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In this chapter we have discussed the traditional streams of Sanskrit education which are informal in status. Vedic education is a powerful source of traditional Sanskrit in Kerala. Rgveda, Samaveda, and Yajurveda are taught in traditional families and in traditional institutions. Religious and secular institutions show interest in the propagation of vedic knowledge. The readings of Itihasas and puranas theatre like Kutiyattam, Kuttu, Pathakam, Kathakali, Krsnanattam and Maruttukali give informal education of Sanskrit to the common people. Vastusastra Jyotisa, and Tantra are other traditional forms of knowledge existing in Kerala. Traditional families who know these sastras are continuing its education. Other sources of informal education are classical music and dance forms, sopanasangitam, Aksaraslokam etc.. which are parts of Kerala tradition. The traditional agencies of education are trying to continue their work with necessary change in the style of eudcation.

237 Notes: 1. C.M. Neelakandan, Sruthisaubhagam, Kunnamkulam: Kanippayyur Sankaran Namputiripad Smaraka Granthasala, Panchangam Pusthakasala, 2005, p.32. 2. Vadakkumkur Raja Raja Varma, Keraliya Samskrta Sahithya 3. 4. Caritram, Vol.I, Kalady: Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, 1997, p.29. Vidyartthi Purvavidyarti Sangamam Smaranika, Thrissur: Brahmaswam Matham, 2004, p.73 Vide Vadakke Matham Brahmasvam Brochure, Published by 5. Brahmasvam Matham, Thrissur, 2008. Information gathered from Madhuthazham, Neelakandan Namputiri, Brahmasvam Matham, Thrissur: on 29/10/2005. Information gathered from Madhuthazham, Neelakandan 6. Namputiri, Brahmasvam Matham, Thrissur: on 29/10/2005. 7. Information gathered from Madhuthazham, Neelakandan 8. 9. Namputiri, Brahmasvam Matham, Thrissur: on 29/10/2005. Information collected from Edamana Vasudevan Namputiri Sanskrit Teacher, Brahmasvam Matham, Thrissur: on 29/10/2005. C.M Neelakandan and Paleri Narayanan, Vedakiranangal, Thrissur: Vadakkemadham Brahmaswam, 1995, p.5.

238 10. Information gathered from Oravankara Damodaran Namputiri, 11. 12. 13. Bramasvam Matham, Thrissur: dated on 7/6/07. K. Kunjunniraja and M.S Menon (Ed), Samskrita Sahitya Caritam, Part I&II, Thrissur: Kerala Sahitya Acadamy, 2002, p.208. Information gathered from the Nellikkal Vasudevan Namputiri, Panjal: Samaveda Gurukulam, on 15-10-2005. Information gathered from Narayanan Namputiri, Secretary, Kanchi Kamakoti Yajurveda Vidyapitham, Irinjalakuda: on 21/07/08 14. Information gathered from Narayanan Namputiri, Vyloor former teacher,Kanchi Kamkoti Yajurveda Vidyapitam, Irinjalakuda: on 22/10/2005 15. Information gathered from Narayanan Namputiri, Secretary, Kanchi Kamakoti Yajurveda Vidyapitam, Irinjalakuda: on 21/07/2008 16. Information gathered from Raman Namputhiri Kaimukkumana, 17. Mattattur: on 2/07/08. Information gathered from Ramachandran, Vedic teacher, Sri Sathya Sai Sevasamithi, Thrissur: on 7/7/08. 18. Information gathered from Narayanan, Co-ordinator, Sri Sathya Sai Seva Samithi, Nilampur: on 6/5/09. 19. Information gathered from Dr. M.R Rajesh, Kasyapa Vedic Research Foudation, Ballussery: on 18/10/2008.

239 20. Dr. Krishnamani Tripathi, Srimadbhagavatatattva Samiksa, 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sarasvatibhavan, 1980, pp.9-10. Muzhangottuvila Krishnapillai, Srimadbhagavatam Kerala Bhasaganam, Kottayam: Sahitya Pravartaka Co-operative Society Ltd, 1973, p.70. prathamo'hni varahantam dvitiye bharatantakam trtiye srinrsimhantam caturthe vamsavarnanam pancame gurulilantam sasthe lila samapanam saptame sukapujantam saptahakrama irita || Information gathered from interview with the Vasudevan Namputiri, Saptaha reader, Midhinappilli, Thrissur: dated on 4/1/2009. Poovattur N. Ramakrishnapillai, Kerala Samskrita Vijnanakosam, Kottayam: Current Books, 2006, p. 494 Ulloor S. Parameswara lyyar, Kerala Sahitya caritram, Vol.V, Thiruvananthapuram: University of Kerala, 1975, p.213. 26. Poovattur N. Ramakrishna Pillai, p. 494. 27. Bharatamuni, Natyasastra, I, 116. 28. Natyasastra, 14.2. vaciyatnastu kartavyo natyasyeyam tanuh smrta anganepathyasatvani vakyartham vyanjayanti hi | |

240 29. 30. 31. 32. Fairly P. Richmond, Swann C. Darias and Zarrilli Philip (Eds), Indian Theatre Traditions of Performance, Vol. I, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (P) Ltd, 1993, p.88. Ayyappapanikkar, K, Introduction to Sangeet Natak Special Issue Kutiyattam, New Delhi: Sangeet Nataka Akademi, No-111-114, 1990, p.12. Mani Madhava Cakyar, Natya Kalpadrumam, Cheruthuruthy: Kerala Kalamandalam, 1975, p. 13. Information gathered from the Interview conducted with Dr. S. Jayanthy, Mani Madhava Cakyar Smaraka Gurukulam, Palghat: 17/11/06. Vide appendix-I. 33. Informations from the same interview as above. 34. Informations from the same interview as above. 35. 36. Informations from the same interview as above. Ayyappapanikar K. "My Training, My Guru of Ammannur Madhava Cakyar', in Sangeetha Natak Special Issue Kutiyattam, New Delhi: Sangeet Natak Akademi; No.- 111-114, 1990, p. 81. 37. Mani Madhava Cakyar, 'The training Method of Kutiyattam', in Sangeetha Natak Special Issue Kutiyattam, p.49. 38. Information gathered from Dr. S. Jayanthy, Mani Madhava Cakyar Smaraka Gurukulam, Palghat: 17/11/06.

241 39. Poovattur N. Ramakrishna Pillai., p.423. 40. Ammannur Madava Cakyar, "Kutiyattam in Temples", in Sangeet Natak Special Issue, pp.32-37. 41. Ibid., 42. Poovattur N. Ramakrishna Pillai, p.464. 43. 44. P. K. Naryanan Nambiar, (Ed.), Manjoosha, Palakkad: Padmasree Mani Madhavachakyar Smaraka Gurukulam, 2005, p. 46. P. K. Narayan nambiar, p. 46. 45. Ibid., p. 46. 46. Interview conducted with Dr. S. Jayanthi 47. 48. K.P.C, Narayana Bhattatiri, 'Mani Madhavacakyar', in Manjoosha, p. 31. G.Venu, Ammannur Madhava Cakyar, Ente Kutiyattam Smaranakalilude, Irinjalakkuda: Natana Kairali, 2002, pp. 15-16. 49. Sasidharan Clari, Keraliya Kalakal, Kozhikode: Olive Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2007, p. 64. 50. Ibid., p. 65. 51. Ibid., p. 66. 52. Information gathered from Gopi master, Unnai Varier Kalanilayam, Irinjalakkuda: 08/07/2008.

242 53. K. P. Narayana Pisharoti, Kalalokam, Thrissur: Kerala Sahitya Akademi, 1989, p. 30. 54. Vadakkumkur Raja Raja Varma, Keraliya Samskrta Sahitya 55. 56. Caritram, Vol. I, p. 44. R. Swaminathan and Sudha Krishnan (Ed. and Tran.), Krsnagiti, New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Pvt. Ltd., 1997, p. XIII. Information gathered from Achyuthan kutty, Sanskrit teacher, Krishnanattam Kalari, Guruvayur, on 04/05/08. 57. Sasidharan Clari, Keraleeya Kalakal, p. 62. 58. Ibid., p. 55. 59. Kapila Vatsyayan, The Art of Kerala Kshetram, (Ed.) K. G. Paulose, Trippunithura: Sree Rama Varma Government Sanskrit College 1989, p. 110. Ibid., p. 111. Ibid. 60. 61. 62. Information gathered from Mr. K. U. Krishnakumar, Chief instructor, Cumar citra Kala Kendram, Guruvayur: on 13/05/08. Malayalamanorama daily dated on 01/09/08. 63. 64. Information gathered from K. U. Krishnakumar, Chief Instructor, Cumar citra Kalakendram, Guruvayur.

65. 243 Gayathridevi Vasudev (Ed), Vastu Astrology and Architecture, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1998, p. 5. 66. Ibid., p. 6. 67. 68. 69. 70. P. Arundhati, Vastuvidya in Manasollasa, New Delhi: Published with the financial assistance received from R. S. S., 2003, p. 26. N. H. Sahasrabudha & Mahatme R. D., Secrets of Vastusastra, N. Delhi, A Sterling Paper Back, 1998, pp. 28 - 29. Vadakkumkur, Raja Raja Varma, Keraliya Samskrta Sahitya Caritram, p. 47. P. V. Ouseph, Keraliya Vastuvidya Paramparyam, Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Books, 2005, p. 114. 71. 72. Information gathered from Prof.P.V. Ouseph, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady: on 30/11/2005. K. Kunjunni Raja, Contribution of Kerala to Sanskrit Literature Madras: University of Madras, 1980, p.211. 73. Kottarathil Sankunni, Aithihyamala, Vol. I, Kottayam: Manorama 74. 75. Publication Division, 2009, p.60. Information gathered from Narayanan Namputiri, Kaimukkumana, Mattattur, Thrissur: on 11/07/2007. M.V Vishnu Namputiri, Poorakkali, Kottayam: Published by Author, Current Books, 1998, p.52.

244 76. M.V Vishnu Namputiri, Folklore Nikhandu, Thiruvananthapuram: The State institute of Language, Nalanda, 2000, p.565. 77. Ibid., p.565 ff 78. Information gathered from Madhavapanickar. P.P, Maruttakali Asan, Kanjangad: on 02/08/2008. 79. Damodara Panikar, Poorakali and Marathukali, Kanjangad; Kerala Poorakali Kala Academy, 2006, p.15 ff. 80. Ibid., pp. 19-20 81. Ibid., pp.20-21. 82. Information gathered from Madhavapanikkar P.P., Vide Appendix-II, 83. Poovattur N. Ramakrishna Pillai, p.288. 84. 85. Tantra Vidhyapitham, Silver Jublee Souvanir, Published by Tandravidya Pitham, Aluva: 1997-98, p.25 Information gathered from Sukumara Varma, Trustee, Tantra Vidhyapitham, Aluva: on 18/8/2009. 86. Information gathered from Karumatra Vijayan, Founder of Gurupadam Tantra Vidyapitham Kanikkulangara, Thrissur: on 24/5/2008. 87. Information gathered from the Interview conducted with S.Janardhanan, Subrahmanya Kalakshetram, Thrissur: on 11/05/2007, Vide Appendix-III.

245 88. Information gathered from Indira G. Marar. Natya Kalakshetram, Ballussery: on 15/12/2007. 89. Prahlada D. Char (editor in chief) Samskrita Vijnanavaibhavam, 90. Vol.II, Tiruppathi: Rastriya Sanskrit Vidyapitha, 2001, p.53 Information gathered from Sajeevan Co-ordinator, Patanjali Yogavidyapitam, Chalakkudy: on 18/10/2008. Information gathered from Sankaranarayanan Sopana Musician, 91. Anusthana Kalabhyasanakendra, Peruvanam, Thrissur: on 27/12/05. 92. Poovattur N. Ramakrishna Pillai, p. 3. 93. Vishnu Namputiri, Folklore Nighandu, p. 341. 94. G. Venu, Tolpavakoothu: Shadow Puppet Plays of Kerala, New Delhi: Sangeetha Nataka Akademi, 1970, p. 9. 95. Information gathered from Ramachandran Tolpavakuttu Artist, Kunathara, Palakkad: 31/07/08.