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The roof is one of the most crucial components of building construction for several reasons. The primary function of a roof is to provide shelter and protect the interior of the building from rain, snow, wind, and sunlight. A well-built roof prevents water leakage, which can cause damage in the structure of the building. Additionally, a well-constructed roof can control the inner temperature of the building. Hence, this topic (笔谤腻蝉腻诲辞谤诲丑惫补惫补谤驳腻) records the procedure for making the roof and also provides guidance for completion of the building construction.

Maya refers that鈥�

galabh奴峁�a峁嘺mete峁Ｄ佱箖 艣ira艣chandamath膩dhun膩 |
lup膩m膩na峁� ca vak峁�ye鈥檋a峁� sth奴ppik膩lak峁�a峁嘺峁� kram膩d || (Mayamata 18.1 )

[鈥淚 now present the decorative elements of the attic, the shape of the roof, the proportions of the rafters and the characteristics of the finial.鈥漖^[1]

The 驳补濒补濒补办峁�a峁嘺 (attic), 蝉颈谤补肠肠丑腻诲补苍补 (roof), 濒奴辫补 (rafters), and 蝉迟丑奴辫颈办补 (finial) of the building will be discussed in this chapter, along with other features of the building such as the preparation of coating (lepa) and mortar (蝉耻诲丑腻办补谤尘补苍).

1. 骋补濒补濒补办峁�a峁嘺 (The attic):

The attic, also referred to as gala, is positioned above the entablature and beneath the roof. It is also known as kandhara or 办补峁囜弓丑补. The attic typically extends twice the height of its base (vedi), though sometimes it may be equal in height. The attic is to be connected 耻迟迟补谤补惫腻箩补苍补 (architrave), 尘耻蝉峁ａ弓丑颈惫补苍诲丑补 (fist-molding), 尘峁沶腻濒颈办补 (brace), 诲补峁囜笉颈办腻 (console), and valaya (lierne) elements. These decorative elements are placed above the 补峁単丑峁� (pilasters) of the attic to establish a visual connection with the lower part of the entablature and are extended up to the valaya. Above the 尘耻峁ａ弓颈产补苍诲丑补, it's suggested to attach valaya and dancing figures from top to bottom. The positioning of the 诲补峁囜笉颈办腻 (console) depends on the shape of the roof.

2. 艢颈办丑补谤补产丑别诲补 (Different type of roofs):

Maya prescribes different kinds of roof according to their dimension. The height of the roof depends upon on its various decorative parts (产丑腻驳补尘腻峁嘺) like, 濒奴辫补, 箩腻苍耻, uttara, 肠耻濒颈办腻 etc. It may be calculated on basis of the distance between 诲补峁囜笉颈办腻 (consoles).

Maya says that: 

艣ikharitsedham膩ttocc膩 bh膩gam膩nava艣ena v膩 ||
诲补峁囜笉颈办腻vadhivist膩ra峁� pa帽c膩峁兣沘峁� dvya峁兣沘m膩naka峁� | (Mayamata 18.7b-8a)

In building construction, a console typically refers to a structural element that provides support or bracing for a roof, floor, or other architectural features. According to 鈥楢 Dictionary of Hindu Architecture鈥� the word 诲补峁囜笉颈办腻 refets to鈥撯�淭he fifth moulding from the top of the entablature.鈥�^[2] The dimension of the roof should be measured from the edge of the console of one side of the building to the edge of the consoles of the opposite side, and this measurement is determined by the width of the roof. Depending on the fractions of the width of the roof, the roof can have eight kinds of heights. These fractions are: two-fifths, threesevenths, four-ninths, five-elevenths, six-thirteenths, seven-fifteenths, eight-seventeenths, or half of the width of the roof. This kind of proportions create different dimensional equations between the height and width of the roof, owing to which, the roofs can be classified into eight categories, viz., 辫腻帽肠腻濒补, vaideha, 尘腻驳丑补诲丑补 etc. 

Maya says that:

辫腻帽肠腻濒补峁� 肠腻辫颈 vaideha膩峁� 尘腻驳丑补诲丑补峁� 肠腻辫颈 kaurova峁� |
办补耻蝉补濒补峁� 艣补耻谤补蝉别苍补峁� ca g膩ndh膩r腻惫补苍迟颈办补峁� tath膩 || (Mayamata 18.10)

Here, the height and width of the roof are displayed through a chart-

Height (fraction)	Roof
Two-fifth	笔腻帽肠腻濒补
Three-sevenths	Vaideha
Four-ninth	Madha
Five elevenths	kaurava
Seven-fifteenths	碍补耻艣补濒补
Eight-sevenths	艣补耻谤补蝉别苍补
Eight-sevenths	驳腻苍诲丑腻谤补
Half of width	腻惫补苍迟颈办补

The name of the roof designates the different places of ancient India. Hence, Maya suggests that the 膧惫补苍迟颈办补 type of roof is suitable for human dwelling, while others are for the use of temple architecture. Similar informations are recorded in some other texts like-艢颈濒辫补谤补迟苍补, 痴颈艣惫补办补谤尘腻-惫腻蝉迟耻艣腻蝉迟谤补, and other 痴腻蝉迟耻 texts. 

The 艢颈濒辫补谤补迟苍补 mentions that:

vist膩r膩dha峁� tu v膩 kury膩da峁ａ弓adh膩 艣ikharodvaya峁� |
惫补颈诲补丑补峁� 尘腻驳补诲丑补峁� 肠腻辫颈 办补耻谤补惫补峁� 办补耻蝉补濒补峁� tath膩 ||
艣补耻谤补蝉别苍补峁� ca 驳补苍诲丑腻谤补峁� krame峁嚹灞共共猿倬卑觳贯箖 sm峁泃a峁� |
vy膩s膩dha峁� 艣ikharotsedha峁� ki帽cit nyuna峁� ca 尘腻苍耻峁�a峁� || (艢颈濒辫补谤补迟苍补 32. 9-10)

3. Shape of the roof:

Roofs with different shapes are prescribed for gods or heterodox people (笔腻峁�a峁囜笉补). They are -square, circular, hexagonal, octagonal, dodecagonal, sixteen-sided, lotus types, resembling myrobalan fruit, elliptical, or spherical shapes. When roofs are created for palaces, they should possess eight sides and eight faces (补峁ａ弓腻蝉谤腻诲丑测补峁ａ弓补诲丑腻谤腻峁嚹�). Sometimes they may have six to sixty faces. Which signify the larger shape of the building compared to named human dwellings for common people.

4. Materials for the roof:

In the current text, three types of roofs are discussed: wooden roofs, metal plate roofs, or roofs made of tiles. Additionally, 惭腻苍补蝉腻谤补 mentions stone as another solid material suitable for roofs. The rafters, along with the 惫补濒补测腻办峁�a, should be positioned inside the roof framework. Subsequently, all other materials are arranged above the rafters. Maya emphasizes that the materials of the roof should be securely fastened with appropriate adhesive, mortar, and bricks.

5. Roof elements and their dimensions:

Maya records that to make a timber or concrete roof some significant elements are required. They are鈥敱襞�辫��, 箩腻苍耻, uttara, 肠耻濒颈办腻, malla, etc. The text 惭腻苍补蝉腻谤补 mentions that roof should be made by stone, wood, or brick. Maya prescribes the following method to calculate the measurements of different features associated to the roof.

鉃� The width of the rafters should be calculated as one, one and a quarter, or half modules, and their thickness should be a third, a quarter, or a fifth of their width.

鉃� The width of the 箩腻苍耻 can be measured as half the part of uttara (architrave) or a quarter of the 肠奴濒颈办腻. The thickness of the 箩腻苍耻 should be equal to 诲补峁囜笉补办补 (console) or three-quarters or half.

鉃� The edge of the valaya and 箩腻苍耻 should be measured as half the length of the console. The measurement of the 肠奴濒颈办腻 can start from the supported part of the 箩腻苍耻.

鉃� The 础濒补峁僢补苍补-蝉奴迟谤补 of nivra (edge) is calculated from 艣补测补苍补. According to Mayamata, the 碍耻迟丑腻颈办补, 濒补濒腻迟补, and jaghana should be measured in a similar way.

鉃� The 辫腻诲补惫颈峁�k补尘产丑补 and 办补谤峁嘺 should be measured equally to 惫颈峁�k补尘产丑补, sometimes twice as much.

鉃� 尝耻辫腻辫颈苍诲墨 should be arranged to have an equal diameter to 办奴迟补, and the 办补谤峁嘺 should be twice as much as 办奴迟补.

鉃� 狈腻濒颈办补-lambha can be calculated as half of 办奴濒补. The front part of the malla should be set up upon the 苍腻濒颈办补-濒补尘产丑补.

鉃� The beam (惫补峁兣沘) situated in the middle of the januka, 濒耻辫腻尘补诲丑测补, or Madhya should be equally measured. The thickness of the beams can be calculated similarly to the middle of the rafters.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

B.Dagens, Mayamata, vol. 1. P-251

[2]:

P.K Acharya, A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture, series.1 p.257