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The 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈 has a number of commentaries written on it, which bespeaks its authority, The importance of the commentaries lies in the fact that these have removed the obsolete provisions, explained, modified or enlarged the tradition, recorded in the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈 with the aid of the accepted usages and customs. Thus, the commentaries have brought the 厂尘峁泃颈 into harmony and required form, to outfit the felt necessities of the time and place. Among all the available commentaries, those composed by 痴颈艣惫补谤奴辫补, Vij帽膩ne艣vara, 础辫补谤腻谤办补, 艢奴濒补辫腻峁噄 and 惭颈迟谤补尘颈艣谤补 are very eminent.^[1]

叠腻濒补办谤墨岣嵞� by 痴颈艣惫补谤奴辫补:

The earliest commentary on the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈 is considered to be the 叠腻濒补办谤墨岣嵞� commentary written by 痴颈艣惫补谤奴辫补.^[2] The 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 commentary on the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈 showing gratitude refers to the long, and learned commentary of his well-known predecessor Vi艣var奴p膩c膩rya in the introductory verses, which reads as-

测腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补尘耻苍颈产丑腻峁�i迟补峁� 尘耻丑耻谤惫颈艣惫补谤奴辫补惫颈办补峁璷办迟颈惫颈蝉迟峁泃补尘/

It indicates that this work must be, at least, one or two centuries older than the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻. 痴颈艣惫补谤奴辫补 quotes 碍耻尘腻谤颈濒补鈥檚 艢濒辞办补惫腻谤迟颈办补 and as such, he is presumed to have flourished between 750 A.D. and 100 A.D.^[3] It is fairly established by Kane after examining the whole evidence that 痴颈艣惫补谤奴辫补 is identical with 厂耻谤别艣惫补谤补, a pupil of the famous 艢a峁卥r膩c膩rya, and so he probably, belonged to the beginning of the 9^th century A.D.^[4]

There are many commentaries on the 叠腻濒补办谤墨岣嵞�, which are not available as complete works. One of them does not mention its name and author鈥檚 name but available portion on the introduction in 叠腻濒补办谤墨岣嵞� contains 5500 granthas. Second one is known as 痴补肠补苍补尘腻濒腻 of which 6000 granthas are received yet. Other three commentaries are respectively 痴颈产丑腻惫补苍腻, 罢墨办腻 and 础尘峁泃补蝉测补苍诲颈苍墨 by name.^[5] These works indicate the influence and authority once enjoyed by this work of 痴颈艣惫补谤奴辫补. The commentary on the 痴测补惫补丑腻谤腻诲丑测腻测补 appears to be insufficient and devoid of merit in comparison to the same on the 膧肠腻谤腻诲丑测腻测补 and the 笔谤腻测补艣肠颈迟迟腻诲丑测腻测补, which are voluminous and genuine. The essential question of the origin of proprietary right originated with 痴颈艣惫补谤奴辫补, which was established by 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 but both the works differ on many other points.^[6] A digest named 痴颈艣惫补谤奴辫补nibandha, which is frequently cited by many writers like 闯墨尘奴迟补惫腻丑补苍补 appears to be a work of different 痴颈艣惫补谤奴辫补. Numerous quotations of this work are untraceable in 叠腻濒补办谤墨岣嵞�.^[7]

惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 by Vij帽膩ne艣vara:

The 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 commentary on 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈 is the most celebrated and important of all the commentaries. The authorship of this commentary, which has superseded other works, is attributed to Vij帽膩ne艣vara. This work with its remarkable merit became authoritative at an early date in Deccan, Benares and a great part of Northern India. ^[8] During British rule, this commentary has obtained paramount authority in several matters of Hindu Law, except Bengal and Assam, where the 顿腻测补产丑腻驳补 prevailed.^[9] In those areas, also it occupies high authority except those matters, which are in conformity with the 顿腻测补产丑腻驳补.

The full name of the commentary is 峁歫耻-尘颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 meaning, easy and concise letters. However, it has become well-known as the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 only. It is not a mere commentary, in fact, it is a large work in the nature of a digest of the 厂尘峁泃颈 material. In the form of a commentary, it brings together numerous the 厂尘峁泃颈 passages, explains and removes differences among them applying the rules of 笔耻谤惫补尘墨尘腻峁兣浤� system. Moreover, it arranges various dictums in order according to proper scope and province. According to the information provided by the author at the end of this commentary, 笔补诲尘补苍腻产丑补 叠丑补峁�峁�补 was his father and Uttama his teacher. He was an ascetic and composed the commentary when a king, called Vikram膩rka or Vikram膩dityadeva, reigned in the city 碍补濒测腻峁嘺. With reference to his patron king his age has been fixed to be the later part of 11^th century.^[10] Examining the evidences, Kane thinks that the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 is supposed to have completed before 1120 A.D.^[11] This well classified and clearly illustrated commentary of Vij帽膩ne艣vara has stood the test of time.

The special contributions of the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 are propinquity as the guiding principle on inheritance and the principle of ownership by birth. The 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈 has several commentaries to its credit due to the unique position held by it. Among them 厂耻产辞诲丑颈苍墨, 叠腻濒补尘产丑补峁�峁�墨 and Vaijaynti are most famous. The 厂耻产辞诲丑颈苍墨 owes its authorship to 痴颈艣惫别艣惫补谤补, who gave vent to more simple and useful exposition of difficult provisions contained in the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻. Most elaborate commentary, the 叠腻濒补尘产丑补峁�峁�墨 was composed by 叠腻濒补尘产丑补峁�峁�补 and he flourished towards the end of 18^th century A.D.^[12] It contains 10,000 verses. The author of the Vaijaynti was 狈补苍诲补辫补峁囜笉颈迟补 who expounded the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 in Benares sub-division.^[13]

础辫补谤腻谤办腻辫补谤腻 by 础辫补谤腻谤办补:

The 础辫补谤腻谤办腻辫补谤腻 is a learned and comprehensive commentary on the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈. The commentator is known as 础辫补谤腻谤办补 and the name of the commentary is also famous by the same name. In a concluding verse, the commentator declares himself as 础辫补谤腻诲颈迟测补, a 艢颈濒腻丑腻谤补 king who belonged to the family of 闯墨尘奴迟补惫腻丑补苍补 of the 痴颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补 race.^[14] So the author is identified to be king of Ko峁卥a峁� in the dynasty of 艢颈濒腻丑腻谤补s, who ruled in 12^th century A.D.¹⁵⁰ This work occupied high authority in Kashmir and in Benares sub-division. It is more voluminous than the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 and very rich in quotations from various sources. He has profusely cited long extracts from the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, the 骋峁沨测补蝉奴迟谤补蝉, the 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 and the metrical 厂尘峁泃颈s, for which the work seems more like a veritable digest than only a commentary. The connection between the 础辫补谤腻谤办补 and the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 has not been established clearly. Though in general it agrees with 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻, yet in some aspects it differs also.

顿墨辫补办补濒颈办腻 by 艢奴濒补辫腻峁噄:

艢奴濒补辫腻峁噄, an eminent 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补 writer from Bengal composed a commentary named 顿墨辫补办补濒颈办腻 on the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈. He has not provided any useful information about his family except expressing him as an 惭补丑腻尘补丑辞辫腻诲丑测腻测补 and S膩hu岣峣y膩n. His work is referred to by Raghunandana and in the Viramitrodaya. He is placed between 1365-1445 A.D.^[15] 顿墨辫补办补濒颈办腻 is marked with brevity, good style and explains selected passages. In matters of inheritance, the work reveals somewhat archaic views. It is to be mentioned here that 顿墨辫补办补濒颈办腻 was published by J.R. Gharpure in 1939 in his series of Hindu Law texts.

痴墨谤补尘颈迟谤辞诲补测补 by 惭颈迟谤补尘颈艣谤补:

惭颈迟谤补尘颈艣谤补 is credited with two works 痴墨谤补尘颈迟谤辞诲补测补, a commentary on the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈 and a Nibandha work. The commentary is an elaborate and valuable work. The commentary is published in Chowkhamba Sanskrit series in several sections from 1927-1930. The age of these two works is settled in the early part of the 17^th century. ^[16] The Nibandha 痴墨谤补尘颈迟谤辞诲补测补 is a vast work and closely follows the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻. Its authority was accepted throughout India, where the 惭颈迟腻办峁�a谤腻 jurisdiction was prevalent and held to be greater authority in the Law of Benares School.^[17]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Banerji, S.C., Op.cit., page35

[2]:

Misra, J.R.(revised.), Op.cit., page32

[3]:

Kane, P.V., Op.cit., Volume1, Part 1, page562

[4]:

Ibid., Volume V, Part 2, pages1188-1198

[5]:

Sastri, T.G.(Edited), The 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈 with the commentary 叠腻濒补办谤墨岣嵞�, Introduction, pp.i-ii

[6]:

Kane, P.V., Op.cit., Volume1, Part 2, pages560-561

[7]:

De, S.K.et al (Edited), Op.cit., Volume 2, page365

[8]:

Jolly, J., Op.cit., page68

[9]:

Kane, P.V., Op.cit.,Volume1, Part 2, page599

[10]:

Jolly, J., Op.cit., page69

[11]:

Kane, P.V., Op.cit., Volume1, part. 2, pages607-612

[12]:

Misra, J, R., (revised), Op.cit., page34

[13]:

Rama Jois, M., Op.cit., page48

[14]:

Apte, H.N., 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈 with the comm. of 础辫补谤腻谤办补, 膧nand膩艣rama skt. series, Volume2, page 1252¹⁵⁰ Jolly, J., Op.cit., page70

[15]:

Kane, P.V., Op.cit., Volume1, part. 2, page839

[16]:

Misra, J, R., (revised), Op.cit., page35

[17]:

Rama Jois, M., Op.cit., page49