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67. Gangadasa, the Author of the Chandomanjari and his Works + 66 gamgadasa Aufrecht' makes the following entry in his Catalogue about Gangadasa and his works :-" sometimes called Gangadhara pupil of Gangadasa and Purusottama. - - Acyutacaritakavya,2 quoted Oxf. 198 b. - Chandomanjari.³ Of the two works viz. Acyutacarita, of which no MSS are available, and Chandomanjari, the latter is a very popular work, having undergone many editions with commentaries. Mr. KrishnamaI Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XV, pp. 512-522. 1. Cata. Catalogorum, I, 137 a. acyutacarita 2. Ibid., I, 5-" by Gangadasa. Mentioned Oxf. 198 b." No MSS of Acyutacarita have been recorded by Aufrecht. 3. Aufrecht records the following MSS of Chandomanjari:CC I, 192 aIO 584, 1491, 1715, Oxf. 198 b, Paris (B 84 ). B 3. 60. Tub. 19. Oudh IX, 8, XIV, 40. Burnell 53 a, Oppert 643, 981, ii, 1065; 5498, 8212. CC II, 39 a-BL 299. Oudh XXI, 90. XXI, 72. Stein 55. Often quoted by Laksminatha on Prakrtapingala. Ibid, 200 a Ulwar 1098. by Gangadasa, son of Gopala dasa. CC III, 416 - AK 714, 715, AS p. 65. IL. (two MSS). Lz 816 (tr.) Peters 5, 452, 6, 383 (and C). 4. The work has been edited many times in India. I shall refer in this paper to the Calcutta Edition of 1915 published by Janakinatha Kavyatirtha (Text with Comm. of Gurunatha Vidyanidhi Bhattacarya and a Vanganuvada). The Union List of Indic Texts in American Libraries by M. B. Emeneau, 1935, records only one edition of this (Continued on next page) 46)

In chariar' records the following information about our author and his works: "Gangadasa was son of Gopaladasa of Vaidya caste. six chapters he describes in his Chandomanjari the varieties of metres and illustrates them by verses in praise of Krsna. He also wrote Acyutacarita, a poem in 16 cantos and Dinesacarita in praise of the Sun. His father wrote a play Parijataharana.' ''2 Gangadasa was apparently a devotee of Gopala³ and perhaps this devotion to Gopala he inherited from his father Gopaladasa. He refers to earlier works and authors as also to his own works in the Chandomanjari. These references are as follows:- (1) (composed by his father), p. 9. (2) mama acyutacarate, pp. 10, 41, 186. (3) mamaiva gopalasatake, p. 43. (4) kumare, p. 10. (5) kanthabharana = " sarasvati kanthabharana 1 mapa0 120 pr0 ' ), pp. 11, 95. (6) chando govinde ( mama guroh ), p. 14. (Continued from previous page) work: "[Text in Roman characters by ] Hermann Brockhaus SBGW 6 (1854)." In this Union List Nos. 2220 to 2246 record the editions of works on Prosody, ancient and modern as also on Metrics of Pali and Prakrit. The British Museum Cata. of Sanskrit Books (1906- 1928), 1928, p. 305, records the following editions of the work:- (1) Text with Commentaries of Datarama Nyayavagisa called Bhavarthasandipani and of Raghunandana called Vyakhyanakaumudi and a Bengali trans. by Ramanarayana Vidyaratna. Ed. by Ramadeva Misra, Murshidabad, 1907; (2) Ed. with Comm. by Gurunatha Vidyanidhi, Calcutta, 1909, (same as No. 2, Calcutta, 1915; (4) (Text with Jivananda Vidyasagara's Comm. (8 th edn.) 1915. 1. History of Classical Sans. Literature, 1937, p. 300-Section. 243. 2. Cata. Catalogorum, I, 335 b-by Gopaladasa, Oppert 2374, 2521. Quoted by his son (Gangadasa), Oxford 198 b. In the Chandomanjari (Calcutta, 1915), p. 9, Gangadasa refers to his father's work :- " tatha matpituh parijataharana-natake 66 " 3. The Chandomanjari begins with a salutation to Gopala: "devam pranamya gopalam vaidyagopaladasajah | samtosatanayacchando gangadasastanotyadah || "

HISTORY.- (7) murarih, p. 14. (8) jayadeva, p. 14. (9) bhahau, pp. 22, 73, 120, 178. (10) bhagavata, p. 54. (11) maghe, pp. 61, 64, 139. (12) bharavau, pp. 66, 77, 163, 167. ( 13 ) vrttaratnakare, pp. 70, 88, 142, 156, 165. ( 14 ) raghau, pp. 75, 121. (15) sambhau, pp. 76, 111. ( 16 ) vrttaratnakaraparisiste, pp. 82, 91, 101, 109, 117, 127, 133, 187, 142, 159, 165. (17) vrttaratnavalyam p. 82. (18) vaidyake, p. 119. (19) kausikakavye ' ' (20) apabhramsabhasayam pracarah, p. 182. (21) kamsareh satake, p. 186. ( 22 ) dinesasataka, p. 1862. According to our author's own statement in the last verse of the Chandomanjari he composed (1) acyutacarita, (2) kamsarisataka, ( 3 ) dinesasataka and (4) chandomanjari . On folio 43 he quotes a work of his own with the remark " mamaiva gopalasatake . Are we to take gopalasataka as a separate 5 th work of our author or as identical with " 1. In the edition of the Chandomanjari by Ramadhana Bhattacharya (1934), p. 152, the following note occurs :- " atah param kvacitpustake 'iti kausikakavye ' iti kvacicca 'atha salatalatamala kandalapataladalakomala | iti kausikakavye ' iti pathah " 2. The last verse of the Chandomanjari reads as follows :- 65 sarvaih sodasabhih samujjvalapadairnavyarthamavyasayai- yenakari tadacyutasya carite kavye kavipritidam | kaisareh satakam dinesasatakadvandvanca tasyastyasau gangadasakaveh srutau kutukinam sacchandasam manjari || " v.1. "gadadharasya caritam " in Ms No. 5 ( vide p. 4 of the Cata. of Mithila MSS, Vol. II by K. P, Jayaswal, Patna, 1933 ), MS No. 5 A described by Jayaswal is a modern copy dated Saka_1808 = A. D. 1886. Of these MSS of the Chandomanjari No. 5 A is in Maithili characters while No. 5 is in Bengali characters.

88 GANGADASA, AUTHOR OF CHANDOMANJARI 463 kamsarisataka ? No MSS of kamsarisataka are recorded by Aufrecht. In the MSS at Bikaner there is a MS of gopalasataka which is described as an anonymous poem containing a hundred stanzas in praise of Gopala." Is this gopalasataka identical with gopalasataka mentioned by our author and from which he quotes a verse. If this verse could be identified in the Bikaner MS the question of identity or otherwise of the two works can be finally settled. Aufrecht mentions no MSS of any work of the titles dinesasataka or of acyutacarita . It is really a matter for pity that the three poems of our author, whose is represented by numerous MSS, should be lost to us inspite of their being definitely mentioned by him at the end of his only existing work. If some scholar at Bikaner takes the trouble of identifying the verse from gopalasataka quoted by Gangadasa in the extant. MS at Bikaner Palace Library which is mentioned as a and if its identity is proved, at least one of Gangadasa's lost works will be restored. In the Chandomanjari our author quotes two verses from his Acyutasataka³ (on pp. 10, 41) and one verse from his father's 1. Cata. of Bikaner MSS, 1880, p. 231 - This MS is No. 486 and is described as follows:- " Substance, Country paper, Folios 6, Lines on a page 9. Character Nagara, Date ?" 2. Page 43 of Chandomanjari :-" tatha mamaiva gopalasatake vanesu krtva surabhipracaram prakamamugdho madhuvasaresu | - gayan kalam kridati padminisu madhuni pitva madhusudano'sau || gha || " 3. Calcutta Edition of Chandomanjari, Pt. Janakinatha Kavyatirtha - p. 10 - " tatha mamacyutacarite'pi - 41-" raktena kesidasanaksatasambhavena reje sa manditataro haribahudandah | taddantasandalitabhimabhujapratapavaheriva sphutakanaprakarena kirnah || 14|| " p. 41 - " mamacyutacarite- kacinmurarervadanaravindam samkrantamalokya jale navodha | vyaktam salajja paricumbitum tat tadarthamevambhasi nirmamajja || ka || " p. 42 - " mukharavindaitrajasundarinamamodamatyutkatamudugiradbhih | 42- ahari cittena samam murarehemambujebhyo'pi madhuvrataughah || kha || toyesu tasyah pratibimbitasu vrajangananam nayanavalisu | svabandhupamktibhramato'timugdha gostim sapha ravayambabhuvuh ||ga || "

Parijataharananataka' of which Oppert records two MSS as we have noted above. These MSS, however, are not now available in any public library so far as I am aware. Prof. M. T. Patwardhan in his History of Prosody 2 refers to Gangadasa's Chandomanjari but does not record any information about Gangadasa and his other works. We have shown above that Gangadasa quotes from a work on prosody called Chandogovinda³ composed by his guru. No MSS of this work are recorded by Aufrecht but the work is mentioned in a commentary on the Vrttaratnakara, composed by Dinakara in A. D. 1684. The verse from Chandogovinda quoted by Gangadasa on p. 14 of the Chandomanjari reads as follows:- 1. Ibid, p. 9 p. 9- " tatha matpituh parijataharananatake- sindurapurakrtagairikaragasobhe sasvammadastravananirbharavaripure | samgrama bhumigatamatta surebhakumbhakute madiyanakharasanayo visantu || 13 || " 2. Chandoracana (Karnatak Pub. House, Bombay, 1937) pp. 558- 559. Prof. Patwardhan observes that Gangadasa appears to have borrowed some of his definitions of the vrttas: Udgata, Bhujangaprayata, Manigunanikara, Salini and Rucira from Utpala ( = BhattaUtpala) who flourished in the 10 th century. He has taken some definitions from Kedarabhatta and some he has composed himself. In the 7 th stabaka Gangadasa mentions three varieties of gadya (prose) in the following verse :- " akathoraksaram svalpasamasam 'curnakam ' viduh | tattu vaidarbharitistham gadyo hrdyataram bhavet || bhavedu 'tkalika ' prayam samasadhyam drdhaksaram | vrttaikadesasambandhad ' vrttagandhi ' punah smrtam || " 3. Vide Aufrecht CC 1, 1913 metrics, by Gangadasa. Quoted Oxf. 198 b, in Vrttaratnaka radarsa, IO 1555. According to Aufrecht (CC I, 97 a) (which mentions Chandogovinda) was composed by Divakara in 1684, IO 1555. The India Office MS 1555 of Vrttaratnakaradarsa was copied in Saka 1699 = A. D. 1777. The description given on p. 304 of I. O. Catalogue (Part II, 1889) by Eggeling that this Commentary was composed in "A. D. 1740" is wrong because the chronogram "purnabdhisaptaikamite pravarse refers to Samvat 1740 ( = A. D. 1684) and not A. D. 1740 as stated by Eggeling. Works on Prosody referred to in this Commentary in 1684 A. D. are :- ( 1 ) chamdogovinda fol. 7 a, (2) chamdoviciti, fol. 25, (3) chamdomanjari, fol. 226, 29, ( 4 ) chamdomata, ( 5 ) chamdomartamda, fol. 21, (6) chamdomala, fol. 20 b, (7) pingalatika by Laksmidhara, ( 8 ) vrttakaumudi, fol. 20 b. ,,

" ayanca slokaschando govinde mama guroh | svetamandavya mukhyastu necchanti munayo yatim | ityaha bhattah svagranthe gurumem purusottamah || 20 || " The popularity of Chandomanjari is proved by no less than six different commentaries on it, viz., those of Krsnarama, Govardhanadasa, Candrasekhara, Jagannatha Sena, Dattarama and Vamsidhara. Aufrecht records the following MSS of these commentaries :CC I, 192陋-Oppert, II, 8213; Comm. by Krsnarama (NW 616); by Govardhanadasa (L. 2492:), by Candrasekhara; Chandomanjarijivana 10 1289, by Jagannatha Sena IO 1491, by Datarama L. 2066. Oudh XVIII, 30 ( by Datarama), by Vamsidhara L. 2534. I am not sure if the commentary by Krsnarama referred to above (NW 616) is composed by Krsnarama' who was a teacher of Ayurveda in Jaipur State about 1900 A.D. and who is said to have composed a work on metrics called Chandaschatamardana. The next commentator Govardhanadasa was a Vaidya himself like Gangadasa. The only MS 2 of his commentary on the Chandomanjari recorded by Rajendralal Mitra describes the work as consisting of 1067 slokas. The third commentary on the Chandomanjari by Vamsidhara 1. Vide p. 301 of Classical Sans. Literature by Krishnamachariar. Other works of this Jaipur teacher are Kacchavamsa, Jayapuravilasa, Aryalamkarasataka, Palandusataka, Muktaka, Muktavali Holamahotsava and Sarasataka. 2. R. Mitra Notices of Sanskrit MSS, Calcutta 1884, vol. VII, p. 246 No. 2492. The MS begins- -- 芦 gangadasakaveh kavermadhulihah samkalpakalpadruma- nirmata sumanovilasajanani ya chandasam manjari | sasmakam vasaga katham bhavati bhoh sisyanurodhaditi srigovarddhanadasanamabhisajaih prarambhi tatpanjika || " The MS ends- iti sadvaidya govarddhanadasakrta chandomanjaritika samapta | (Continued on next page) L.H.I.S.30

HISTORY* is also represented by a single MS described by Rajendralala Mitra. The fourth commentary is by Datarama and is represented by two MSS one of which has been described by Mitra.² The fifth commentator is Candrasekhara and his commentary is called Chandomanjarijivana and is represented by only one MS in the India Office Library. The sixth commentator is Jagannatha Sena, son of Jatadhara with the title Kaviraja. His mother's name was Devaki. Jagannatha is also called Kaviraja in the colophon as well as in the opening verses of the commentary. In the absence of any critical study of the foregoing commentaries on the Chandomanjari, it is difficult to say anything about their chronology and consequently they do not furnish us with any chronological limits for the date of the Chandomanjari. (Continued from previous page) This commentator calls the author of the Chandomanjari as "kavirgangadasanama bhisak " Perhaps a study of this MS may make it elear whether Gangadasa Vaidya was an ancestor of Govardhanadasa Vaidya or whether only the kinship of professions is alone responsible for the composition of Govardhanadasa's commentary. 1. Mitra, Notices, vol. VII, p. 286, No. 2534. No information about Vamsidhara can be gathered from the description recorded in the Catalogue. The extent of the commentary is 519 slokas. - - 2. Mitra: Notices, Vol. VI (1882), p. 130 This MS begins :- "nakhva vagisvaripadam caturvargaphalapradam | sacchandomanjaritakam dataramena tanyate || yadyasyah katidha vyakhya vyakhyatah purvasuribhih | tathapi balabodhaya maya vyakhyayate'dhuna || granthe tu manjaritvena parikalpya mahakavih | gangadasascakaremam stabakaih sa 鈥�dbhiranvitam || " 3. Ind. Office Cat. Part II (1889), p. 306, No. 1102-This MS is in Bengali characters and has the "handwriting of c. 1750 A. D." Vide p. 313. One Candrasekhara, son of Laksminatha Bhatta composed a Sanskrit treatise on Prakrta metres called the Vrttamauktika (IO MS No. 1114). 4. Ibid. p. 306, No. 1101 - This is the only MS of Jagannatha Sena's commentary.

:467 We have seen above that Divakara in his Vrttaratnakaradarsa (fol. 226 of IO MS) composed in A.D. 1684 mentions Chandomanjari. This reference gives us a sure terminus to the date of the work. Then again a MS of the Chandomanjari in the India Office Library is dated A. D. 1679.' Gangadasa quotes (p. 14) a verse of Jayadeva. If this Jayadeva is identical with his namesake, the author of the rhetorical work Candraloka, who is assigned to 13 th century 2 we get two limits to the date of Gangadasa, say about 1300 A. D. and 1650 A.D. But these limits are too wide and we should try to narrow them down. In the commentary of Gopalabhatta on the Krsnakarnamrta, which quotes a work called the Bhaktirasamrtasindhu composed in A. D. 1541 (= Saka 1463) and which, therefore, must have been composed between A. D. 1541 and A. D. 1605 in which year a MS of this commentary was copied, we find that Chandomanjari has been quoted³ several times. On the strength of these references to Chandomanjari in a work composed in the 2 nd half of the 16 th century i. e. between A. D. 1541 and 1605 I am inclined to narrow down the limits of Gangadasa's date to a period between 1300 and 1550 A. D. dw The lower limit of A. D. 1550 for Gangadasa's date fixed by me is in harmony with the remark of Aufrecht that the Chandomanjari is "often quoted by Laksminatha on Prakrtapingala. According to Peterson one Laksminatha composed in 1600" a commentary called Pingalarthapradipa. " 1. India Office Cata. Part II (1889), p. 305 - MS No. 1099 This MS is in Devanagari characters and bears the date " samvat 1835 in the Colophon. The Catalogue gives the equivalent date as "1657 A. D." which appears to be incorrect as the Chronogram for the date of the copy is a = 1735 Samvat. ' 2. S. K. De: Sanskrit Poetics, I, 219. 3. Vide Krsnakarnamrta edited by Dr. S. K. De, Dacca University Series, 1908. Vide Introduction, p. lxxiii. 4. CC II, 39 a. 5. Cata. of Ulwar MSS, Bombay, 1892, p. 86 - Laksminatha, was son of the Rayannabhatta (Rayabhatta) who was son of Narayana who was son of Ramacandra. In GBC, Kielhorn's Report 1880-1, p. 71. Peters 1, 117.

The B. O. R. Institute, Poona, possesses the following MSS of the Chandomanjari:-(1) No. 383 of 1895-98 (2) No. 714 of 1891- 95, (3) No. 452 of 1892-95, (4) No. 715 of 1891-95, (5) No. 447 of 1899-1915. Of these MSS No. 715 of 1891-95 is written in Bengali characters. All the five MSS appear to contain the text only. samvat 1806 miti mamgisri vadi 1 No. 714 of 1891-95 ends as follows:-" "This MS was, bhaumavasare mahatmautimaceda lipikete savai jayapuramadhye ." therefore, copied in A. D. 1750 at Savai Jaipur by a scribe of the name Utimchand. MS No. 715 of 1891-95 contains the following chronogram on the last folio:- banakalendumite sakabde simhe gate bhasvati sukapakse " I am unable to interpret the chronogram or verify it at present because the words (=5), (3) and (1) give us Saka 135 and if this is equivalent to Saka 1350 we shall get A. D. 1428 as the value of the chronogram. This date may perhaps be the date of the copy and if it is correct the limits for Gangadasa's date will be say A.D. 1300 and 1400 but this line of argument needs more corroborative evidence before it is taken as reliable . There is one MS of the Chandomanjari in the recently founded Ujjain MSS Library.' The Vangiya Sahitya Parisat contains six MSS of the work² of which four MSS bear the dates Saka 1767 (= A.D. 1845), Saka 1670 (= 1748), Saka 1700 (= A.D. 1778), Saka 1677 (= A.D.1755) but they are not useful for the chronology of the work as we have recorded earlier chronological evidence. According to the description recorded in the India Office Catalogues of a MS of the Ujjvalanilamani, a Vaisnava work by Rupa- 1. Cata. of Oriental MSS, Ujjain, 1936, p. 44-MS No. 1148 (273). 2. Des. Cat. by Chintaharan Chakravarti, 1935, pp. 218-219. 3. Sanskrit MSS, Part III by Eggeling, 1891, p. 358 b- MS No. 1231. Dr. Eggeling observes that the authorship of the Ujjvalanilamani traditionally ascribed to Rupagosvamin is not endorsed by the present MS nor expressly stated in the commentary. Mr. M. Krishnamachariar, however, includes the Ujjvalanilamani in the list of Rupa's works (vide p. 288 of Classical Sanskrit Literature, 1937). Jivagosvami's commentary on this work was composed in A. D. 1580. The Ujjvalanilamani has been edited in the Kavyamala 95. For an account of Rupa's life see D. C. Sen's History of Bengali Literature (Calcutta) 503, (vide p. 376 of Outline of Religious Literature of India by J. N. Farquhar, 1920).

gosvamin we find that on folio 71 a of this MS (line 7) the Chandomanjari is quoted. Rupa Gosvami was born in 1490 A. D. and passed away in 1563 A.D. If this Chandomanjari quoted in the Ujjvalanilamani is identical with that of Gangadasa and if we can suppose that the Ujjvalanilamani was composed say after A.D. 1515 when Rupa Gosvami must have been 25 years old and before A. D. 1563, the date of his death, we may be justified in concluding that Gangadasa's date is earlier than about 1525 A. D. so that the limits for his date would be c. 1300 and c. 1500 A. D. Mr. Panchanan Bhattacarya in his Sanskrit Introduction to the edition of the Chandomanjari and the Vrttaratnakara (Calcutta, 1915) p. 5. observes that no one has yet determined when Gangadasa, the author of the Chandomanjari flourished and in what part of India. From a reference to the poet Murarimisra, the author of the Anarghyaraghaviya, made by Gangadasa in the Chandomanjari we can only infer that Gangadasa is posterior to Murarimisra. No. other proof can be found regarding Gangadasa's date.' We only know that he was the son of an emient vaidya of the name Gopaladasa and that his mother's name was Santosa (:). In addition to the Chandomanjari Gangadasa composed the Acyutacarita, Gopalasataka and Suryasataka. In view of the above remarks on Gangadasa and his works made in 1915, the necessity of the present paper on Gangadasa and his works will be easily appreciated as I have here attempted to focus together some useful data which will go to clarify the issues regarding Gangadasa and his works to some extent at least. 1. Misra Jagannatha who composed his Chandahpiyusa between A.D. 1750 and 1793 (vide my article in New Indian Antiquary, Vol. I. p. 682) states that Narayana, the commentator of the Vrttaratnakara opposes the views of Manjari or Chandomanjari (H If a). Narayana composed his commentary in A. D. 1545. the statement of Misra Jagannatha mentioned above is correct Narayana becomes posterior to Gangadasa that is to say the work Chandomanjari becomes earlier than A. D. 1545, the date of Narayana's commentary on the Vrttaratnakara. the Vrttaratnakara. This argument, if accepted, would also support the limit of A. D. 1500 for Gangadasa's date fixed by me on other independent evidence recorded in this paper.