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47 NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. Winternitz, The Jainas in the History of Indian Literature, p.2. 2. V. Raghavan, Introduction, The Adyar Library Bulletin, Vol. XXXVIL Sat 3. Infra, The Views of Indologist on Jainas writers, pp. 39-41 4. The Adyar Library Bulletin, vol.xxxviii, Intro. 5. Brihatkatha-Kosha, Intro, p.113. 6. "The Brhatkathakosa of Harisena" Journal of Oriental Institute, Baroda, xxviii, 1979, p.7. 7. Pracijyoti, 1982-83, p.98. 8. A.N.Upadhye, Introduction to Brihatkatha-Kosha , p. 90. 9. Ibid 10. Infra, Leading fiction motifs in Jaina Stories, pp. 30-35. 11. Bloomfield has emphasised on a renewed attempt to assemble in one place the large number of new niti stanzas contained in several Jaina narrative works, Parsvanathcarita, The Life and Stories of Parsvanath, p. 208. 12. Natvasastra. L 116; Kavyalankara. V.4. 13. V.Raghavan, opcit; Winternitz, HIIL, vol.II; p.570; Buhler, On the Indian Sect of Jainas, p. 22. 14. See the chapters III, IV, V. 15. M. Krishnamachari, A History of Sanskrit Literature, Introduction. 16. Indian Kavya Literature, vol .II, p.1. 17. Ibid, vol.1, p.190.

48 18. A.B.Keith, A History of Sanskrit Literature, p.42. 19. A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.II, p.334. 20. "Nrrative Literature in Jaina Maharastri", Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol.XVI, p.27. 21. A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz),vol.III, p.331-332. 22. Ibid. 23. Quoted by J.C.Jain, Studies in Early Jainism. p. 91. 24. A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.III, p.364. 25. Ibid. p.380. 26. Prakrit Jain Katha Sahitya, p.3. 27. Quoted by J.C.Jain, Ibid. p.49-50. 28. Essays, Analytical, Critical and Philological on Subjects Connected with Sanskrit Literature p.2. 29. Hertel's view quoted by Winternitz, HIIL, vol.III, p.377. 30. M.Krishnamachari, opcit. 31. As quoted by M.krishnamachari,opcit, p.420. 32. Quoted by Peterson, Hitopadesa, preface, p.vii. 33. Quoted by Kieth, opcit, preface, p.xi. 34. Quoted by M. Krishnamacari, opcit, Chapter xviii, p.411. 35. J.C.Jain, opcit. 36. A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.III, p.333. 37. J.C.Jain, Studies in Early Jainism, p.91. 38. Pancatantra, Tr. into English by G.L. Chandiramani, preface, p.i. 39. A.N. Upadhye's Introduction to Brihatkatha-Kosha 40. Keith, opcit.

49 41. Winternitz, opcit, p.336. 42. Sthanamgasutra, adhyayana-3, uddesaka-3, sutra-194; also Dashavaikalika-niryukti pp.212-215. 43. Haribhadra Suri's Samaradityakatha (bhumika), p.3. 44. Lilavatikatha, gatha-35-36. 45. Udyotana Suri's Kuvalayamala, p.22; G.C.Chaudhury's Jain Sahityaka ka Brhat Itihasa, vol.vi, p.231; Udyotana divides the last varity i.e. mixed (Sankina) into artha, kama, and dharma. 46. Sthanamgasutra, 4-2-282. 47. Dashavaikalika-niryukti, gatha - 212-215; Haribhadra Suri, opcit, Sthanangasutra, 3-3-194 omits the variety mixed (sankimna). For the sub-division of Dharmakatha into four types see Sthanangasutra 4-2-282. 48. Vasudevahindi. lambha X, pp.208-209. 49. See for a discussion on these varieties of stories, AK.Warder's Indian Kavya Literature, vol.II. p.188. 50. Kuvalayamala, 7.8, p.4; for a detail discussion, Ibid., p.544. 51. Chapter XI 52. 8.7-8, p. 462-465. For detail discussion see V.M.Kulkarni, A Tresury of Jaina Tales. 53. Chapter, VL 334-335. 54. Jain Sahitya ka Brhat Itihasa, vol. VL p.231. 55. Prakrit Jain Katha Sahitya, p.179. 56. J.C.Jain, Ibid. 57. Kieth, opcit. p.242. 58. Jain Sahitya ka Brhat Itihas, vol.vi, p.231.

50 59. Dashavaikalika-niryukti, gatha - 210; G.C.Chaudhury, opcit, Sthanangasutra -282. 60. Dashavaikalika-niryukti, gatha -211, p.113. 61. J.C.Jain, opcit, pp.10-11. 62. Ibid. p.11; Vinayapitaka, mahavagga - 5.7.15. 63. J.C.Jaina, opcit, p.11; Sthanarigasatra-282. 64. Dashavaikalika-niryukti, gatha - 207. 65. Dashavaikalika-niryukti gatha-212-215. 66. Lilavatikatha, gatha 39-40. 67. opcit.210. 68. Niryuktigatha, 3-188; Haribhadriyayrti, p.106; Kuvalayamala of Udyotana Suri. 69. Samaradityakatha (bhumika) p.3. 70. J.C.Jain, opcit. p.53; V.M.Kulkarni, opcit Intro. 71. J.C.Jain, opcit. p.30. 72. Samaradityakatha, p.3; J.C.Jain, opcit. p.30. 73. Dashavaikalika-niryukti, gatha - 3.189. 74. Kuvalayamala, p. 253. 75. J.C.Jain, opcit. p.49. 76. Dashavaikalika-niryukti, gatha - 3-192, p.109. 77. Samaridity katha. p.3. 78. J.C.Jain, p.10. 79. Brihatkatha-Kosha, 46.73; 51.9; Dashavaikalika-niryukti, niryukti, gatha- 193 - 205; Haribhadriyatika, 109 - 113. 80. Dashavaikalika-niryukti, gatha 193-205; Haribhadriyatika, pp.109-113. 81. Vasudevahindi, part,II, p.3; J.C.Jain, opcit. p.15. 82. Kuvalayamala -9, p.5.

51 83. Ibid.-7, p.4. 84. G.C.Chaudhary, opcit., p.231. 85. Ibid. 86. Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.II. p.488. 87. V.M.Kulkarni, opcit.Intro., p.xvi. 88. A.P.Jamkhedkar, Vasudevahindi -A Cultural Study, p.1. 89. J.C.Jain, Prakrit Jain Katha shitya, p.110. 90. A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.II. pp.503-504. 91. Mahendra Kumar, The Jaina Stories, Preface, p.viii. 92. Ibid., p.ix. In this context, Winternitz writes - "Unlike the other types of Indian poetical works, in this narrative literature the tendency is not to sketch only the stereo-typed figures, but we meet here quite often several types of people. And these men are not barely virtuous kings or bold warriors or beautiful princesses full of love, and venerable priests, as in the epic and mostly also in the drama too but they are also people from other spheres of life, viz. farmers, manual workers, traders, artisans, and all sorts of people like jugglers, swindlers, rascales, selfish Brahmanas, hypocrite, monks, harlets and procuresses of doubtfull character". HIIL. p.333. 93. Quoted by A.N.Upadhye, Brihatkatha-Kosha, Intro. p. 87. 94. A.P.Jamkhedkar, opcit. p.3. 95. The life and Stories of Parsvanath, p. 183. 96. This motf has been discussed by Edgerton in his article "Pancadivyadhivasa or Choosing a king by Divine will" JAOS, xxx, 158拢

52 97. For different causes of immediate remunciation, Bee chapter Socio-Religious Condition. 98. A.P.Jamkhedkar, opcit., p.3. 99. For views of scholars like Hertel, Kulkarni, Winternitz, Upadhye, Buhler, Jacobi, Raghavan on the contribution of Jainas, See section Views of Indologists on Jaina writers, pp. 39-41. 100.Hertel, On the Literature of the Svetambaras of Gujarat, pp.7-8. Also quoted by J.C.Jain, opcit. p.93. 101. Hertel's view quoted by Winternitz in The Jainas in the History of Indian Literature,p.9; A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.I. p.467. 102.Hertel's view quoted by J.C.Jain, Prakrit Jain Katha Sahitya, p.167; also see Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.鈻�, pp. 467-468. 103. V.M. Kulkarni, opcit. Intro., p.xv. 104. Hertel, opcit., p.11f, Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.II; also V.M.Kulkarni, opcit. Eminent scholars have shown in their studies that some of the stories occur in other Indian and non-Indian literature and that they form a part of the common treasure of universal literature, vide, Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.II, p.484 and 545; Hertel, opcit. 105. J.C.Jain, opcit., pp.8-11. 106. This fact is substanciated in the following verse of the Jaina work Prabandhacintamani. 鈥� bhrsam srtatvanna kathah puranah prinanti cetansi tatha vudhanan 107. J.C.Jain, opcit. p.109.

53 108. Ibid., p.8. 109. Macdonel, A history of Sanskrit Literature, p.26 ; Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz) vol.II. pp.331-338 and vol.II, p.456; Buhler, opcit. p.10; Bloomfield, Some Aspects of Jaina Sanskrit p.220 and The Life and Stories of Parsvanatha, Preface; A. N.Upadhye, "The Jaina contribution to Indian heritage", Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. xvi, p.15; V.Raghavan, The Adyar Library Bullentin xxxviii, Intro.; R.C.Dvivedi, Contribution of Jainism to Indian Culture, p.305. 110. For the views of scholars on the all round achievement of Jaina writers, infra, pp. 39-41 111. On the Indian Sect of Jainas, p.22. 112. Quoted by L. Alsdrof in his foreward to Kuvalayamala of Udyotana Suri, p.xxv. 113. The Adyar Library Bulletin, vol.xxxviii, intro. 114. A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.II, p.570. 115. Ibid, PP.463-464. 116. The Jainas in the History of Indian Literature, p.2. 117. opcit., pp.524-525. 118. On the Indian Sect of Jainas, p.22. 119. c拢 V.M.Kulkarni's same opinion, opcit, intro., p.xv. 120. On the Literature of Svetambaras of Gujurat, pp.11拢 121. Ibid.; also quoted by Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature (Wintemitz), vol.III, pp.331-332. 122. Quoted by Winternitz, The Jainas in the History of Indian Literature, p.3. 123. "Jaina contributions to Indian heritage" Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol.xvi, p.16. 124. Brihatkatha-Kosha, intro., pp.116-117.

19 54 125. A. N.Upadhye presents a list of Harisena's and establishes that none of them are identical with the present one, opcit. pp.117-122. 126. Ibid., p.121. 127. Ibid. 128. Ibid., p.22. 129. Ibid. 130. Yasovijaya's Jinaratnakosa, Singhi Jaina Series, vol.17, p.283; G.C.Chaudhury, Jain Sahitya ka Brhat Itihas, vol.vi, p.234; Upadhye, opcit, p.90, Other Kathakosas available to us are those written by Sri Chandra in Apabhramsa, Prabhachandra in Sanskrit prose, Nemidatta in Sanskrit verse and Nayanandi in Apabhramsa. Besides these, Jinaratnakosa mentions several others but their manuscripts are not available. 131. For various classifications of Katha and their characteristics, supra pp. 14-24. 132. The characteristics of Jaina narratives.See the section The Jaina Narrative Literature, supra, p.26. 133. G.C.Chaudhury, opcit, p.235; Upadhye, opcit p.19. 134. For instance bharahe vase, vanarasi, vikur vana, medajja