Kavyamimamsa of Rajasekhara (Study)
by Debabrata Barai | 2014 | 105,667 words
This page relates ‘Nature and divisions of Vakya (literary speech)� of the English study on the Kavyamimamsa of Rajasekhara: a poetical encyclopedia from the 9th century dealing with the ancient Indian science of poetics and rhetoric (also know as alankara-shastra). The Kavya-mimamsa is written in eighteen chapters representing an educational framework for the poet (kavi) and instructs him in the science of applied poetics for the sake of making literature and poetry (kavya).
Part 4.1 - Nature and divisions of Vākya (literary speech)
In the beganing of seventh chapter, Ჹś says that ⲹ is similar with vacana.
There are three types of literary speech i.e.
C.f.
�tacca ٰ ṇeṛbԲ �, ś�, vaiṣṇavamiti �
- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 28
Here the division of speech is seems to be based on different sects and speakers.
1) Brahma type of speech:
Therefore the Brahma speech is again divided into five types viz.
In this classification appears in the fifty-nine chapter of ܱܰṇa, without any definitions and illustrations of five kinds of speech.
S.M. Ghoshal Sastri think that,
“This classification of Ჹś points to the fact that Indian art and literature are the finding of the three streams of Indian civilization and culture viz. Brahma, Ś and ղṣṇ and the philosophy of aesthetics sprouted from these three currents of thoughts.�[_1_]
Then the three types of literary speech, the and Ś speech are belong to divine beings and ղṣṇ speech belongs to human beings. Here it is found that, through this classification Ჹś seeks to trace the origin and development of human speech.
(1) ⲹṃbܱ:
There the first kind of speech ⲹṃbū, the most primitive language, which can be found in the Vedas.
�ūٳ첹� ūٲ� 貹岹� ca yadvavet |
챹ԲԾܰٲǰṣaԴǰṣārٳ� ⲹ� ⲹܱ� hi tat || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 28
(2) ś:
The second ś is the development of language and more refined that the ⲹṃbūva.
�vyaktakramamasaṃkṣipta� dīptagambhīramarthavat |
ٲⲹṣa� ca 貹ǰṣa� ca lakṣyatāैmaśvara� � || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 28
(3) Āṣa:
The Āṣa speech sentences have more nouns and case terminations, which can invariably see in Ѳṇṭ.
�ⲹٰ쾱ñԳԳٰṃyܰٲ� ܰٲ� 峾پ� |
pratyakṣābhihitārtha� ca taddaṣīṇā� ḥृsmatam || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 29
(4) Āṣi첹:
In the Āṣi첹, there may be numerous Ծٲ without any case terminations.
�naigamairvividhai� śabdairnipātabahula� ca yat |
na cāpi sumahadⲹmṛṣīkāṇāṃ vacastu tat || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 29
(5) Āṣiٰܳ첹:
The last Āṣiٰܳ첹 speech is attributed to Ṛṣٰܳ and this speech is described as doubtful, which may be full of Yamaka, Գܱ and Śṣa ṃk.
�avispaṣṭapadaprāya� yacca syādvahusaṃśayam |
ṛṣٰܳٲٲٲ貹𱹲Բ || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 29
(2) [Ś]—ʲś� or Divya type of speech:
The ʲś or Divya language uses the Gods of , վṣṇ, ḍr, ٳپⲹ, ṛh貹پ, and sixty-four disciples of ī’s son. These ʲś or Divya language are used repeatedly by Gods and sub-ethnic groups of Devas i.e. վ, Apsarasa, ۲ṣa, ṣa, Gandharva, Kinnara, Siddha, Guhyaka, ūٲ and ʾś峦 etc.
C.f.
�DzⲹṣaṣoԻ쾱ԲԲ� |
ܳⲹ첹ūś 辱ś峦 𱹲DzԲⲹ� || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 29
The ʲś or Divya language is divided into four types as:
- Vaibudha,
- ղ,
- Ի and
- ۴Dzīٲ.
These four are represent the different style of writing.
(1) Vaibudha:
Then Ჹś define Vaibudha as:
�samāsavyāsasaṃdṛbdha� śrṛṅgāradbhutasambhṛtam |
sānuprāsamudāra� ca � syādamṛtāśinām || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 29
Thus,
�yaccandrakoṭikarakorakabhārabhāji babhrāma babhruṇi jaṭāku hare harasya |
tadva� punātu himaśailaśilāniku ñjajhātkāraḍambaravirāvi surāpagāmbha� || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 29
Here it is seems that this Vaibudha language resembles with the ղ岹ī īپ.
(2) ղ:
Therefore Ჹś says about ղ language as:
�stokānuprāsasacchāya� caturokti prasādi ca |
drādhīyasā samāsenaviddhi vaidyādhara� � || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 29
Thus,
�praṇatasurakirīṭaprāṃśuratnāṃśuvaṃśacchu ritanakhaśikhāgrodbhāsamānāruṇāṅghre |
uditataraṇivṛndoddāmadhāmordhvanetrajvalananikaradagdhānaṅgamūrte namaste || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 30
Here it can be found that the ղ language resembles with the Gauḍ� īپ.
(3) Ի:
Then Ჹś define the characteristics of Ի language as;
�hṛsvai� samāsairmūyobhirvibhūṣitapadoccayā |
tattvārthagrathanagrāhyā gandharvāṇāṃ sarasvatī || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 30
Thus,
�nama� śivāya somāya sagaṇāya sasūnave |
savṛṣavyālaśūlāya sakapālāya sendave || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 30
In this above description it can be seems that this Ի language have resembles with the ñī īپ.
(4) ۴Dzīٲ:
Thereafter the last type of ۴Dzīٲ language as:
�samāsarupakaprāya� gambhīrārthapadakramam |
siddhāntasamayasthāyi yoginīnādida� vaca || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 30
Thus,
�duṃkhendhanaikadahanāmṛtavarṣamegha saṃsārūkapapatanaikakarāvalamba |
yogīndradarpaṇa jagadgatakṛtsnateja� pratyakṣacauravara vīrapate namaste || �- Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Ჹś: Ch-VII, Pp- 30
Here it is resemblance with the īⲹ-īپ. In this way Ჹś’s expounded four types of languages resembles with four different ritis.
(3) ղṣṇ type of speech:
The third types of language ղṣṇ is basically connected with Ჹś’s dealing, which is most essential for poets.
It is divided into three types based on the three types of īپs viz.
- ղ岹ī,
- Ҳܻīⲹ and
- ñī.
However Rudrata think that īپs are four type i.e.
- ղ岹ī,
- Ҳܻīⲹ,
- ñī and
- īⲹ.
But Ჹś does not agree with him. Then he enlarged the or poetic intonation with the three types of languages and distinguished three types of īپs.