Pratyaksha, 笔谤补迟测补办峁: 39 definitions
Introduction:
Pratyaksha means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit term 笔谤补迟测补办峁 can be transliterated into English as Pratyaksa or Pratyaksha, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Pratyaksh.
In Hinduism
Nyaya (school of philosophy)
: WikiPedia: Ny腻ya笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶粪ぞ啶�, 鈥減erception鈥�) occupies the foremost position in the Nyaya epistemology. Perception is defined by Ak峁p腻da Gautama in his Nyaya Sutra (I,i.4) as a 鈥渘on-erroneous cognition which is produced by the intercourse of sense-organs with the objects, which is not associated with a name and well-defined鈥�. Perception can be of two types, laukika (ordinary) and alaukika (extraordinary). External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of inner sense, the mind.
The ancient and medieval Indian texts identify four requirements for correct perception:
- Indriyarthasannikarsa (direct experience by one鈥檚 sensory organ(s) with the object),
- Avyapadesya (non-verbal; correct perception is not through hearsay),
- Avyabhicara (does not wander; correct perception does not change)
- and Vyavasayatmaka (definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt).
笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�, 鈥減erception鈥�) refers to the first of the four 鈥渕eans of valid knowledge鈥� (辫谤补尘腻峁嘺), which in turn is classified as the first of the sixteen 辫补诲腻谤迟丑补蝉 (鈥渃补迟别驳辞谤颈别蝉鈥�), according to Gautama鈥檚 2nd-century Ny腻yas奴tra (verse 1.1.3). Perception (辫谤补迟测补办峁) is the most primary and fundamental of all the 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺s. The Naiy腻yikas, maintain that all other 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺s depend on perception. Perception is the final test of all knowledge. Inference, verbal testimony requires confirmation by perception, while perception does not require any such confirmation. The term 辫谤补迟测补办峁 is a compound of two terms prati, meaning before and also, meaning sense-organ. This term is used for both perceptual knowledge (辫谤补迟测补办峁 j帽腻na) and the source of perception (辫谤补迟测补办峁 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺).
Gautama defines 辫谤补迟测补办峁 as that knowledge which arises from the contact of the sense-organ with its object, which is unnamable, uncontradicted and determinate. These three conditions given by Gautama have been critically and elaborately discussed by the subsequent logicians. These three terms have also created a great deal of controversy among these logicians. According to Gautama, 辫谤补迟测补办峁 is produced by the sense-object-contact. Though this sense-object-contact accepted by Gautama as the cause of perception has been admitted by V腻tsy腻yana also, he maintains that sense-object-contact is not the only cause of perception.
Perception is divided into two types:鈥�
- laukika (ordinary),
- alaukika (extra-ordinary).
Ordinary perception is again divided into two types鈥�savikalpaka (determinate) and nirvikalpaka (indeterminate). Anna峁僢ha峁弓a and Ke艣ava Mi艣ra, however, divided 辫谤补迟测补办峁 directly into two types鈥�savikalpaka and nirvikalpaka.
Laukika and Alaukika 辫谤补迟测补办峁s are based on the way in which the sense-organ come in contact with their object. It is called laukika-辫谤补迟测补办峁 in which there is direct contact of the sense-organ with objects. On the other hand alaukika-辫谤补迟测补办峁 is that in which sense-organ does not come in contact with the object directly, but through an unusual medium.
Nyaya (啶ㄠ啶ぞ啶�, nyaya) refers to a school of Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. The Nyaya philosophy is known for its theories on logic, methodology and epistemology, however, it is closely related with Vaisheshika in terms of metaphysics.
Ayurveda (science of life)
: PMC: The scientific basis of rasa (taste)笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�):鈥擮ne of the four 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺s used in Ayurveda to test knowledge.鈥敱拾钩俨獠拱灬梗a is the most important tool at the individual level in the absence of prior knowledge of the phenomenon. 笔谤补迟测补办峁 is the subjective knowledge perceived by the individual owing to an effective contact between 腻迟尘补 (the seat of knowledge), indriya (sensory organ), manas (mind) and artha (subject of the sensory organ) at the moment of this contact. Therefore, there can be five types of 笔谤补迟测补办峁 knowledge perceived through five sensory organs.
: Ancient Science of Life: A review on 峋箁ogya Ra办峁Ｄ� Kalpadruma岣�笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渙bservational trials鈥� which are used to look for evidence in Ayurvedic products.鈥擺...] It is to be recognized that Ayurvedic ingredients and products are multi-component and known to work on multiple organs/targets in the body concurrently. Innovations in clinical research and clinical trials are required to test efficacy of Ayurvedic products. [...] An eminent medical pharmacologist who later researched into Ayurveda and its products, Dr. Ashok D B Vaidya, in a lecture, cites different modes of evidence namely [... viz., observational trials (辫谤补迟测补办峁), ...].
: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of terms笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�):鈥擺辫谤补迟测补办峁峁僝 The cognition arising at the instant of the conjugation of the soul, mind, senses, and object
膧yurveda (啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙う, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of 膧yurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
: ISKCON Press: Glossary1) 笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�, 鈥渄irect sense perception鈥�).鈥擳he first of the five stages of Vedic knowledge, considered as a subordinate, not self-evident, proof of knowledge.
2) 笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�).鈥擳he first of the three Vai峁ａ箛ava 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺s.
: Pure Bhakti: Brhad Bhagavatamrtam笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to:鈥擠irect sense perception. (cf. Glossary page from 艢r墨 B峁沨ad-bh腻gavat腻m峁泃a).
: The Annals of the Research Project Center for the Comparative Study of Logic: A Study of R腻m腻nuja鈥檚 Theology笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥減erception鈥� and represents one of the three kinds of valid means of knowledge (辫谤补尘腻峁嘺), according to Koki Ishimoto in his paper, A Study of R腻m腻nuja鈥檚 Theology : Three Aspects of vi艣i峁ａ弓atva of Brahman.鈥擱腻m腻nuja accepts three kinds of valid means of knowledge (辫谤补尘腻峁嘺): perception (辫谤补迟测补办峁), inference (补苍耻尘腻苍补), and scriptures (艣谤耻迟颈). According to him, they have as their objects entities which have their differentiators. If Brahman were devoid of the differentiators, it could not be known at all. Accordingly, it follows that Brahman is qualified by its differentiators.
Vaishnava (啶掂啶粪啶｀さ, vai峁ａ箛ava) or vaishnavism (vai峁ａ箛avism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: Wisdom Library: N腻峁瓂a-艣腻stra笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�, 鈥渧isible鈥�) refers to a statement within a sentence which treats an act as 鈥渧isible鈥�, according to the N腻峁瓂a艣腻stra chapter 24. 笔谤补迟测补办峁 is a classification of statements, defined according to 惫腻肠颈办补 (verbal representation).
Natyashastra (啶ㄠぞ啶熰啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya鈥攖heatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
M墨m腻峁僺腻 (school of philosophy)
: academia.edu: Religious Inclusivism in the Writings of an Early Modern Sanskrit Intellectual (mimamsa)笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渄irectly perceivable鈥� (Vedic texts).鈥擪um腻rila argues in the Tantrav腻rttika 1.3.11-12, that the Kalpa蝉奴迟谤补蝉 have a higher status than 蝉尘峁泃颈 texts: while the former expand upon rules of sacrificial procedures described in directly perceivable (辫谤补迟测补办峁) Vedic texts, the latter are compilations based presumably upon lost Vedic texts whose existence can only be inferred (anumeya). However, Kum腻rila refuses to ascribe them full 鈥榲edicness鈥� because of their essentially ancillary status. Likewise, 艢aiv腻gamas are not mere 蝉尘峁泃颈 texts for Appaya, yet they are not on a par with the Veda; they only possess authority thanks to their dependence on the Veda.
Mimamsa (啶啶ぞ啶傕じ啶�, m墨m腻峁僺腻) refers to one of the six orthodox Hindu schools of philosophy, emphasizing the nature of dharma and the philosophy of language. The literature in this school is also known for its in-depth study of ritual actions and social duties.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
: Google Books: Manthanabhairavatantram笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渢hat which is directly perceptible鈥�, according to the Manth腻nabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjik腻.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淪uch is the 艢腻mbhava piercing, beyond thought, one should know it for oneself. It has been explained through the venerable Process of Absorption (补濒补峁僩谤腻蝉补-办谤补尘补). By recollecting the Buddhist and other Siddhas, the piercing (vedha) which is devoid of thought constructs and which is directly perceptible (辫谤补迟测补办峁) arises in order (to realise) the reality beyond the senses鈥�.
Shakta (啶多ぞ啶曕啶�, 艣腻kta) or Shaktism (艣腻ktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation1) 笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥減ublic view鈥�, according to the 艢ivapur腻峁嘺 2.3.6.鈥擜ccordingly, as Men腻 eulogised Goddess 艢iv腻:鈥斺�淕reat favour has been shown by you, O Goddess, O mother of the universe, inasmuch as you have manifested yourself in front of me brilliantly. You are the primordial one among all Energies. O 艢iv腻, you are the mother of the three worlds. O Goddess you are the beloved of 艢iva, you are great goddess eulogised by the gods. O great Goddess, be pleased. Remain in my meditation in this form, but have the form of my daughter in public view [i.e., 辫谤补迟测补办峁闭鈥�.
2) 笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥減erception鈥�, according to the 艢ivapur腻峁嘺 2.3.13 (鈥溑歩va-P腻rvat墨 dialogue鈥�).鈥擜ccordingly, as P腻rvat墨 said to 艢iva: 鈥淸...] O Yogin, what have I to do with an argument with you? Scholars say that without perception [i.e., 辫谤补迟测补办峁] inference has no authority at all. As long as the embodied beings remain the objects of the sense-organs, everything is Pr腻k峁泃a. Wise men consider it so. O lord of ascetics, a long-winded talk is of no avail. Listen to my emphatic statement. I am Prak峁泃i and you are Puru峁. This is the truth. There is no doubt about it. [...闭鈥�.
The Purana (啶啶班ぞ啶�, pur腻峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Shaiva philosophy
: Brill: 艢aivism and the Tantric Traditions (philosophy)笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) [=笔谤补迟测补办峁t腻?] refers to 鈥渄irect perception鈥� according to the Utpaladeva鈥檚 Viv峁泃i on 莫艣varapratyabhij帽腻k腻rik腻 1.5.8-9.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淔or inference is a concept, and this [concept] arises thanks to the residual trace [left by] a previous experience; so to begin with, [it] depends on the fact that the object was directly perceived (辫谤补迟测补办峁t腻-ape办峁Ｄ�) [at some point] in the past, and inference is a conceptual cognition that arises as an unfailing [means of knowledge] with respect to this [previously perceived] object. [...闭鈥�.
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Yoga (school of philosophy)
: Brill: 艢aivism and the Tantric Traditions (yoga)笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渄irect perception鈥� and represents one of the achievements of Ha峁環ayoga, according to the 17th-century Ha峁環ayogasa峁僪it腻: a compilation on Ha峁環ayoga that borrows extensively from the Ha峁環aprad墨pik腻.鈥擺...] The stated aim of Ha峁環ayoga is to achieve purification (艣辞诲丑补苍补), firmness (诲峁涐笉丑补迟腻), steadiness (sthairya), constancy (dhairya), lightness (濒腻驳丑补惫补), direct perception (辫谤补迟测补办峁) and liberation (nirlipta) of the body (驳丑补峁璦). Its Ha峁環ayoga has seven auxiliaries: the 峁峁璳补谤尘补, 腻蝉补苍补, 尘耻诲谤腻, 辫谤补迟测腻丑腻谤补, 辫谤腻峁嘺蝉补峁儁腻尘补, 诲丑测腻苍补 and 蝉补尘腻诲丑颈.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as 腻蝉补苍补s (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Vedanta (school of philosophy)
: Wikisource: Ashtavakra Gita笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渢hat which is visible in front of one鈥檚 eyes鈥�, according to the A峁ａ弓腻vakrag墨t腻 (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Ved腻nta topics.鈥擜ccordingly, [as A峁ａ弓avakra says to Janaka]: 鈥淸...] In spite of being in front of your eyes (辫谤补迟测补办峁), all this, being insubstantial, does not exist in you, spotless as you are [辫谤补迟测补办峁mapyavastutv腻dvi艣va峁� n腻styamale tvayi]. It is an appearance like the snake in a rope, so you can go to your rest. Equal in pain and in pleasure, equal in hope and in disappointment, equal in life and in death, and complete as you are, you can go to your rest鈥�.
Vedanta (啶掂啶︵ぞ啶ㄠ啶�, ved腻nta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).
General definition (in Hinduism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Hinduism笔谤补迟测补办峁: Sanskrit for 'direct perception'. A term used in Advaita Ved腻nta.
: Vaniquotes: Hinduism笔谤补迟测补办峁 means direct perception. Direct perception, that is evidence. People with poor fund of knowledge, they want direct perception of everything.
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch腻笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渄irect perception鈥� (eg., K腻ya辫谤补迟测补办峁鈥�鈥榯hat which is directly perceived by the senses of one鈥檚 body鈥�), according to the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch腻: the eighth chapter of the Mah腻sa峁僴ip腻ta (a collection of Mah腻y腻na Buddhist S奴tras).鈥擜ccordingly: 鈥淭hen the Lord applauded the Bodhisattva Gaganaga帽ja: 鈥楪ood man, the teaching of this gate to concentration was well spoken by you. Just as the dharmas are not dependent on others because they are directly perceived by [the senses] of your body (k腻ya-辫谤补迟测补办峁), in the same way the knowledge of the Tath腻gata was elucidated鈥攖his complete teaching is good, very good鈥欌��.
: De Gruyter: A Buddhist Ritual Manual on Agriculture笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渆vident (empowerment)鈥�, according to the 痴补箩谤补迟耻峁囜笉补蝉补尘补测补办补濒辫补谤腻箩补, an ancient Buddhist ritual manual on agriculture from the 5th-century (or earlier), containing various instructions for the Sangha to provide agriculture-related services to laypeople including rain-making, weather control and crop protection.鈥擜ccordingly, [after hostile N腻gas released winds, thunderbolts, etc.] 鈥淸...] Beings experience great and severe suffering. Listen, O N腻gas, there is the evident (辫谤补迟测补办峁) empowerment of the Tath腻gata鈥檚 miracles. Behold the deep knowledge of the Buddha, the power of the Tath腻gata, the empowerment of special merit鈥�.
Mahayana (啶す啶距く啶距え, mah腻y腻na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of which some of the earliest are the various Praj帽腻p腻ramit腻 蝉奴迟谤补蝉.
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
: MDPI Books: The Ocean of Heroes笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to the 鈥渄irect perception (of things)鈥�, according to the 10th-century 岣屇錵腻r峁嘺va-tantra: one of the last Tibetan Tantric scriptures belonging to the Buddhist Sa峁僾ara tradition consisting of 51 chapters.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸...] (The meaning of the letter ka, i.e., not being located anywhere, etc.鈥�) Ka [refers to] all that I repeat narrating in the non-duality of consciousness. [It is] not located anywhere; hence, [it is] the letter ka. Therefore, [it is] not [that] direct perception of things (bh腻va-辫谤补迟测补办峁) is void; [it is] of the nature of the pure reality (惫补蝉迟耻尘腻迟谤补). [...闭鈥�.
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (惫补箩谤补测腻苍补) are collected indepently.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
: archive.org: Trisastisalakapurusacaritra笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�, 鈥渄irect鈥�) refers to a kind of 笔谤补尘腻峁嘺 (鈥渕eans of acquiring knowledge鈥�), according to chapter 2.2 [补箩颈迟补苍腻迟丑补-肠补谤颈迟谤补] of Hemacandra鈥檚 11th century Tri峁峁ａ弓i艣al腻k腻puru峁caritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.鈥擳here are 2 kinds of 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺 in this sense: 辫补谤辞办峁, indirect, i.e., it depends on other things; and 辫谤补迟测补办峁, direct. This kind of 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺 consists of the 5 kinds of knowledge. [...] Avadhi, 尘补苍补岣补谤测腻测补, and kevala are 辫谤补迟测补办峁.鈥�(See Tattv腻rth腻dhigamas奴tra 1.10ff).
: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�, 鈥渋mmediate鈥�) refers to one of the two types of approved knowledge (辫谤补尘腻峁嘺).鈥擶hat is meant by direct or immediate approved knowledge (辫谤补迟测补办峁)? Cognition by the soul of all objects directly without the assistance of any external media like sense organs is called direct valid knowledge.
: JAINpedia: Jainism笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) in Sanskrit (Paccakkha in Prakrit) refers to 鈥渄irect knowledge鈥�, as explained in the Nand墨s奴tra.鈥擳he heart of the Nand墨-s奴tra deals with the concept of cognition or knowledge in its various divisions and subdivisions. This is also an appropriate topic for a text that transcends all categories in the 艢vet腻mbara canon, for it can be regarded as a prerequisite to the scriptures. First comes the list of the five types of knowledge, known from other sources as well, such as the Tattv腻rtha-s奴tra I. 9-33. [...] The last three kinds of knowledge [viz., 补惫补诲丑颈-箩帽腻苍补, 尘补苍补岣补谤测腻测补-j帽腻na and 办别惫补濒补-箩帽腻苍补] are defined and dealt with as achieved directly 鈥� Prakrit paccakkha, Sanskrit 辫谤补迟测补办峁. This means 鈥渨ithout the aid of the sense-organs and the mind and on the basis of the capacity of a soul alone鈥� (cf., Pandit Sukhlalji, Tattv腻rthas奴tra 1974: 20).
: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve Reflections笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥�(that which is perceived) directly鈥�, according to the 11th century J帽腻n腻r峁嘺va, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by 艢ubhacandra.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淐ompanions are born only for this one to enjoy possessions but not to endure the pitiless succession of calamities arising from one鈥檚 own action. Why do the stupid, who are afflicted by the planet of [their] birth, not see solitariness which is perceived directly (辫谤补迟测补办峁) in the occurrence of birth and death?鈥�.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary辫谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�).鈥攁 (S prati Before, 补办峁 Eye.) Perceptible, present, as cognizable by an organ of sense. Pr. pratya办峁Ｄ錽a 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺 ka艣腻sa?
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辫谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�).鈥攏 (S) Perception or apprehension; cognizance of an object of sense. Ex. 艣abd腻帽c膿峁� pra0 艣r艒tr膿峁�- driy腻v腻帽c奴na h艒ta n腻h墨峁�. 2 as ad & prep In presence of; evidently to sense. 3 ad Freely. In very truth or deed; in indisputable reality; with irresistible evidence or manifestation. Ex. m墨 tika岣嵞� pra0 驳脓濒艒峁� I went there myself, I in propria虃 persona虃; h腻 m腻jh腻 pra0 bandhu 腻h膿 This is verily my brother, my own mother's son; h腻 br腻hma峁嘺 pra0 s奴rya 腻h膿.
: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English辫谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�).鈥�a Perceptible, present. Ex. pratya办峁Ｄ錽a 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺 ka艣腻l腻? n Perception or apprehension. ad & prep In presence of ad Freely. In very truth or deed; in indisputable reality.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�).鈥�a. [补办峁ａ箛补岣谤补迟颈]
1) Perceptible (to the eye), visible; 啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶粪ぞ啶た啶� 啶啶班お啶ㄠ啶ㄠじ啷嵿い啶ㄠ啶た啶班さ啶む 啶掂じ啷嵿い啶距き啶苦ぐ啶粪啶熰ぞ啶た啶班啶多 (pratya办峁Ｄ錬hi岣� prapannastanubhiravatu vast腻bhira峁ａ弓腻bhir墨艣a岣�) 艢1.1.
2) Present, in sight, before the eye.
3) Cognizable by any organ of sense.
4) Distinct, evident, clear.
5) Direct, immediate.
6) Explicit, express.
7) Corporeal.
-办峁尘 1 Perception, ocular evidence, apprehension by the senses, considered as a 啶啶班ぎ啶距ぃ (辫谤补尘腻峁嘺) or mode of proof; 啶囙え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ啶苦く啶距ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶膏啶ㄠた啶曕ぐ啷嵿し啶溹え啷嵿く啶� 啶溹啶炧ぞ啶ㄠ 啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶粪ぎ啷� (indriy腻rthasa峁僴ikar峁janya峁� j帽腻na峁� 辫谤补迟测补办峁m) T. S.
2) Explicitness, distinctness.
3) Superintendence, care for; 啶啶班い啷嵿く啶灌 啶侧啶曕く啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶距く啶距 啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶粪 啶膏啶む啶班啶ㄠた啶え啷嵿ぇ啶ㄠぎ啷� (pratyaha峁� lokay腻tr腻y腻岣� 辫谤补迟测补办峁峁� str墨nibandhanam) Manu蝉尘峁泃颈 9.27.
4) (In Rhet.) A kind of style descriptive of impressions derived from the senses. (The forms 辫谤补迟测补办峁m, 辫谤补迟测补办峁峁嘺, 辫谤补迟测补办峁ta岣�, pratya办峁Ｄ錿 are used adverbially in the sense of
1) Before, in the presence of, in the sight of.
2) Openly, publicly.
3) Directly, immediately. Hence; 辫谤补迟测补办峁tod峁涐梗峁璦sambandham is a variety of 补苍耻尘腻苍补 where the connection between the 濒颈峁単补 and the 濒颈峁単颈苍 or 蝉腻诲丑测补 is directly perceived; 辫谤补迟测补办峁to d峁涐梗峁璦sambandha峁� yath腻 dh奴m腻k峁泃idar艣an腻dagny腻k峁泃ivij帽腻nam 艢B. on MS.1. 1.5.
4) Personally.
5) At sight.
6) Explicitly.
7) Distinctly, clearly.
8) Literally. So 辫谤补迟测补办峁 in the sight of, before the eyes of.)
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�).鈥�adj. (compare 掳k峁n; once in nearly the same meaning in Sanskrit, with gen., 掳办峁Ｄ遽弗 sarvadharm腻峁嚹遽箖 Mah腻bh腻rata Cr. ed. 3.181.15), seeing before the eyes, witness to, with loc.: Lalitavistara 146.2 (掳k峁 bodhisattvasya lipij帽腻ne), 7 (verse; atra 掳k峁); 257.14 (Bodhisattvasya gu峁噀峁 掳办峁Ｄ錽); 础惫补诲腻苍补-艣补迟补办补 ii.139.8 (gu峁噀峁); 顿颈惫测腻惫补诲腻苍补 71.8 f.
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笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) or Praty补办峁n.鈥�: in composition, tat-praty补办峁峁�-腻峁� Jm 128.8.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�).鈥攎fn.
(-办峁岣�-办峁Ｄ�-办峁峁�) 1. Perceptible, perceivable, present, cognizable by any of the organs of sense. 2. Distinct, clear, evident. 3. Direct, immediate. 4. Corporeal. n.
(-办峁峁�) Ocular evidence, apprehension by the senses, perception, (considered as a mode of proof. In Phil.) E. 补办峁 an organ of sense with prati indicative prefix.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�).鈥攊. e. prati-补办峁, I. adj., f. 办峁Ｄ�. 1. Being before one鈥檚 eyes, visible, [Uttara R腻macarita, 2. ed. Calc., 1862.] 43, 9; [贬颈迟辞辫补诲别艣补] iii. [distich] 24. 2. Present. 3. Perceptible, evident, [贬颈迟辞辫补诲别艣补] 85, 21 (潞办峁Ｄ�-办峁泃补, made evident). Ii. 办峁尘, adv. In the presence, [笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补] 216, 3; publicly, iii. [distich] 93. Iii. instr. 办峁峁嘺, At sight, [贬颈迟辞辫补诲别艣补] i. [distich] 98, M.M.; evidently, [贬颈迟辞辫补诲别艣补] 106, 12. Iv. n. 1. Perception, Bh腻峁Ｄ錺. 51. 2. Superintendence, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 9, 27.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�).鈥擺adjective] before the eyes, plainly visible, clear, distinct, actual, immediate.
鈥� [neuter] superintendence, care of ([genetive]); ocular evidence, immediate apprehension or intelligence; as [adverb] before one鈥檚 face, publicly, distinctly, immediately, personally (also [ablative], [instrumental], & 掳鈥�).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) 笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�):鈥擺=praty-补办峁] [from praty > prati] a See sub voce
2) [=praty-补办峁] b mf(腻)n. present before the eyes, visible, perceptible (opp. to 辫补谤辞办峁 q.v.), [Upani峁d; Mah腻bh腻rata] etc.
3) [v.s. ...] clear, distinct, manifest, direct, immediate, actual, real, [艢atapatha-br腻hma峁嘺] etc. etc.
4) [v.s. ...] keeping in view, discerning (with [genitive case]), [Mah腻bh腻rata]
5) [v.s. ...] n. ocular evidence, direct perception, apprehension by the senses (in Ny腻ya one of the 4 笔谤补尘腻峁嘺s or modes of proof. cf. 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺)
6) [v.s. ...] superintendence of, care for ([genitive case]), [Manu-蝉尘峁泃颈 ix, 27]
7) [v.s. ...] (in [rhetoric]) a kind of style descriptive of impressions derived from the senses, [Kuvalay腻nanda]
8) 笔谤腻迟测补办峁 (啶啶班ぞ啶む啶啷嵿し):鈥擺=pr腻ty-补办峁] [from pr腻ty > pr腻ti] ([gana] praj帽腻di) mf(墨)n. perceptible to the eyes, capable of direct perception.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�):鈥擺辫谤补迟测补+办峁] (k峁岣�-办峁Ｄ�-办峁峁�) a. Perceptible, present, before the eyes.
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Paccakkha.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�) [Also spelled pratyaksh]:鈥�(a) visible, tangible, evident; apparent, obvious; direct; —[j帽腻na] direct comprehension; sensual perception; hence ~[t腻] (nf); —[诲补谤艣补苍补] witnessing directly (with one鈥檚 own eyes); firsthand view; ~[诲补谤艣墨] an eye-witness; —[诲峁浥泍补] tangible, directly perceivable; —[辫谤补尘腻峁嘺] direct evidence; eye-witness evidence; ~[v腻da] direct view; ~[v腻dit腻] positivism; ~[v腻d墨] a positivist; positivistic; —[vihita] explicitly prescribed; —[s腻k峁Ｄ�] an eye-witness; bearing direct testimony; —[s腻k峁a] direct testimony; eye-witness evidence; ~[siddha] proved by direct evidence.
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Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpus笔谤补迟测补办峁 (嗖硩嗖班菠喑嵿帛嗖曕硩嗖�):鈥�
1) [adjective] being seen; appearing.
2) [adjective] got through the sense organs (said of knowledge).
3) [adjective] easy to see, perceive; obvious; plain; evident.
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笔谤补迟测补办峁 (嗖硩嗖班菠喑嵿帛嗖曕硩嗖�):鈥�
1) [noun] the fact or an instance of appearing, being seen; appearance.
2) [noun] something selected to show the nature or character of another; an example; an illustration.
3) [noun] a remarkable event or thing; marvel; miracle.
4) [noun] the fact or an instance of getting knowledge through the five principal sense organs.
5) [noun] that which can easily be understood, seen or realised.
6) [noun] (phil.) the knowledge received through the sense organs; mediate knowledge.
7) [noun] 嗖硩嗖班菠喑嵿帛嗖曕硩嗖粪驳嗖距矖喑� [pratyakshavagu] 辫谤补迟测补办峁v腻gu to come seen; to appear; to manifest oneself physically.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary1) 笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�):鈥攁dj. 1. perceptible; visible; cognizable; 2. distinct; evident; clear; explicit; 3. direct; immediate;
2) 笔谤补迟测补办峁 (啶啶班い啷嵿く啶曕啶�):鈥攁dv. directly; evidently; apparently; n. direct perception;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Aksha, Praty.
Starts with (+12): Pratyakshabandhu, Pratyakshabhaksha, Pratyakshabrihati, Pratyakshacarin, Pratyakshadarshivams, Pratyakshadarshivas, Pratyakshadevayathacarya, Pratyakshadipika, Pratyakshadrish, Pratyakshadrishya, Pratyakshadvish, Pratyakshagamana, Pratyakshajnana, Pratyakshakathana, Pratyakshakhanda, Pratyakshakhandacintamani, Pratyakshakhandavyakhya, Pratyaksham, Pratyakshamani, Pratyakshamanirashmicakra.
Full-text (+218): Apratyaksha, Pratyakshadarshana, Pratyakshapramana, Pratyakshata, Pratyakshabhuta, Pratyakshavadin, Pratyakshajnana, Pratyakshadrishta, Pratyakshaprama, Pratyakshaphala, Pratyakshadarshin, Pratyakshatas, Pratyakshavihita, Pratyakshavada, Pratyakshabhoga, Pratyakshavritti, Pratyakshatva, Pratyakshakarana, Pratyakshatamat, Pratyakshabhaksha.
Relevant text
Search found 157 books and stories containing Pratyaksha, Praty-补办峁, Praty-aksa, Pr腻ty-补办峁, Praty-aksha, 笔谤补迟测补办峁, Pratyaksa, 笔谤腻迟测补办峁; (plurals include: Pratyakshas, 补办峁s, aksas, akshas, 笔谤补迟测补办峁s, Pratyaksas, 笔谤腻迟测补办峁s). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Nyaya-Vaisheshika categories (Study) (by Diptimani Goswami)
笔谤补尘腻峁嘺 (1): 笔谤补迟测补办峁 or Perception < [Chapter 2 - Salient features of Ny腻ya-Vai艣e峁ka System]
膧tm腻 or Self < [Chapter 2 - Salient features of Ny腻ya-Vai艣e峁ka System]
The Syncretic School of Ny腻ya-Vai艣e峁ka < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]
Nirvikalpaka Pratyaksha (study) (by Sujit Roy)
Chapter 5c - Nirvikalpaka 笔谤补迟测补办峁 in Ny腻ya-Vai艣e峁ka
Chapter 2a - 笔谤补迟测补办峁 in the old Ny腻ya
Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 1.12 - 笔谤补迟测补办峁 (direct knowledge) < [Chapter 1 - Right Faith and Knowledge]
Verse 1.11 - Parok峁 (indirect knowledge ) < [Chapter 1 - Right Faith and Knowledge]
Liberation in early Advaita Vedanta (by Aleksandar Uskokov)
7. 艢ruti-艢腻stra as Perception < [Chapter 1 - Rethinking the idea of Scripture in Vedic Theology]
4. 艢abara鈥檚 Understanding of 艢ruti < [Chapter 1 - Rethinking the idea of Scripture in Vedic Theology]
3. 艢ruti in Early Vedic Theology < [Chapter 1 - Rethinking the idea of Scripture in Vedic Theology]
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Pratyaksha pramana and its importance in ayurveda < [2020: Volume 9, March issue 3]
Rog - rogi pariksha siddhant < [2021: Volume 10, September issue 11]
Role of pramana pareeksha for the assessment of prakriti < [2022: Volume 11, November issue 15]
Brihat Jataka by Varahamihira [Sanskrit/English] (by Michael D Neely)
Verse 7.8 < [Chapter 7 - Length of Life]
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