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The system of puras is very important for the communities of 艢膩kdv墨p墨ya 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉 nowadays. According to their tradition, they originally settled in Magadha, where they received 72 principalities or cities (puras). DAVE (2011) confirms that they were identified by their puras rather than by their lineage (gotra). Later they migrated in all directions, but they have maintained the affiliation with the original puras, which are still considered more important than gotras in the 艢膩kdv墨p墨ya tradition. They are also very important for marriages, because these Br膩hmi峁噑 practice a strict exogamy; a man and a woman belonging to the same pura cannot marry (cf. chapter 5).

In R膧Y (1996: 130-138) we find a list of 72 puras related to 16 gotras and sacred texts (Vedas and Upavedas) of the 艢膩kadv墨p墨ya 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉. We may note that quite a number of them matches with the names in the Magavyakti (the underlined ones). This offers evidence that WEBER (1879: passim) was probably right in relating the names of the Maga families with toponyms; at least, this is what is reported in R膩y鈥檚 work. Judging from R膩y鈥檚 bibliography, at the time she worked on this topic, she was not aware of Weber鈥檚 publication and analysis of the names in the Magavyakti, but she was certainly aware of the subdivisions of puras in modern communities.

1. 膧spad(a), 鲍谤耻/鲍谤耻惫腻谤补
2. 碍丑补苍别峁���/ Khane蹋补惫腻谤补
3. 颁丑辞谤颈测腻谤补/颁丑辞谤颈测腻谤墨
4. Makhay膩/Makhap补惫腻谤补
5. 痴补谤腻/碍耻谤补颈惫腻谤补
6. 顿别惫补办耻濒墨/顿别惫补办耻濒颈测腻谤补
7. 叠丑补濒耻苍墨/叠丑补濒耻苍颈测腻谤补
8. 岣寀惫补谤墨/岣寀尘补谤颈测腻谤补
9. 笔补峁浤乺墨/笔补岣峚谤颈测腻谤补
10. 础诲补墨/础诲补颈测腻谤补
11. 艢y膩maro/艢y膩mariy膩ra
12. Pada墨/Padaiy膩ra
13. O岣峯/O岣峚riy膩ra tath膩 P墨tiy膩ra
14. 驳谤腻尘补 笔补惫补墨/艢补办耻苍墨 (Maula)/ Yotiy膩ra
15. 膧yera/Ai膩ro
16. 膧yera/厂补谤补颈测腻谤补
17. Ver墨/厂颈惫补耻谤颈测腻谤补
18. Chatiy膩n膩/Chatr补惫腻谤补
19. 痴补谤腻/V膩r补惫腻谤补
20. Ba峁僤hav膩/Baddh补惫腻谤补 (Yodhay膩ra)
21. 闯补尘耻补谤腻/闯补尘耻补谤腻
22. Sikarora/厂颈办补谤补耻谤颈腻谤补
23. pur(a), 惭补濒补耻岣嵞�/惭补濒补耻岣峣测腻谤补
24. Rahadaul墨/搁补丑补诲补耻濒颈测腻谤补
25. 弄峁僱膩/鲍濒濒腻谤办补
26. 笔腻峁环补苍补/笔耻峁囜笉补谤墨办补
27. 顿别惫补办耻濒墨/惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测腻谤办补
28. Saray奴t墨ra/痴腻濒腻谤办补
29. 碍腻艣墨/尝辞濒腻谤办补
30. 碍辞苍腻/碍辞峁嚹乺办补
31. 笔耻峁噛腻谤办补
32. Pa帽c膩na/痴补谤耻峁嚹乺办补
33. Bel膩m墨/Bilusaiy膩
34. Malav膩峁�/Malo峁沬y膩ra
35. 厂补辫补丑腻/厂补谤辫补丑腻谤办补
36. Mohar膩sudeva/Mahurasiy膩
37. 岣屇玥腻/顿别惫补岣嵞玥腻谤办补
38. 岣寀尘补谤腻/岣寀尘补谤补耻谤补
39. Ga峁僩ar墨 (艢颈惫补), 艢iv膩峁嘺/骋耻苍补蝉补颈测测腻
40. Ku峁沘v膩/Ku峁囜笉膩rka
41. Ga峁僩ar墨/骋补苍苍补颈测腻
42. P膩峁囜笉eya/pur(a), 础颈腻谤墨-础谤颈丑补峁僺颈测腻
43. 岣宔har墨/顿别惫补濒补蝉颈测腻 (顿别丑耻濒腻蝉补)
44. Ju峁�峁環墨/Ju峁�峁環墨var墨
45. Kukaraudh膩/Kukaraidh膩
46. Devacand膩/Devavaru峁嚹乺ka
47. 顿别惫腻/顿别惫补丑腻
48. Goha/Gorah膩
49. Soraga峁僷ur(a)a/Sauriy膩ra
50. 峁琱补办耻谤墨/峁琱补办耻谤补尘别谤腻惫补
51. 笔补峁僣补尘墨/Pacaka峁囜弓h墨 (Pacaka峁環a)
52. Pa峁僣膩napur(a)a/笔补峁僣补丑腻测补
53. Vinay膩rka (碍腻艣墨) eva峁� 痴颈苍腻测补办补 (骋补苍别艣补辫耻谤(补)补)/骋耻峁嘺测腻谤办补
54. Kakarah墨/艢u峁囜笉膩rka
55. Deva/顿别惫补测腻谤补
56. Maho艣a/Maho艣补惫腻谤补
57. Arav膩la/Audhiy膩ra
58. Ga峁僩a峁���/Ga岣峚峁嘺rka
59. 碍辞谤墨
60. Punarakha/笔耻苍补谤补办丑颈测腻
61. C膩峁僤apura/Ca峁囜笉aroha (颁补峁囜笉谤辞峁璱) Ma峁囜笉al膩mn膩ya
62. 岣屇玥腻/顿墨丑颈办补
63. Pisan膩r墨/笔补峁�峁�颈蝉补
64. 碍丑补苍别峁���/碍丑补峁沘蝉奴辫补
65. Kaithuv膩/Kapitthaka
66. Badhav膩/Balib膩峁僤ha
67. Khajan墨/K膩jh奴 (Kh膩峁僯ha)
68. 碍丑补箩耻谤墨/碍丑补箩耻谤补丑腻
69. J奴峁浤�/Juttha (Ju峁環(a)na)
70. Varas膩峁�/痴补峁沘蝉腻谤补 (痴补峁璦蝉腻谤补)
71. Bha峁冡笉ariy膩/叠丑补颈岣嵞乸腻办补谤补
72. Vihar膩/Vihar墨ha
73. 惭峁沢腻/惭峁沢补丑腻
74. Pa峁環akaul墨/Pa峁環akauliy膩ra
75. 惭颈丑颈谤补蝉墨
76. (Seta) R膩mapura/Svetabhadra
77. 贬耻峁嘺谤腻丑墨/Hu峁沘riy膩ra
78. Siy膩r墨/Siyariy膩ra
79. Gorakhapura/Gorakapuriy膩
80. 艢r墨maura/艢谤墨尘补耻谤颈测腻谤补
81. 笔腻谤补蝉补/笔腻谤补蝉补ma
82. Malav膩峁�, Mallora
83. Muja峁冡箾iy膩/Muj膩ditya
84. Harih膩sa/Harihasiy膩
85. Pipar膩/Piparah膩
86. Belag膩峁僾a/Belap膩ra
87. Devakal墨/Dharm膩ditya
88. 厂补尘补谤墨/艢测腻尘补产补耻谤补
89. Cain补惫腻谤补
90. Setapura (厂补尘补谤墨)/厂补辫迟腻谤办补

Some of these names are particularly relevant from a historical perspective: 惭峁沢腻-M峁沢ah膩 (73) shows the other spelling of the name Maga, also found in 碍奴谤尘补-辫耻谤腻峁嘺 49, 37 痴颈峁ａ箛耻-辫耻谤腻峁嘺 II, 4, 69 and in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 VI, 12, 33鈥�34. For 贬耻峁嘺谤腻丑墨 (77), I would not exclude the possibility that the u was shortened from 奴, which would thus suggest a link with 贬奴峁嘺 people. 厂补辫迟腻谤办补 (90) represents one of the categories of the Magavyakti, the seven arkas previously discussed.

The double-underlined names correspond to the list of puras found on the website of a contemporary community in B墨k膩ner, available at http://www.shakdwipiya.com/gotra.php. The majority of them correlate to the names in the Magavyakti (M.) and in R膩y鈥檚 work (R.).

笔奴谤惫补 me虈 gotra^[1] pura

1. Kurai膩ra = M.; R.
2. Bh膩lun墨膩ra 鈮� M.; R.
3. Kori膩ra
4. Chatrav膩n墨 鈮� M.; R.
5. Y膩muv膩ra
6. Malauri膩ra 鈮� M.; more similar to R.
7. 痴腻濒腻谤办补 鈮� M.; R.
8. Hyarasiy膩
9. 顿别惫补濒补蝉颈测腻 鈮� M.; R.
10. Mallauda 鈮� M.; R.
11. Hud峁沨墨y膩ra
12. 艢惫别迟补产丑补诲谤补 鈮� R.
13. 笔耻苍补谤补办丑颈测腻 = R.
14. Mihara (Mihira? R.)
15. Bhe岣嵞乸膩kara 鈮� M.; R.
16. Par膩sa艣墨n 鈮� M.; R.

Additionally, in P膧峁吗笇贰 (*: 21), there is list of 16 gotra-puras, which is almost identical to the website鈥檚 list, with the exception of some dissimilarities in numbers 10, 11, 15 and 16.

笔奴谤惫补 me虈 gotra (pura)

1. Kurai膩ra
2. Bh膩lun墨膩ra (M奴rtih膩)
3. Kori膩ra
4. Chatrav膩n墨
5. Y膩muv膩ra
6. Malauri膩ra
7. 痴腻濒腻谤办补
8. Hyarasiy膩
9. 顿别惫补濒补蝉颈测腻
10. Mallau峁沘
11. Hu峁涐箾h墨y膩ra
12. 艢惫别迟补产丑补诲谤补
13. Punarkhy膩 (Sarev膩)
14. Mihara
15. Bhe峁浤乸膩kara
16. P膩r膩艣墨na

In the magazine Magabandhu (Janvar墨鈥揓奴n 2014: 20鈥�21; cf. chapter 5), the system of gotras and puras is presented in 56 different combinations. The puras appear to be 21 in total, repeated in relation to different gotras and families.

Ur补惫腻谤补 = M. 笔耻峁噛腻谤办补 = M., R. 岣寀尘补谤补耻谤补 = M., R. 础诲补墨膩ra = M. 笔补惫补墨膩ra 鈮� M. 骋耻濒补蝉补墨测腻 Makhap补惫腻谤补 = M., R. Kha峁冡弓补惫腻谤补 鈮� M. 闯补尘耻腻谤补 鈮� M., R. 笔补峁僣补丑腻测补 鈮� R. 颁丑辞谤颈测腻谤补 鈮� M., = R.

惭补丑别艣惫腻谤补 顿别惫补丑腻 厂补谤补墨腻谤补 鈮� M. 艢谤墨尘补耻谤颈测腻谤补 = R. 叠丑补濒耻苍颈测腻谤补 鈮� M., = R. 痴颈苍测腻谤办补 = R. 叠颈濒补蝉补墨测补 顿别惫补办耻濒颈测腻谤补 鈮� M., = R. 笔辞迟颈测腻谤补 惭辞丑补谤补蝉颈测腻 鈮� M.

All the names of the puras found in modern literature have striking parallels in the Magavyakti (listed in alphabetical order):

Aday墨 鈮� Adai膩ra 鈮� / = Arihasi膩 鈮� Ur补惫腻谤补 Uru 鲍谤耻惫腻谤补 鲍濒濒腻谤办补 Ai膩ra 鈮� Kha峁囜弓补惫腻谤补 鈮� Kapittha 鈮� Kapitthaka Kurai膩ra 鈮� 碍辞峁嘺 鈮� 碍辞峁嚹乺办补 Khajuraha 鈮� Khajurai膩 鈮� Khanasupa 鈮� Khane峁璾 鈮� Gannai膩 鈮� Gu峁嘺sai峁兡� 鈮� Ca峁冡笉aro峁璱 鈮� Ca峁囜笉aro峁璱 鈮� Chatr补惫腻谤补

Cheri膩ra 鈮� Javu膩ra 鈮� 峁琣kura 鈮� 峁琣kkur膩ya 鈮� 岣屇玥墨 鈮� 岣寀尘补谤补耻谤补 岣寀mar墨 鈮� 岣寀mari膩ra 鈮� Devaku膩ra 鈮� 顿别惫补办耻濒墨 Deva岣嵞玥a 鈮� Deva岣嵞玥膩 鈮� Devalasi膩 鈮� Dehul膩si 鈮� Dehulasia 鈮� Dehul膩sia 鈮� Pa峁璱艣膩 鈮� Pa岣峚r墨 鈮� Pa岣峚ri膩ra 鈮� Par膩艣膩岣� 鈮� Pavairi 鈮� Pavai膩ra 鈮� 笔耻峁噛腻谤办补

Bhaluni膩ra 鈮� 叠丑补濒耻苍墨 Bhe岣嵞乸膩kari 鈮� Makhap补惫腻谤补 Malau岣峚 鈮� Malau岣峣膩ra 鈮� Muhur膩si膩 鈮� Rahadali膩ra 鈮� 尝辞濒腻谤办补 Va岣峚s膩ra 鈮�[2] Va岣嵞乻膩ra 鈮� V膩r补惫腻谤补 V膩ru峁嚹乺ka 鈮� 痴腻濒补 鈮� Sarai膩ra 鈮� Sarpaha 鈮� Sarpah膩 鈮� Sikauri膩ra 鈮� Sicauri膩ra 鈮� Siv膩ri膩ra 鈮� Sivaur墨 鈮�

Finally, I would like to briefly discuss the names that are in common to both R膩y鈥檚 list and in the website/P_{膧峁吗笇贰}, but that are absent from the Magavyakti. In particular, we have Svetabhadra/艢惫别迟补产丑补诲谤补 and 惭颈丑颈谤补蝉墨/Mihara. The first name can be connected with various topics: according to Monier-Williams鈥� (A Sanskrit-English Dictionary) (1107, I) 艢惫别迟补产丑补诲谤补 is the name of one of the Guhyakas, the attendants of the god Kubera and guardians of his treasures; another link can be established with the legendary 艢惫别迟补诲惫墨辫补,^[3] 痴颈峁ａ箛耻鈥檚 land, characterized by the whiteness of light (艣惫别迟补鈥檚 primary meaning is in fact 鈥�white鈥�). Lastly, I cannot rule out that it is a reference to 艣惫别迟谤补-, the 鈥榳hite leprosy鈥�^[4] : this is the blessed event that represents the starting point of 厂腻尘产补鈥檚 devotion to the sun. Mihira is one of the names of the sun; specifically, it seems to be the (Middle-)Iranian version of the god.^[5]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

I do not think that nowadays communities really distinguish between gotras and puras. I met some people belonging to the 艢膩kadv墨p墨ya communities who were not (completely) aware of the difference between them. They do need to rely on them just for marriage policies.

[2]:

It is quite possible that 峁璦- and 峁沘- have been interchanged.

[3]:

See CLARK 1919: passim.

[4]:

Herodotus (His. CXXXVIII, 231) speaks of the 鈥榳hite disease鈥�; BLOCH (2010: passim) thinks that 厂腻尘产补鈥檚 leprosy can be related to the Sh膩h N膩meh鈥檚 story of S膩m, who has a son with white hair. For references on leprosy in India and Iran, see PALLADINO 20??a.

[5]:

Cf. paragraph 2.1.