Timing, Moment, Period, Time, Instant, Occasion

In Dutch: Muhurta; In German: Muhurta; In Finnish: Muhurta; In Spanish: Muhurta; In Swedish: Muhurta; In Malay: Muhurta; In French: Muhurta

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Buddhist concept of 'Muhurta'

Buddhism Books

In Buddhism, Muhurta signifies a specific time period that encapsulates the intricate nature of Time, reflecting the profound understanding of temporal complexities within Buddhist teachings and practices.

Significance in Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism):
Tibetan Buddhism Books

From: Tattvasangraha [with commentary]

(1) A defined period in time, representative of the complexities involved in notions of Time.[1]

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayana) are collected indepently.

Hindu concept of 'Muhurta'

Hinduism Books

Muhurta in Hinduism is a significant time unit, approximately 48 minutes, used to mark auspicious moments for rituals, spiritual practices, and daily activities, reflecting the cyclical nature of time and celestial influences.

Significance in Dharmashastra (religious law):
Dharmashastra Books

From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi

(1) Refers to a specific auspicious moment for performing ceremonies, indicated by the interactions of celestial bodies.[2] (2) A unit of time in Vedic texts that divides the day and night into smaller periods, with specific relevance to when study is fit or unfit.[3] (3) A unit of time that consists of thirty 'Kalas'.[4]

From: Apastamba Dharma-sutra

(1) A specific unit of time in Hindu tradition, often considered to be around 48 minutes.[5] (2) An ancient unit of time; specifically, it refers to the duration for which recitation interruptions may be sustained post-disturbances.[6]

From: Baudhayana Dharmasutra

(1) Refers to specific moments or time periods considered auspicious for rituals.[7]

Dharmashastra contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Significance in Hinduism (general):

From: Satapatha-brahmana

(1) Units of time within a day, represented by the Lokamprina bricks in the fire-altar construction.[8] (2) A measurement of time in the Hindu system, representing one of the many divisions of a year related to breathing processes.[9] (3) The text describes muhurtas as units of time (approximately 48 minutes) that are significant in the context of ritual practices and the cyclical nature of time.[10]

Significance in Vedanta (school of philosophy):
Vedanta Books

From: Thirty minor Upanishads

(1) A measure of time, specifically referring to a period of 48 minutes, often used in spiritual practices.[11] (2) A traditional unit of time measurement in Hindu culture, equating to 48 minutes, used by Brahma for meditation before responding to Narada.[12] (3) A traditional time unit in Hindu philosophy equivalent to 48 minutes, significant for spiritual practices.[13]

Vedanta refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Significance in Ayurveda (science of life):
Ayurveda Books

From: Sushruta Samhita, volume 3: Sharirasthana

(1) A specific duration of time, often referred to when describing the appropriate duration of bleeding post-venesection.[14]

From: Sushruta Samhita, volume 4: Cikitsasthana

(1) A time period approximately lasting forty-eight minutes that is usually required for the complete outflow of the Niruha-vasti from the bowels.[15]

Ayurveda is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Ayurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Mahabharata (English)

(1) A measurement of time equivalent to thirty Kashthas, important in Hindu timekeeping.[16]

From: Laghu-yoga-vasistha

(1) A unit of time in Hindu tradition; in this context, it denotes a moment of deep trance or contemplation experienced by the king.[17]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Significance in Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology):
Jyotisha Books

From: Brihat Samhita

(1) A time unit of 48 minutes used in the context of dividing a day and night into auspicious periods.[18] (2) An auspicious time period chosen for specific activities based on astrological alignments.[19]

Jyotisha (啶溹啶啶むた啶�, jyotisha or jyotish) refers to 鈥榓stronomy鈥� or 鈥淰edic astrology鈥� and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.

Significance in Arthashastra (politics and welfare):
Arthashastra Books

From: Kautilya Arthashastra

(1) A division of time representing a specific duration within a day, equivalent to 2 nalikas.[20]

Arthashastra literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE.

Significance in Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma):
Vaishnavism Books

From: Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu

(1) A specific unit of time in Vedic astrology, commonly understood as approximately 48 minutes, used here to denote a period for spiritual practice.[21]

Vaishnava or vaishnavism (vaishnavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Significance in Yoga (school of philosophy):
Yoga Books

From: Yoga-sutras (with Vyasa and Vachaspati Mishra)

(1) A defined unit of time (approximately an hour and a half) used to measure periods of desirelessness in the context of yogic practice.[22]

Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as asanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).

Jain concept of 'Muhurta'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, Muhurta is a time measurement of approximately 48 minutes, crucial for understanding day-night durations, the lifespan of beings, concentrations of Karman, and the evolution of Utpala souls within the context of spiritual bondage.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Bhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti)

(1) A unit of time referenced in the context of defining the minimum lifespan of the Kumbhika.[23] (2) A unit of time measurement in the text that provides a context for duration related to bondage and life-spans.[24] (3) A unit of time used in the context of measuring the existence or transition duration of Utpala souls.[25] (4) A measure of time that forms the basis for defining day and night durations.[26] (5) A specific unit of time mentioned as a maximum or minimum duration in which beings may exist.[27]

From: Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary)

(1) A measure of time that indicates the maximum duration up to which the remaining five kinds of karmas can operate.[28] (2) A unit of time; in this context, it refers to the period within which concentration can be effectively maintained.[29]

From: Uttaradhyayana Sutra

(1) A measurement of time used to describe the shortest duration of Karman.[30] (2) A unit of time in Hindu calendrical systems, serving as a measure to denote the duration of the Leshyas.[31]

From: Acaranga-sutra

(1) A unit of time in Hindu astrology, which is referenced in context of significant events in Mahavira's life.[32]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

The concept of Muhurta in local and regional sources

History Books

Muhurta is a unit of time defined in the Padarthadharmasangraha, crucial for measuring duration, with a consistent relation to other time units, notably 2 nadikas equaling 1 muhurta across Sanskrit texts.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: History of Science in South Asia

(1) This is a unit of time, and its relation to other units is given in the text, with 2 nadikas equaling 1 muhurta, and it is defined the same across practically all extant Sanskrit texts.[33] (2) The term 'muhurta' is a unit of time, which other units of time are measured against, and it is less than other units of time.[34] (3) A muhurta is a time unit, mentioned in the Padarthadharmasangraha, without a conversion ratio, used to measure the duration of occurrences.[35]

Plural form: Muhurtas.