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6 Foreign Loans (a) Words of Dravidian origin (b) Words of Persian origin 5. ONOMATOPOETIC WORDS 606. Imdimdira-16 12 14, 39 10 4, 45 6 7, 48 9 3, 57 26 3, 60 29 1, 62 3 11, 78 22 11, 85 5 8 'a large black bee'. 607. [The word appears to have been made up of two elements, namely, imdimd-tira-, an Agentive suffix, imdimd- may be the onomatopoetic expression for imitation of the sound of a bee, and hence imdim. dira- 'one who makes imdimd-sound, 'a bee', Hemacandra considers this to be a tatsama-word meaning bhramara-, 'a bee' at D- 1 79; cf. imdimdira-occurring in this very sense in NC, Paumacariu of Svayambhu I, Chand (6 19 35) and Vajja (229), cf. Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary imdimdira-=' a large bee' (Prasannaraghava).] Kadatti-85 12 14 'cracking with a kat-sound (w. r. to the bull's neck)'. [kat-it sabadena; cf. kadatti occurring at Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta 2 37 3 in the context of 'cracking (of bones)'; cf G. kadkad-= 'a loud crashing, crackling or rattling sound'.] 608. 鉁� Kadayad-'to crack', 'crash', 'crackle' 路 kadayadar (pres. 3. s.) 3 20 13 (w. r to globe of earth), 1497 (w r to trees), 52 11 12 (w r to falling), kadayadamta-(present participle) 50 5 8 (w. r. to roots of trees), kadayadiya-(past participle) 39 17 11 (w r to knee. Joints and elbow-joints), 75 8 10 (w. r. to chariots). [Compare kadayadiya--kadakadita (vidyut sabdanukara-) (JC); cf. kadayadami= cracking of bones' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta), cf. kadayadamta-cracking' (Paumacariu of Svayambhu II), cf. G. kadkad-ou= 'to crash, crack, rattle', see kadayadatti and kadayada-.] 609. Kadayada-76 7 7 'crackling noise of bower'. [=katakata-sabda (gl.); see kadayad- and kadayadatti-] 610. Kadayadatti-60 11 2 'with a crackling noise of bones'- [kadayad iti sabdena-; see kadayad- and kadayada-.] 611. Kadhakadh- 'to burn boiling' : intensely, to give forth sound while

kadhakadhai (pres. 3. s) 3 20 17, kadhakadhamta (pres p) 88 8 4. [=kvatham kurvan (gl), cf kadhakadhamtazhvathan (krodhena jvalan) (Bhavisayattakaha of Dhanapala. ); cf. G. hadkadtu= 'boiling (of water etc), kadh-vu= 'to boil violently', cf M. kadline 'to undergo heating or boiling-milk, oil, butter, wax and similar unctuous or semi-solid substances', derived from Sanskrit kvath-, Prakrit kadh 'boil'; see 鈽慿adhakadhakadh-,] 612. Kadhakadhakadh- 'to burn intensely. to be scorched (w. r. to limbs)' . kadhakadhakadhamt: (pres, 3. plural) 72 7 3. [=atisayena dahanti (gl.), cf. 鉁� hadhakadhakadh-= 'boil intensely' (Paumacariu of Svayambhu II); see kadhakadh-] 618. 鉁� Kanaran-'to give out sweet notes (w. r. to lute)'. kanaranamta (present participle) 2 2 11- [Combination of Sanskrit kvan- and ran-] 614. Kaniran- 'to Jingle', 'tinkle (w. r. to tiny bells of the anklets)': kaniramiya- (p. p,) 1 16 4. [Compare kanaranamli= 'jingling of anklets' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta).] 615 鈽慘alayal-'to coo', 'cry' : kalayalamti (pres 3. plural) 39 16 (w. r. to cuckoos), 39 12 7 (w. r. to flamingos). [Compare kalakal-.] 616. Kasamas-'to produce a creaking sound, to emit a rattling sound'. kasamasamti (pres. 3 plural) 35 9 3 (w. r. to bones while breaking), 57 21 10 (w. r. to food while chewing), 77 39 (w r to breaking or splitting of umbrellas), 78 16 11 (w- r to saddles breaking). [See kasamasatti ] 617. Kasamasatti-30 4 10 'with a creaking sound produced while munching', 60 9 12 emitting a rattling sound while being crushed or pulverized with the teeth'. [=bhaksana-prakara anukarane (gl); of the word kasarakka-=kasaratka-= carvana-sabda- recorded by Hemacandra in his grammar at 84 423 to mean chewing' and noted by PSM as Desi, ef. kasamasamiti= 'breaking of spears' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta)] The word kasamasatti occurs in JC at 3 14 2 In the Index to Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta kasamasatti 1 s connected with krsa+sakti and the word is taken to be equivalent to durbala-= 'weak'¹. But the context in which the 1. See Jasaharacariu, Vaidya, P L., Karanja, 1933, Glossary

expression occurs in JC, namely, "khaddha kasamasatti mudiyatthiraverna jamananam niya" is almost identical with one we find in Mahapurana of Puspadanta at 30 4 10, and in both the passages kasamasa-is quite obviously used as an ono natopoetic expression for the creaking sound produced while munching hard substances. 618. Kahakah-'to laugh noisily' 619. kahakahamta-(pres. p) 87 11 8. [ The gloss gives katham kathayan, as the commentator has split the word as kaha+kahamtu; cf. kahakahakahamta- occurring in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta at 1 16 6 where it appears to be connected with laughter (attahasa), cf kahakaha. mti='whizzing, laughing noisily, roaring with kahakaha sound' (PC I, II and III), see kahakaha-] Kahakaha 78 17 3, 71 7 6 'loud sound of laughter'. ( The gloss renders kahakaha ravam hasivi at 78 17 3 with yatha bhavatyevam hasitva, see kahakah- ] 620 Kilikil-- 'to squabble', 'to scream,' 'to burst into laughter, "to be fretful (w.r. to goblins)' kilikilamti (pres 3.p.) 46 5 2, 84 5 9, 88 5 14. [ Compare^/k路likit- occurring in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta, Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta & Caupanna Mahapurisacariu of Silanka(p.254, line 6) in the same sense w r. to goblins; cf./kilakil-= 'chirp, scream with joy, chuckle' (Paumacariu of Svayambhu I & II ) and kilikilika= 'screaming of goblins' (Up.K.); cf. M., G kilkilat= 'shout of joy, clamorous chirping or chattering, squabbling, chirping of birds at dawn', cf. Kannada kilkili= 'giggling'. See kiliki and kilikilikil-.] 621. Kilikili- 36 17 11, 78 4 7, 87 4 12, 97 2 10 'boisterous laughter of goblins'. 622 [ See 鉁搆ilikil-, kilikilikil- and 鉁� kiligil-.] 鈭欿ilikilikil- 'to squabble, to burst into laughter (w.r.to goblins)' kilikilikilamta (pres p.) 94 23 12 [See/kilikil-, kilikili- and 鈭� kiligil-.] 623. 鉁� Kiligil- 'to make a chattering no.se," to squabble': kiligiliya-(v 1. kilikiliya-) (past participle) 15 1 6 (w.r to monkeys), 28 367 (v 1 kilikiliya-) (w.r to goblins). [The variant kilikil-seems preferable. Seen/hilikil-, kilikilikil-, kilik. 111- ] 21

. Kukkar--'to grut (w.r. to elephants)". hukharmati (v 1 buhkarmti 1 huhhuvamt) (pres 3 plural) 77 5 11, [At Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta 2 27 7 kukkaramti occurs in the sense of 'squabble of monkeys', cf Hindi huh = 'cooing'] 625 Ke ke 20 6 10 'cry of peacocks' [Compare MW.kcha= 'the cry of a peacock' (MBh.), Lekavala(L)='a pea. cock-'.] 626. Kekkara- 91 19 'cry of peacock'. [Compare MW.kehay-= 'to cry (as a peacock)'.] 627. Khanakhan-- 'to jingle,' 'rattle' 'tinkle' khanakhanamiti (v.l.hhalakhalmti) (pres.3 pl) 77 3 10 (wr.to swords); khanakhanamta-(pres.p) 46 2 3 (w.r.to bangles), 75 8 13 (w.r. to swords) khanakhaniya-(p p.) 73 10 6 (wr.to beads of rosary). [Compare/khanakhan-, khunakhun-= 'clashing of swords' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta); cf. khanakhan-='tinkling' (PCI),' rattling of swords' (PC.II), 'clanging (PC.III); cf.M khanhhan-ne= 'to clang, clauk, ring', cf. Kon.khankhan-cc= 'clinking or jingling of glass bracelets'; see khanakhana-] 628. Khanakhana- 14 4 6, 'zingling of bangles'; 52 15 6, 52 16 22, 88 5 2 'rattling of swords'. [See/khanakhan-.] 629. Khalakhal-- to rustle,' 'patter,' 'gurgle,' 'ripple,' 'clatter,' 'clink' khalakhalami (pres 3 pl) 39 12 8 (w.r.to water), 85 2 12 (wr.to water); khalakhalamta- (pres p.) 46 2 6 (wr to chains), 88 11 10 (w.r to chains): khalakhaliya-(p p) 9 17 9 (w.r to chains). [Compare khalahala--khalakhala 1 jala-pravaha-sabdanukarane (Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta); cf khalakhalakhal-= 'gurgling' (Karakamdacariu,PC II), cf G hhalkhal= 'a gurgling sound, M. khalkhalat= 'noise arising from the collision of hard and sonorous bodies and Kon khalkhal-ce= 'to make (the coins) to rattle', see khalakhalakhal- ] 630. 鉁� Khalakhalakhal-'to gurgle, ripple' khalakhalakhalamta (pres p) 21 23 (w.r to spring water). [See khalakhal-.] 631. 鉁� Gadagadd--to rumble (w r to clouds)' gadagadiya-(past participle) 77 23 [Compare M gadagadne= 'to rumble, clatter, rattle of thunder, carts etc." and Konkani gadgad-= 'imitating of the rumbling, rattling, clattering (of thunder, carts, coaches etc).' and gudgudu='thunder'. 1

. 鉁� Gumagum-'to hum, buzz (w.r.to bees)': gumagumamti (pres. 3 plural) 13 10. [See gumugum- and No gumugumugum-,] 633. Gamugum- 'to hum, buzz (w. r. to bees)'. . gumugumai (pres.3 s) 73 16 2, gumugumamti (pres 3 pl) 39 12 3, 86 4 1, gumugumamta- (pres.p) 28 15 3, 46 2 2, 58 5 5, 63 1 5, 70 14 10, 99 9 鈥� 14; gumugumija-(p.p) 4 9 8, 20 5 1, 24 5 3,52 24 6, 73 13 5, 76 78 [Compare/gumugum- occurring in this sense in Bh cf.M ghumgum-ne= 'to resound or ring', seen/gumagum-and gumugumugum-] 634. Gumugumugum- 'to hum', 'buzz (w r. to bees)': 鉁� gumugumugumamta (pres p.) 23 1 11, 33 11 4, 81 3 5, 89 2 11, 93 15 8. [ Compare gumugumugumamta-= 'humming of bees' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta, Paumacariu of Svayambhu II ). see gumagum- and 鉁撯湏 gumugum-.] 635. 鉁� Gulugul - 'to grunt (w r. to elephants)' gulugulamli (pres. 3. pl) 84 5 7, 88 3 11; gulugulamta-(pres p.) 14 73 52 10 12, 78 17 4 [Compare Ngulagul- occurring in this very sense in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta, Paumacariu of Svayambhu I & II and gulugul- in CMC (p 254, line 7), PC II & Bhavisayattakaha of Dhanapala. ] 636. Ghadahada- (v 1. ghadayada-) 60 11 2 'sound imitating drinking in haste'. [Compare ghadatti in this sense occurring at JC, 2 37 4 cf G ghatakghatak= 'drinking eagerly or in in base (with the production of sound'), cf. M ghatghat= 'imitation of the sound of eager drinking'.] 637. Ghavaghavaghav- 'to clatter, tinkle (w r. to anklets)'; ghavaghavaghavamta-(pres p) 56 10 5, 81 5 4 - - [Compare Nghavaghavaghav- occurring in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta at 1 165, the relevant line is - "payaghaggharolihi ghavaghavaghavam-ta" - 'the anklets jingling'; the editor of Jasaharacariu has rendered 鉁� ghavaghav, with "gandhaprasarane desi (dhatu)", but the context is of tiny bells of anklets, hence it should be 'tinkling or clattering of bells' and not 'wafting of fragrance' which is usually 鉁� mahamah-. Similarly, ghava. ghavamta occurring at 9.43 in Bh 1 s rendered by the editor with parimalah prasaran', comparing it with M ghamghamat-2 But here also the context is of the bells tinkling The relevant passage is - "ghaggharaya-maha-rau ghavaghavamta" 'the great noise of the bells See Jasaharacariu Vaidya P L, Karanja, 1931, Glossary 1 2 See Bhavisayattakaha, Dalal, CD, & Gune, P D, Baroda, 1923, Glossary,

this sense in Paumacariu of Svayambhu I & II; clattering'; cf. ghavaghav- occurring in this 鉁� ghavaghav made up of two constituents of ghava- is used in Paumacariu of Svayambhu I & II in the context of masses of water.] 638. Ghurughurana- 91 15 1 [Compare 鉁� ghuruhurNghurugghur-= 'grunt 'grunting of wild swine'. occurring in occurring in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta (2 27 9) w.r.to hogs; cf. (w.r.to pigs)' (Paumacariu of Svayambhu II); cf. Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary ghurghura-= 'growling (of a dog or cat)', cf. M. ghurghurne= 'roar, growl, snarl'.] sound while splitting or rending 639. Carayar- 'to emit a cara-cara- (w.r.to skin)': carayaramta (present participle) 60 11 3. [Compare M. carcar-= 'Imitative of the sound of reuding, splitting, tearing', carcar= 'imitative of the sound proceeding from a body under a violent rending or tearing' and G. car-car= 'imitative of the sound made in tearing or cutting cloth, skin etc.'.] 640. 鉁� Calacal- 'to dangle (w.r to festoons)': calacalamia- (present participle) 46 2 7. [Compare calacalamti= 'sound of the entrails' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta), see 鉁� calaval. 641. 鉁揅alaval- 'to agitate,' 'writhe,' 'flutter,' 'move tremulously': calavala (pres.3.s.) 85 16 21 (w.r.to serpents); calavalami (pres.3.plural) 39 12 8 (w.r to waves), calavalamta-(present participle) 14 8 13 (v.1.calacalamla-) (w.r.to serpents), 5059 (wr to birds); calavali(y)a-(past participle) 28 36 6 (w.r.to banners), 29 5 3 (w.r.to banners), 29 54 (w.r. to water), 70 12 3 (w.r.to fishes). [Compare PSM calavalana-D= cancalata; 鈭� calaval- v 1. 鈭歝alacal- occurs in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta at 4 7 5 w.r to camaras, cf. calayalamla-= 'fluttering of baners' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta), cf. 鉁� calaval- 'writhe ( of serpents )' (PC I); cf. M. calval-= 'political agitation'; cf. G. calval= 'agitation' and calval-vu- 'to fidget', cf. Turner's Nepali Dictionary calbal= 'movements, restlessness' and calcal-= 'fidgeting', see 鉁� calacal_] 642. Cikkarana- 77 8 4 'giving out creaking or rattling sound (w.r.to chariot-wheels)'. [Paiasaddamahannavo does not note it. cf. Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary citkri= 'rattling'. (Balaramayana).] 648. Chimka- 'to sneeze': chimkra-(pp.) 78 26 9 (v.1 chakkia- v.1 chukkia-) [Compare chikka--ksuta-, 'sneezing' (D.3 36), cf. Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary chikka(L)= "Sneezing' See Turner's Nepali Dictionary chik-= 'sneeze'. Made up of the element clum and Prakrit kia- derived from Sk krta- See chumka-below.] onomatopoetic

. Chimka- 26 4 2 'a sneeze' [See chumk- above.] 645. Jalajal- 'to glow, glitter, burn intensely'. jalajalamta (pres.p) 46 24 (wr.to gems), jalajali(y)a- (pp) 20 22 5 (w.r to fire), 30 23 7 (wr to fire), 52 14 10 (wr to fire), 5699 (w r.to discus) [Compare jalajalajal-= 'burn furiously' (PC.II), cf G. jaljalou= 'to burn' and M jhaljhalne 'to shine, to glitter' The basic constituent derived from Sanskrit joal-] 646. 鈽慗igijig 'to sparkle, glitter, splash': jiginigamli (pres.3 pl) 84 5 10 (w.r to armours), Jigygamta- (present participle) 35 8 3 (w r.to armours), 46 27 (w.1 to ornaments), 52 11 4 (wrto gems), 78 8 9 (w.r to arrows), Jgyigiya, (p p.) 28 36 7 (w r. to swords), 75 8 13 (w.r.to swords). [Compare nggujigamta-= 'splashing of swords' (NC), cf G. jhagjhag-vu. Konkani Jhagjhagta and ngngta= 'to glitter, to sparkle, to glow'] 647. Jham jham- 37 14 10 'producing Jham-jham sound (w.r.to cymbals)', 648. Jhamkara- 9 10 8, 15 20 4, 20 6 9, 38 7 6 'humming of bees'. [Compare Jhamkara 'tinkling, humming' (PC.I.) ] 649. Jhamjbamsa- 3 20 3 'emitting Jham-jham sound (w.r.to cymbals)'. 650. Jhamdhottidotti- 4 10 10 'rhythmic sound produced due to drum-beats'. 651. Jhanajhan 'to jingle,' 'tinkle,' 'rumble': jhanajhanai (pres 3 s) 3 16 4 (w.r to anklets), 13 3 5 (wr to bells), jhanaj hanamta (pres p) 28 26 3 (wrto bow strings), Jhanajhani (y)a- (p p.) 16 13 2 (wr to ear of core), 46 10 3 (v 1 jhanyhunia-) (w r.to bells), 74 11 3 (wr to bow-string), 78 17 6 (v 1 runuruniya-) (wrto bells). [Compare jhanaj hana-= 'rumbling of paddy-ears' (NC), 1 13 5 and rumble (w.r to bow-strings)' at Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta 298 cf M Jhanjhanne 'to ring, clang, clank', cf. Hi Jhanjhanana= 'to tinkle, jingle'.] 652 Jharajhar- 'to make a sound as of splashing or dropping (w r. to springs) Jharajhariya- (past participle) 15 18 = [Compare MW Jharjhara 'a sound as of splashing or dropping', cf. Hi Jharjharna- 'to make a sound as the flow of water'. Connected with Sk hsar-]

. Jhalajhal-'to agitate'; 'ruffle', 'sprinkle', jhalajhala (pres. 3. s.) 3 20 18 (w. r. to sea), 85 16 3 (w. r. to water], jhalajhalamti (pres 3. plural) 8456 (w r. to blood); jhalajhalamta (pres p.) 46 25 (w. r to water), Jhalajhaliya (p p.) 12 2 13 (v. 1. jhalijhaliya-) (w r. to river-water), 39 13 3 (w r. to sea), 52 14 9 (w. r to ocean). [Compare Paiasaddamahannavo Jhalahaliya-(D)=ksubdha-, vicalita-= 'agitated'; of jhala. jhala ruffling of the sea' (Karakamdacariu, NC) cf. Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary Jhalajjhala= 'the sound of falling diops', cf. G Jaljaliya= 'slight drops of tears in eyes, slightly wet with tears', see jhalajhala- and jhalajjhala-.] 654. Jhalajhala-59 12 5 'sprinkling (of blood)' [See Jhalajhal- and jhalajjhala-] 655 Jhalajjhala-59 19 10 'the sound of falling drops (of water)'. [Compare MW jhalajjhala= 'sound of falling drops', of G. Jaljal-vu= 'shedding tears', see jhalajhal- and Jhalajhala-.] 656. Jhalajjhala-43 5 1 'flapping of elephant's ears'. [Compare jhalajhal= 'sound of fanning ears '(KC), cf. Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary halajjhala 'the flapping of an elephant's ears' ] 657. 鉁揓hunajhun-'to tinkle (w. r. to tiny bells)' jhunujhunamti-= (pres. 3. plural) 77 3 10 [Compare M Jhunjhun-= 'the tinkling made by toe-ornaments'.] 658. Tamkara-14 5 7, 28 1 9, 30 8 2, 72 1 6, 88 1 6 'tinkling of bells'. [Compare tamkara-= 'sound cf bell' (NC), cf tamkarava-= 'tinkling sound' (PC II), of MW tankara-= 'clang, twang', made up of tanand kara-. See tamkara- below] 659. Tambara-16 14 11, 28 26 3, 49 97, 59 12 13, 71 3 11, 88 5 6 'twang of bow-string'. [See tamkara- above] 660. Tanatan-'to tinkle (w. r to bells)' tanatanamia (pres p.) 462 3 [Compare 鉁搕anatan-= 'sound of bell' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta), 'chiming' (Paumacariu of Svayambhu II). cf G. tantan-.] 661. Tasatti-85 4 8 'with a cracking noise'. [fas-iti sabdena-, the relevant passage 1 s-"bhajjai nam tasatti thanabh. are'- 'breaks with a cracking noise as it were, with the weight of the breasts'.)

. Thakka-3 20 4, 12 3 17, 129 6, 93 8 5 'a kettle-drum, a a large drum'. [Perhaps came to mean 'a drum' because of the "dhak-dhak" sound the instrument produces when beaten; of PSM dhakka-=vedz a-visesa-; cf. dhahka, dhakka-adya-cisesa-(JC 13 5, Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta, Samaraiccakaha of Haribhadra ); cf of Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary dhakha-= 'a large drum (Rajatarangini); cf. Old. G. dhak-='drum'.] 663. 鉁� Dhakhar-'to bellow (w. 1. to bullocks)' dhakhana (past participle) 12 11 16 (r. 1 dhekkaria-). [Compare Paiasaddamahannavo dhikkiya- and dhakkia-(D)='bellowing of a bull', made up of dhakkara-. See 鈭歞hekk, 鈭歞hekkar, dhekkara-, and dhekharisa-] 664 Dhaladhal-'to shake, quiver': dhaladhalamti (pres. 3 plural) 77 5 12 (w r to bright stars); dhaladhaliya-(p p) 39 13 3 (v. 1 falataliya-) (w. r. to the globe of earth). [Compare Ntalatal-= 'shaking of the mountains' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta & Karakamdacariu), cf. G. dhaldhal-ou= 'to shake, to tremble', M. dhaldhalne 'to burn flaringly- as a light' and Hi dhalna= 'to become slant' See 鈭歞hal. ahal-.] 665 鉁� Dhalabal-'to shake', 'to agitate,' 'to be in commotion' . dhalahalya (p p) 17 7 5 (v 1. dhaladhaliya-) (w. r. to the globe of earth), 52 14 9 (v. 1. halahaliya-) (w. r. to serpents). [See dhaladhal-.] 666. Dhekk-'to bellow (ref. bulls)': dhekkamta (pres. p) 55 51 [Compare dhikk-garj-= 'to bellow' (H. 4 99), cf. dhekkiya-= 'bellowing' (PC III); cf. M. dhet 'the bellowing of a bull'; see 鈭歞hak. kar, No dhekk, No dhekkar-, dhekkara- and dhekkanya-.] 667. 鉁� Dhekkar-'to bellow (w. r. to bull)': dhekkaranta-(present participle) 35 10, 84 17 6, 93 2 3- [dhek-kr See 鈭歞hakkar-, dhekk, dhekkara- and dhekkarija-,] 668. Dhekkara-38 7 6, 85 24 8 'bellowing of bulls'. [Compare dhekkara-occurring in the same sense in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta (1 21 3) and Bhavisayattakaha of Dhanapala. and dhekhara- in Paumacariu of Svayambhu II, cf. M. dhekar---, 'a belch'; made up of dhek-kara-. See 鉁揹hakkar-, Nodhekk-, Ndhekkar, dhekkariya-] 669. Dhekkariya-10 8 6 'bellowing (of bulls)'. [=sabda-(gl); see No dhekkar and dhekkara-]

. Tadatti-18 3 1, 86 3 2 'with a crack (w. r. to the hitting of the serpent's hood)' [tratad ti sabdena- cf. tada tt-'with a noise (burst or cracked)' (H. 4. 352,357). cf. tadatti in this sense in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta 2 37 3] 671. Tadayad-'to crackle', 1497 (w. r to tadayada (pres. 3- s) 2 14 1 (w. r. to lightning) lightning), 85 16 5 (v. 1. tadayadai) (w r. to lightning); tadayadamti (pres. 3. plural) 60 5 2 (w r. to lightning); taday adamta- (pies p) 50 5 8 (v. 1. tadayalamta-) (w. r. to the globe of earth), tadayadiya- (p p.) 17 3 5 (w. r. to lightning), 59 199 (w r. to lightning), 77 5 14 (w. r. to lightning) [=sabdam karoti (gl), cf. Notadatadatad-= 'intensively emitting crackling sound (ref lightning),' (Paumacariu of Svayambhu II, & Paumacariu of Svayambhu III); cf. Ntadayad-= 'crackle (w. r. to lightning)', (Paumacariu of Svayambhu I, Paumacariu of Svayambhu II, Paumacariu of Svayambhu III), cf. Ntada. yad-= 'to totter (w. r. to the globe of earth)' (KC); see tadajadatti and tadayada-.] 672. Tadayada-15 3 1 'crackling (w. r. to lightning)'. [See tadayad-and tadayadatti.] 673. Tadayadatti- 77 3 9 'cracking with a 'tadayad-' sound (w r. to helmets); [tadayad iti sabdena, see 鈭歵adayad- and tadayada-] 674. 鉁� Tiditid-to make a sparkling noise (w r to sparks)' tiditidiya-(past participle) 25 5 8. [The relevant expression is -"tiditidiyatidikkaravanihena"-'under the pretext of the sparkling noise of sparks,.] 675. Turutur-'to blow, to tune, to sound (w r. to a musical instrument known as kahala-)', turuturya-(p. p) 12 3 4, 17 3 4, 78 26 4, 676. Thagithagigidugidugigi-17 3 2 (v. 1. thagidugigithagidugigi) 'rhythmic sound of beating drums'. 677. Thagidagiga-3 20 2 (v. 1. thagadugiga- v. 1. thagadugiga-) 'rhythmic sound of the strokes of the drum'- 678. Tharahar- 'to tremble, quiver, shake, flutter'. tharaharaz (pres.3.s) 3 20 14, 54 9 6, 58 20 5, 72 10 5, 83 17 9, 85 16 10, tharaharamti (pres 3. plural) 10 3 13, 12 2 11, 33 11 3, 77 5 10, 79 4 7, 84 8 7; tharaharamta- (pres p.) 39 13 2, 99 17 8, tharahari(y)a-

(pp) 12 5 7, 15 14 4, 17 7 11, 20 14 12, 22 12 12, 25 2 1,29 86, 35 10 10, 36 10 10, 37 21 11, 57 5 11, 62 11 9, 69 28 12, 69 34 8, 78 6 9, 82 10 4, 88 20 3, 94 23 7. [Compare tharaharia-= kampita-= 'trembling' (D 5 27), cf. ^/tharaharoccurring in this sense in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta, NC, Karakamdacariu, SR, Paumacariu of Svayambhu I, Paumacariu of Svayambhu III, Bhavisayattakaha of Dhanapala. , Vajjalaggam (235); cf M tharthar-ne, G. tharthar-vu, H tharrana= 'to tremble, quiver' see tharaharana-] 679. Tharaharana- 8 9 12, 41 6 12 'trembling, quivering'. 鉁� [=kampana (gl); see tharahar-,] 680. Thurahuri- 52 3 17 'shaking violently' (?) [The relevant passage is- "ther thuruhurt "- 'the Old and the Shaky' (names of the Vidyas); cf. No tharahar-.] 681. Dam Dam Dam Dam 4 11 3 'sort of rhythmic sound (of beating drums)'. [Compare daudau= 'sound of damaru' (PC.II).] 682. Dakakumdakumda- 4 10 9 'rhythmic sound produced from beating of the drum'. 688. Dadatti 9 13 2, 73 23 2 'with a thud, in a trice, immediately'. [dad-ti sabdena-; cf PSM dadavada sighram= 'immediately', cf. tadatti= 'with a tadat- sound, instantaneously' (JC, Pa.D); cf dadatti= tadal iti kriva (Bh); cf. dadayadamti= 'tumble (wrto trunks of dead soldiers)' at Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta 4 15 7.] 684. Dunikiti-3 20 3 (v 1. dunikitti v 1. dunikitta-) 'particular sound of tabor'. [Compare dunikiti-= 'particular sound of tabor' (PC II)] 685. 鉁� Dumudum- to make a dumu- dumu-sound (wr to drum)'. dumudumamta (pres p) 77 8 10 [Compare 鉁� dumudumudum- in PC-II.] 686. Dhaga tti- 78 27 2 'blazing, kindling of fire', [=prajvalyamana- (gl.), cf. dhagatti occurring in this very sense 10 JC ] 687. 鉁� Dhagadhag- 'to blaze,' 'to burn fiercely,' 'to dazzle,' 'to glow' dhagadhagat (pres 3 s) 3 20 6 (wrto fire), 20 22 4 (w.r to sun), dhagadhagamti (pres 3 pl) 33 13 2 (w.r to fire), 52 24 3 (wrto flash of lightning), 84 5 10 (wr.to weapons, missiles), dhagadhagamta- (pres p.) 16 26 (wr to fire), 46 26 (wr.to fire), 66 10 6 (wr,to discus), 78 16 1 (w.r to fire), 97 31 (wr to fire), 101 11 2 (w.r.to swords). 22

[Compare 鉁� dhagadhag- *sound of swords waved forcefully in the air' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta), cf, AJ dhagadhagadhag-= agnjoalana-sabdanukarane dhalu (JC) 8 13 4, cf. dhagadhagadhag- and dhagadhagadhagadhag-'burning, hot, burning fiercely' (PC.II), cf. N dhagadhag 'burn fiercely with cracks' (PC I,Bh), cf. Kannada dhagadhagisu, M dhagdhagne and G. dhagdhag-vu= 'to glow fiercely', see 鉁� dhagadhagadhag-.] - 688. Dhagadhagadhag- 'to blaze,' 'to burn fiercely,' 'to glitter' 路 dhagadhagadhagamta-(pres.p) 17 16 (w r. to fire), 51 16 2 (w.r. to fire), 52 19 7 (w.r to arrow), 56 7 7 (w r.to fire), 78 9 16 (w.r.to weapon), 86 1 16 (w.r.to fire). [Seedhagadhag-.] 689. Dhokka- 3 20 3 'emitting dhok- sound (w.r. to musical instruments)'. [The relevant expression 15- "Jhamjhamsa-dhokkel "-with (the musical instruments) giving out the sound jhamjham and dhok-] 690. Piyapiyapiya- 2 13 13 'melodious cooing of the calaka bird'. [Compare H鈧�. piyupiyu= 'cooing of a cuckoo'. 691. Pukkar- 'to call out': pukkarahi (pres-2.s.) 23 8 3. [Compare Paiasaddamahannavo No pukkar~= (put+kr-) 'to call'. cf. pukkar- occurring in the sense in Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta, Karakamdacariu; cf. plut- 鈭歖 kr-= 'to yell, shriek' (Kathasaritsagara) cf. H鈧�. pukarna= 'to call out'. Connected with pu+kr-.] 692. 鉁� Pharahar- 'to flutter (w.r. to flags or banners)': pharahariya-(p p.) 13 3 3. [Compare pharaharN 'flutter' (PC.I, Karakamdacariu, Bh); cf. G pharphar-vu, M. pharpharne 'to flutter, to flap'.] 693. Phukkara- 14 2 4, 57 5 7, 76 7 10 'hissing o' serpents'. [phu+kara, cf phukkara-= phutkara (PCI), cf. Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary phutkara-= 'the hiss of a serpent'. Connected with phuk鈫択r-] 694. Phupphuy- 'to hiss (w.r. to sankes)': phupphuvat (pres 3.s) 3 20 15 (v.1 pupphuvar), 85 16 20 (v.1. pupphuvai), phupphuyamt (pres.3 pl) 46 5 4 (v.1. pupphuyamt); phupphuyamta-(pres.p) 86 26 (v.1 pupphavamta-) v.1. pupphuyamta-. [Compare phupphuv-= 'hissing of snakes' (Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta), cf. G. phuphav-ouin the same sense and H 1. phuphkar= 'the hissing of a snake'.] 695 Phurahur- 'to snort, to make a purring or whirring sound with the mouth (w.r.to horses)': t

phuruhuramta-(present participle) 17 87 (v. 1. phuraphuramta-), phuruhuriya- (past participle) 88 7 15 (v.1. huruhurya- v. 1. phuruhariya-). [Paiasaddamahannavo notes 鈭� phuraphur- in the sense of 'excessive trembling'; cf. M. phur phurne 'to snort (w r. to a hourse or ass), whir, to make purring sound with the mouth'. cf. Hindi phurphurana, 'to tremble, to wave'.] 696. Bukkana- 98 3 7 'a crow'. [=kaka-(gl); the relevant passage 1 S "bukkana-pala-pariharanu" - 'giving up of a crow's flesh', cf. bukkana- kaka-= 'a crow' (D. 6 94, Trivikrama 3 4 72, 190); cf. bukkana- kaka (Lilavai), of vukkanaz kaka- (PC 11), cf. Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary bukkana-(L)= 'the bark of a dog or any noise made by animals'; as 鈭氣湏 bukk-= 'to bark, to crow', bukkana- is an Agentive noun etymologically meaning 'that which barks or caws'. ] 697. Bokkar- 'to scream; cry (w r. to monkeys)' bukkaramta-(present participle) 7 25 5, 73 25 5, 76 6 11. [Compare Noukkar-= gar]- (ref. monkeys) (Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta, Paumacariu of Svayambhu III), buk-+kr-. See bukkara-] 698 Bukkara- 20 5 7 'cry of monkeys', [Compare Paiasaddamahannavo bukkara- (D) = garjana-; cf. vukkara-= 'scream' (Paumacariu of Svayambhu I), cf. Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary butkara- 'the screaming of monkeys'; connected with buk-+ kara. See bukkar-] 696. Bukkira- 94 27 (v 1 bhukkira-) 'a dog'. - - [=bhasaka-(g]), the relevant passage is "kharu khara-bukkiru damtahi bhinnau" - 'the donkey and the cruel dog bit (him) with teeth'; bhukk. ana-= sva-= 'a dog' (D 6 110) and Paiasaddamahannavo bhukkira-= 'one who barks', Trivikrama also records 鉁揵ukk= garj-(Tr 31 50), cf. bhasana-= 'a dog' (Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta 3 1 6), cf Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary bhasaka-(L)= 'a dog', bukkira- can be taken as an Agentive noun from bukk-= 'to bark' meaning 'one who barks'] 700 Bekar- 'to bellow (w. r. to cows)' bekaramta (present participle) 41 26 (v 1 bukkaramta) [See Demkar-.] 701- Bhambh- 'to emit the sound 'bhambh' when the kettledrum is beaten' bhambhamta-(present participle) 42 7 2 [See bhembh- and bhambha-.]

. Bhambha- 3 20 4, 9 26 7, 4 10 11, 37 21 3, 38 14 6, 49 14 5, 64 11 2, 87 3 10 'a kind of drum, a kettledrum' [Comare bhambha- turya-visesa-= 'a kind of drum' (D. 6 100); cf. bhambha occurring in this sense in Jasaharacariu of Puspadanta (1 20 4), Paumacariu of Svayambhu II, Vt.; Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary records bhambha in the same scuse as occurring in Hemacandra's Parisistaparvan, perhaps the drum is known as bhambha- because of the 'bhambha-" sound it produces when beaten, see bhembha- and bhambh-] 703. Bhukk- 'to bark'; bhukkau- (imperative 3 s.) 187 - "phukkau chanayamdahu sarameu" - [ l he relevant passage is 'let the dog bark at the full-moon', of /bhukk-= 'to bark' (H. 4 186), cf. 鈻� bhukk-= bhas- 'braying of ass' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta), cf ^/bluk-= 'to bark' (Dhatupatha) of M bhunkne, Hi bhukna= 'to bark' and G bhuk-vi= 'to bray' ] - 704 Bhembh- 'to emit the 'bhembh' sound when the drum is beaten'. bhembhamta- (pres p) 3 20 4 (v 1 bhambhamta-), 17 3 8 (v 1 bhambhamta) [See bhembh- and bhambha-.] 705. Bhembha (v 1 bhambha-) 17 3 8 'a kind of durm, a kettle-drum'. [See bhambha and 鈭歜hembh-.] 706 Matakka-3 20 3 'rhythmic sound "matak-motak" produced from tabors'. [The relevant expression is - "dunikitimatakkehi" ] 707. Me me me- 16 9 10 'Imitative of the sound of bleating sheep, making the sound 'me me' [Compare mekaramta and memmayamta- occurring in JC (31 12 and 315) to express the bleating sound of a sheep.] 708 鉁� Ramj- 'to buzz (w. r. to bees)'. ramjiya-(p.p) 99 14 8 (v 1 rumnya-) [Compare ram]- occurring in this very sense in JC at 23 11. In view of the frequent form rum- and its derivatives, it is advisable to select rumjya- as the proper reading here See rum]-] 709. Ranajhan- 'to tinkle, vibrate, hum' ranajhana (pres. 3. s.) 3 18 8 (w.r to alavani), ranajhanamta- (present participle) 39 10 (w. r. to anklets), 12 137 (wr to bells), 77 4 10 (v. 1. run. urunamta-) (w r. to bells), 99 1 10 (w r to bells)

[Compare ranajhan-= 'tinkling or jingling anklets' (JC, Paumacariu of Svayambhu II, PC III, Bh), cf. ^ranajhan-= 'sound of bells' (NC), cf. G ranak-ou= 'to sound' and ranko-= 'the sound of a metallic vessel', connected with Sanskrit rana-+dhvana- See ranaran-.] 710. Ranaran- 'to tune', 'to sound,' 'to vibrate (wr to lute)', ranarania (p. p) 15 1 12. 711 [Compare dranaran-= 鈭歬uan-= 'to sound, to tinkle' (Bhavisayattakaha of Dhanapala. ), See ranajhan-.] - 鉁� Rambha 'bellow, to low (w.r to cows)', rambhamata-(present participle) 70 24 [=sabdam kurvan(gl), cf Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary bhambharava-= 'the lowing of cows'; cf. G, bhabhar-nu= 'to bellow', see rambha- ] 712. Rambba- 56 1 13 'bellowing of a cow' 713 - [Though the gloss interprets the word rambha- as "go-" 'a cow', really speaking it means 'bellowing', see rambh-.] 鉁� Rasamas- 'to emit a hissing and creaking sound, to send out loud reports, to emit sweet notes' rasamasamti (pres 3 pl) 58 19 8 (w r. to drums), 70 13 12 (v. 1. sama. samamti-) (w r to musical instruments), rasamasamta-(pres p) 46 28 (v 1 samasamamta-) (w. r. to musical instruments), [Compare rasamasakasamas-= 'emit hissing and creaking sound' (PC II)-] 714. Rumj 'to roar, to bark' rumja (pres 3 s) 38 19 5 (w. r to men) rumjamli (pres 3 plural) 13 11 10 (wr to lion), rumjamta-(pres. p) 33 3 12 (w.r to dogs), 51 1 12 (w. r to lions), 52 12 15 (w r to lions), rumjive (abs) 54 3 13 (w.r. lions), rumpya-(pp) 2 13 5 (wr to lions), 30 26 (w .r. to lions). 34 10 6 (w r. to lions) [=dustam sabdam karoti (gl), of ^/rum-= ru-= 'to make noise, to roar, to hum' (H 4 57), cf. /rumj-= ru-(Trivikrama 3 1 33), cf / rum- occurring in the sense of 'roaring' in Caupanna Mahapurisacariu of Silanka (p 254, line 7), see rumjana-.] 715. 鉁撯湏 Rumi- 'to hum,' 'to buzz,' 'to reverberate' runjamta- (pres p) 17 3 8 (wr to musical instrument called rumja-), 84 17 5 (wr to bees), rumjiya- (p p ) 8 4 12 (w.r to bees), 42 4 5 (w.r.to bees), 62 81 (v 1.ramjiya-) (w.r to bees), 88 16 1 (wr to bees). rumjaa- (p.p) 41 15 10 (w.r to bees). [=sabdita (gl), cf 鈭氣垰 rumj-= gunj-= 'to hum' (NC, JC 31 12), See ramj-.] >

. Rumjana- 49 6 5 'roaring of lions'. [See 鉁� rum- at S.No, 714] 717. Rumja 17 3 8 'a kind of musical instrument'. - [=vaditra-visesa- (gl), not recorded in Paiasaddamahannavo, cf rumja-= vadya-visesa- (Paumacariu of Svayambhu III), perhaps known as rumja- because of the 'rum]-, rumj-' sound it produces when played on', sec 鉁� rumj-at S. No. 715] 718. 鉁揜unojban- 'to hum, to buzz (w.r.to bees)': runujhuniya (p.p) 3 13 7 [Compare M. runjhun-= 'tinkling of toe-ornaments'; run-+dhvan-, runmay be extension of ru-, 'to cry'. See 鉁� runurun, runurunurun- and runurumt--] 719, Ranuran- 'to hum, to buzz (w.r.to bees)'. runurunai (pres 3.s) 5 17 1, 72 8 4, runurunamti (pres.3 pl) 121 14,16 12 14, 58 4 5, 87 11 7; runurunamla- (pres.p) 49 10 8, 73 15 1, 81 18 3, runurunia- (p.p) 15 1 13, 28 37 2, 40 2 8, 69 2 1. [=sakamam avyakta sabdam karoti (gl), cf. Paiasaddamahannavo 鉁搑unurun-, Nrunarun-= krand- and runaruna- (D) karuna-krandana-, cf. 鉁搑unurun- in this very sense occurring in Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta & Bb. cf. M. runrunne 'to hum'; sec 鉁� runujhun-. 鉁� runurunurun, and Norunurumt-.] 720 Runurunurun- 'to hum, to buzz (w.r.to bees)'. runurunurunamta- (pres.p) 34 12 2. [See 鉁� runujhun-, 鉁� runurun- and 鉁� runurumt-.] 721. Ranarumt- 'to hum, to buzz (w.r.to bees)'. runurumtar (pres 3.s.) 6 1 14, 8 5 16, 38 6 2, runurumteppinu (abs) 71 14 14, runurumti (y) a- (pp) 51 96, 94 8 7 [=sabdam karoti, anuragam karoti (gl), cf 鉁撯湏runurumt-= 'to bam' (PC II), see 鈽憆unujhun-, 鉁� runurun-, Nrunurunurun- and 鉁� rumt-.] 722 Rumt-'to hum (wr to bees)' rumtamta (present participle) 5 1 10 (v l.ruttamta-) [=sabdam kurvan (gl), cf. 鉁搑um!-= 鈭歳u-= 'to make noise, to hum' (H.4 57, Tr 3 1 33); cf. 鉁� rumt- occurring in this very sense in JC (417 14), PC.II, Up.K., see 鉁搑unurumt-.] 723. Rumtiya-15 11 5 'humming of bees'. [sabda (gl.), See 鉁� rumt .] 724. x/Ralughol- 'to roll about, to ruffle'. rulughuli(y)a- (past participle) 21 8 4 (wr.to carcass), 75 89 (w r.to the surface of the earth).

[Paiasaddamahannavo records rulughula- (D) in the sense of 'sighing'; cf. M. rulne= 'to roll about, to be ruffled'.] 725. 鉁� Ruhucuh-'to twitter, to chirp, to warble (w.r. to birds)'; ruhucuhamti (pres 3 plural) 83 9 6 (v.1 ruhacuhamti). [=sabdam kurvanti (gl.).] 726. Lalalal- 'to dangle constantly, to flutter, to move to and fro': 鉁� lalalalamti (pres.3.plural) 84 56 (w 1. to entrails); lalalalamta- (pres p) 46 2 4 (w.r. to banners), 52 1 11 (wrto tongue), 60 11 11 (w.r to tongue). [Compare lalalal-= 'dangling of tongue' (JC 1 9 5) 'dangling of skin' (Nayakumaracariu of Puspadanta), cf/lal== 'dangle' (PC III), cf G lalak-vu- 'to swing to and fro, to dangle'; cf M lallal-= 'in a lolling and wagging manner w.r to tongue'.] 727. Lihilihi- 35 2 5 (v 1. hililli-) 'neighing of horses'. [The expression used to indicate the neighing of horses is hilihilieven in later literature Therefore, here also the variant hilihili, seems preferable See 鉁撯湏hilihili-] 728. Vemkar- 'to bellow, to give out' '' sound (w.r. to cattle)': vemkaramta (pres p) 99 52 [The relevant passage is-"le goulu latyau venkaramtu"- 'he took away the cattle which were bellowing', vetkr- See No bekar-] 729. Salasal- 'to make a clinking sound, to rustle, to quiver' salasalamti (pres 3 p¹) 4 11 10 (wrto cymbals), salasali(y)a- (pp) 17 3 3 (v 1 salalaliya-) (wr to cymbals), 72 11 5 (wr to the leaves of pipal tree) [=sabdam kurvana-, kampamana- (gl.), cf salasal= 'flowing of blood' (NC); cf 鉁� salaval-= 'gliding of serpents' (KC); cf M salsalne= 'to glide along rustlingly or hissingly as a serpent, to bubble up briskly and noisily', cf. Kon salsalta= 'boils and bubbles up (w r. to any liquid') ] 730. Simisim- 'to produce a sizzling sound, to emit a 'simisimi-' sound while burning' simisimai (pres 3 s) 73 24 3 (w r to limbs of the body), simisimamti (pres. 3 plural) 39 12 3 (w r to river waters), simisimiya-(pp) 30 19 9 (w.r.to limbs of the boby) [Compare simisim-= 'to produce a sizzling sound while boiling (JC 35 14) 鈽憇tmisimisim- occurs in Chandonusasana of Hemacandra at 6 22 4 The context is the description of a rahint. The relevant

6. FOREIGN LOANS' (a) Words of Dravidian Origin 740. Akka-16 25 12 'mother'. 741 [=mata (gl.), the relevant passage 1 s-"akkasamana majjhu parapanain?" 'another man's wife is like a mother to me', cf. akha-= bhagini--= 'sister' (D. 1 6), zkuttimi, duti (Kumarapala Pratibodha); veszamata- (Srngaramanjari Katha)='sister' (Karakamdacariu),='a procuress' (Panini), ="a mother (used contemptuously) (supposed to be a term of foreign origin)" MW, Monier Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary also notes the word in the Acditions and corrections in the sense of 'a procuress' quoted from Pancatantra; of M., Kon akka= 'au elder sister or any elderly female'. The word IS a Dravidian loan, cf Kan ahha.. Tamil akka, Telugu, Mal, Kodagu, Tulu akke-='elder sister'] The context is not decisive. Both meanings 'mother' and 'sister' would suit. Addaa 90 3 14 'a mirror'. [=darpana- (gl.), Alsdorf notes abdakaas the gloss on addaa-; the relevant passage 1 s-"padibimbau addai ditthau"-'the reflexion was seen in the mirror', of addaa--darpana-, a mirror' (D. 1 14), the word amdaya-occurs in Paumacariu of Svayambhu II at 41 17 5 where the editor has rendered it with darpana-with a query, the relevant passage bere 1 s-"nam mahi. -kamini-kerau amdau"-'as though a mirror for the lady 101 the form of earth', cf addaa-occurring in this very sense in Gatha Saptasati and addaya-in Sam K. & Caupanna Mahapurisacariu of Silanka (p 248, line 17), the relevant passage 1 n CMC is "tattha palotyamekkammahasaravaram, addaya-mamdalam pwa tiloyalacchie"'There was seen a large lake, which was like a mirror of the Beauty of the three worlds' The word appears to have a Dravidian source, of Telugu addamu='mirror'. For the word abdaka given in the gloss see Appendix] -- 742. Amma- 69 27 1 'mother'. I - [The relevant passage is "so Junai ammi asitthai"-''O mother, he knows the untold matters', of amma-=amba, 'mother' (D.1 5), cf. amma-occurring in this very sense in JC (2 13 18, 3 11 4, 3 11 6), NC (3 6 16, 3 11 13) and Sam K The word seems to have a Dravidian source, of Kan, Ta amma, Te, Mal ame='mother'] For similar items in Hemacandra's Desinamamala see "Dravidian Element in Prakrit", K. Amrita Row, Indian Antiquary vol XVI, pp 33-36 and "Kanarese words in Desi Lexicons", Upadhye, A. N, ABOR 1, vol XII pp 277-284