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Finding of proper types of materials is one of the important aspects for any construction. In the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the selection of appropriate materials to construct a temple is recommended with importance. The procedure of the selection of materials for a temple is elaborately discussed under the 89^th, 90^th, 91^st and 92^nd chapters of the 罢峁泃墨测补办丑补峁囜笉补 of the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 which have been taken for discussion here.

a) Selection of Wood:

In the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the architect is suggested to go to the forest to collect appropriate wood for temples in an auspicious day after taking advice from an astrologer.^[1] The woods of the trees which are hollow from inside, which bear creepers, which are eaten by worms, slightly burnt by fire, ruined by wind are totally discarded for making temples.^[2] Moreover, the trees which are used as the abode of birds, animals, ascetics etc. should be totally abandoned in this purpose.^[3] The trees growing in a 艣尘补艣腻苍补, temple, ant hill, road or which is the only tree of a garden should not be cut for making temples and they should be left with care.^[4] Here, the eco friendly suggestions of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 are seen to protect the greenery and to balance a pollution free environment.

Moreover, the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 gives importance in saving the useable trees and that is why the trees viz., 笔补濒腻蝉补, 碍辞惫颈诲腻谤补, 艢腻濒尘补濒墨, Pippala, 痴补峁璦, 膧尘谤补, 笔耻峁�p补办补, Kapittha, 痴颈产丑墨迟补办补, Vetasa etc. are advised not to be cut^[5] as these trees and their fruits are very essential for livelihood.

According to the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the woods of some particular trees remain beneficial for the construction of temples.

These are鈥�

1. Nandana,
2. Syandana,
3. 艢腻濒补,
4. 艢颈峁兣沘辫补,
5. Khadira,
6. Dhava,
7. 碍颈峁兣泆办补,
8. Padmaka,
9. 贬补谤颈诲谤腻,
10. 颁墨苍补办补,
11. Arjuna,
12. Kadamba,
13. 惭补诲丑奴办补,
14. 础帽箩补苍补,
15. 顿别惫补惫峁沰峁�a,
16. 闯腻迟测腻 and
17. Raktasandana.^[6]

At the time of cutting the trees one should clean the axe by smearing honey and ghee.^[7] After collecting the suitable wood from forest, the architect uses it according to his requirements and purposes.

b) Selection of Stones:

The quality of stones is very important in the construction of temple. Indian scriptures state that to procure the stones, the astrologer and the architect should go to mountain and examine the stones.^[8] In the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 a proper examination of stone is suggested in this regard. The stone used in the Architecture of a temple should be uniform in colour, glossy, underground, massive, soft, broad in size, void of sand, clean and washed in pure water, placed under the shade of trees or it may be lying near a temple.^[9] In connection with temple building some specific colours of stones are also recommended. These are-the colour of lotus, flowers, black pepper, kidney bean, pigeon and black bee and as well as the white colour.^[10] Moreover, the use of limestone in the construction of temple is suggested in the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, but it is not advised for the construction of a house.^[11]

The 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 also suggests about the quality of the stones to be used in a temple. In this regard it specifies that some stones which are purified by fire, heated by sun rays, mixed with saline water, which are damaged, rough and used by unholy people, ruined by cavities, filled with dots and curved lines etc. are to be totally abandoned.^[12] Some stones which are occupied by some animals as their abode are also to be avoided for using in temple construction.^[13] So, it can be said that in the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the collection of materials for the construction of temple does not suggest any process that harms others.

c) Testing of Bricks:

滨峁ａ弓补办腻 i.e., brick^[14] is one of the most important materials in the construction of a temple as it still bears the similar importance even in the modern era. It is a building material which is used to make walls. In ancient time bricks used to be made of clay which were of four kinds viz., 奴峁�a谤补, 辫腻峁囜笉耻谤补, k峁涐梗峁嘺cikka峁嘺 and 迟腻尘谤补辫耻迟迟补办补.^[15] According to the Mayamata, 迟腻尘谤补辫耻迟迟补办补 type of clay is the best one for making of bricks.^[16]

The procedure of making bricks is very nicely explained in the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺. The book tells that in the brick making process in the first stage all the clay should be dried up in an auspicious ground and thereafter it should be gently mixed with water and moss.^[17] After that the dough of the clay should be shaped in a machine which should be one hand in length, half a hand in breadth and one forth hand in height.^[18] In that machine the clay should be baked in the fire of wood, cow-dung and grass and thus bricks got prepared.^[19] These bricks should be made in proper shape and be arranged skillfully in proper place. This is important to note that only properly baked bricks are accepted for construction.^[20] In the 艢补迟补辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 also, the reference of baked bricks are found which were used for making fire altars during Vedic time.^[21]

d) Preparation of Vajralepana:

In ancient time there was a special kind of hard cement, which was known as vajralepa^[22] and the vajralepa was used in construction as well as for joining the bricks. It is nothing but a binding agent. In the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, five procedures of preparing the vajralepa are suggested.

1) It is incorporated there that the equal portion of some particular objects viz., bilvaka, kapittha, 腻尘谤补, flower of 艣腻濒尘补濒墨, seed of 蝉补濒濒补办墨, skin of dhanvana and the paste of 惫补肠腻 should be boiled in water for eight times till it reduces to one eighth portion of the original value. After that, some more ingredients like 尘补濒濒补办墨, gum of vatsala, 产丑补濒濒腻迟补办补, bilva, kurmuru, sarja and 补迟补蝉墨 are added with the mixture and again boiled properly to make the first variety of vajralepa.^[23]

2) In the second variety, the mixture of 濒腻办峁Ｄ�, kunduru, g峁沨adh奴ma the middle portion of kapittha and bilva, 苍腻驳补辫丑补濒补, 产补濒腻, madhuka, ki帽j膩pa, madana, ma帽j墨峁ａ弓h膩, 腻尘补濒补办补 and sarja should be taken.^[24]

3) The third variety of vajralepa was the mixture of the horns of bull and buffalo, skin of goat, milk of buffalo, juice of bimba and kapittha.^[25]

4) The fourth kind of vajralepa is made by the mixture of some metals like eight parts of 苍腻驳补 i.e., tin^[26] , two of 办腻峁僺测补 i.e., bell metal and one of 谤墨迟颈 i.e., rust of iron^[27] .^[28] In the 叠峁沨补迟蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, along with iron rust and bell-metal, 蝉墨蝉补办补 i.e., lead^[29] is suggested to be mixed instead of tin for making the glue. It is seen that the portions of the metals, suggested in the 叠峁沨补迟蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 are similar as stated in the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺.^[30]

5) The last process i.e., fifth procedure of making vajralepa refers to its beginning with the baking process of lime and thereafter the moistened lime should be mixed with the skin and milk of cows and rough hair.^[31]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

惫补苍补辫谤补惫别艣补峁� 诲丑补谤尘补箩帽补 nibodha gadato mama/ 艣ubhe divasanak峁�atre muh奴rte c膩bhip奴jite// 诲补颈惫补箩帽补峁� 辫耻谤补迟补岣� 办峁泃惫腻 蝉迟丑补辫补迟颈岣� pravi艣edvana峁�/ tatastatra par墨k峁�et cchindy膩dbhindy膩dvanaspat墨n/ Ibid., 3. 89.1-2

[2]:

sako峁璦r膩峁� lat膩baddh膩峁� k峁沵ijagdh膩n vivarjayet/ vahnin膩 ca tath膩 sp峁涐梗峁�膩峁� p膩tit膩峁� pavanena ca/ ku帽jare峁嘺 tath膩 bhagn膩峁冣��/ Ibid., 3. 89.3-4

[3]:

鈥︹��pak峁�i峁嚹佱箖 nilay膩艣ca ye/ t膩pas膩n膩峁� sam墨pe ca鈥︹��.// sattv膩n膩m膩艣ay膩 ye ca鈥�..vivarjayet/ Ibid., 3. 89.4-5

[4]:

艣尘补艣腻苍补caityavalm墨kadevat膩yatanodbhav膩岣�/
udy膩naj膩nekav峁沰峁Ｄ乶s墨m膩v峁沰峁Ｄ佱箖stathaiva ca/
m膩rgav峁沰峁Ｄ乶尘补丑腻谤腻箩补 prayatnena vivarjayet/ Ibid., 3. 89.6-7

[5]:

Ibid.,3.89.7-8

[6]:

Ibid.,3.89.9-10

[7]:

madhv膩jy膩ktena r膩jendra 迟补迟补岣� 辫补谤补艣耻苍腻 艣耻肠颈岣�/ Ibid.,3.89.21

[8]:

鈥︹赌�g补迟惫腻 艣颈濒腻峁� v膩tha par墨k峁�ayet/ 艣补颈濒补峁� 驳补迟惫腻 尘补丑腻谤腻箩补 诲补颈惫补箩帽补岣� 蝉迟补辫补迟颈蝉迟补迟丑腻/ 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.90.1

[9]:

别办补惫补谤峁嚹佱箖 蝉补尘腻峁� 蝉苍颈驳诲丑腻峁� nimagn膩峁� ca tath膩 k峁�itau/ gh膩t膩tim膩trasphu峁璦n膩峁� 诲峁涐笉丑腻峁� 尘峁沝惫墨峁� 尘补苍辞谤补尘腻峁�// 办辞尘补濒腻峁� 蝉颈办补迟腻丑墨苍腻峁� 辫谤颈测腻峁� d峁涐箙manasorapi/ saritsalilanirdh峁泃膩峁� 辫补惫颈迟谤腻峁� tu jalo峁�it膩峁�// drumacch膩yopag奴岣峢膩峁� ca t墨rth膩艣rayasamanvit膩峁�/ 膩y膩mapari峁嚹乭膩岣峢y膩峁� 驳谤腻丑测腻峁� 辫谤腻丑耻谤尘补苍墨峁�i峁嘺岣�// Ibid., 3.90.3-5

[10]:

艣veta艣ca padmavar峁嘺艣ca kusumo峁�a峁嘺sannibha岣�/ p膩峁囜笉uro mudgavar峁嘺艣ca kapoto bh峁涐箙gasannibha岣�// Ibid., 3.90.21

[11]:

sudh膩艣il膩n膩峁� trida艣膩dhiv膩se sudh膩艣il膩 naiva 驳峁沨别峁�u 诲别测腻/ Ibid.,3.91.15

[12]:

a驳谤腻丑测腻峁� jvalan膩l墨岣峢膩 tapt膩峁� bh膩skarara艣mibhi岣�/ anyakarmopayukt膩 ca tath膩 k峁Ｄ乺膩mbusa峁儁ut膩峁�// atyantopahat膩峁� r奴k峁Ｄ乵apu峁噛ajanasevit膩峁�/ tilai岣� sambh峁涐梗it膩 y膩 tu vicitrairbindubhi艣cit膩// rekh膩ma峁囜笉alasa峁卥墨r峁嚹佱箖 惫颈诲诲丑腻峁� 惫颈尘补濒补蝉补峁儁耻迟腻峁�/ Ibid., 3.90.6-8

[13]:

Ibid., 3.90.9-14

[14]:

V.S Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p.96

[15]:

奴峁�a谤补峁� 辫腻峁囜笉耻谤补峁� k峁涐梗峁嘺cikka峁嘺峁� t腻尘谤补pullaka峁� m峁沝a艣catasra岣�/ 惭补测补尘补迟补峁�, 16.114

[16]:

m峁沝a艣catasrast膩sveva g峁沨峁嚹珁膩t t腻尘谤补pullaka峁�/ 惭补测补尘补迟补峁�, 16.115

[17]:

asa峁卥墨r峁嚹乧chubh膩dde艣膩dg峁沨墨tv膩 艣o峁�ayenm峁沝am/ 艣o峁�it膩峁� t膩峁� vim峁沝n墨y膩tsa艣aiv膩lena c膩mbhas膩/ 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.91.3

[18]:

hastad墨rghe峁嘺 yantre峁嘺 tadardhavist峁泃ena ca/ Ibid.,3.91.4

[19]:

膩tape t膩stath膩 艣耻峁�k腻 vipacenn峁沺asattama/ k膩峁ａ弓hairas膩rairbh奴p膩la gokar墨峁�aist峁涐箛aistath膩/ Ibid.,3.91.5

[20]:

samyaksa峁儁ojit膩 yojy膩 yath膩sth膩ne 苍补谤腻诲丑颈辫补岣�/ 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.91.10

[21]:

s膩 saina峁� 辫补办惫别峁ａ弓补办腻 bh奴tv膩pyapadyate/ tadyadi峁ａ弓膩tsamabhavastadi峁ａ弓ak膩stasm膩dagnine峁ａ弓ak膩岣� pacanti/ 艢补迟补辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺, 6.1.2.22

[22]:

V.S Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p.487

[23]:

痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.92.1-5

[24]:

Ibid., 3.92.6-7

[25]:

惫颈峁Ｄ佱箛腻苍颈 驳补惫腻峁� r膩janmahi峁Ｄ佱箛膩峁� tathaiva ca/ aj膩n膩峁� ca tath膩 carma 尘腻丑颈峁�y补峁� gavyameva ca// rasabi峁僢akapitth膩su vajralepa岣� 辫谤补办墨谤迟颈迟补岣�/ Ibid., 3.92.8-9

[26]:

V.S Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p.283

[27]:

Ibid., p.470

[28]:

a峁ａ弓au bh膩g膩stu 苍腻驳补sya 办腻峁僺测补bh膩gadvaya峁� tath膩/ 谤墨迟颈bh膩ga峁� ca kathito vajralepastathaiva ca// 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.92.9-10

[29]:

V.S Apte, The Student鈥檚 Sanskrit English Dictionary, p.604

[30]:

a峁ａ弓au 蝉墨蝉补办补bh膩g膩岣� k膩峁僺asva dvau tu 谤墨迟颈k膩bh膩ga岣�/ 叠峁沨补迟蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, 57.8

[31]:

sudh膩pakv膩 迟补迟补岣� 办濒颈苍苍腻 gavyacarmasamanvit膩/ khararomayut膩 r膩janvajralepastathaiva ca/ 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.92.10-11