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[Post-Dhvani Theory of Sanskrit Poetics (1): The 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺 of Vy膩sadeva (9th century A.D.)]

The 础驳苍颈-笔耻谤腻峁嘺, covering a wide range of various subjects, one of them is poetical topics from the chapters 337-347 are devoted to 础濒补峁僰腻谤补蝉. In the other portions of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, its 础濒补峁僰腻谤补 sections mainly a compilation. According to A. Sankaran 鈥榯his section complied by some unknown writer contains but a loose and disjointed expression, often in their own words, of the different views held by early writers like Bharata, 叠丑腻尘补丑补, 顿补峁囜笉颈苍 and others鈥�.^[1] The unknown compiler of this section of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 culls materials from various sources and even it presents some interesting features of historical importance.

In the 础濒补峁僰腻谤补 section of the Agni-笔耻谤腻峁嘺, where is extensive borrowing from Bharata to 膧苍补苍诲补惫补谤诲丑补苍补. So it is clear that this section must have been complied sometimes after 膧苍补苍诲补惫补谤诲丑补苍补 and fixed the date is later than the middle of the ninth century A. D. but its date cannot be so definitely settled and the difficulty is furthered by the fact that in this section of 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is not quoted or referred to by any known 膧濒补峁僰腻谤颈办补蝉 without 痴颈艣惫补苍腻迟丑补. It is very probable therefore that, the 础濒补峁僰腻谤补 section of the 础驳苍颈-笔耻谤腻峁嘺 was compiled later than the middle of the ninth century A. D.^[2] Lastly we can place it as the earlier than 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 and Bhoja.

The 础驳苍颈-笔耻谤腻峁嘺 does not represent the views of any particular system of poetics; there is no dominant theory of poetry but touches upon the teachings of almost all the earlier schools. All previous schools of poetics leave their impress on it and eclectically it accords treatment to and lays all the aspects of poetry, individually elaborated by previous theories viz. Rasa (sentiment), 础濒补峁僰腻谤补蝉 (figures of speech), gesticulation, 顿辞峁�a蝉 and 骋耻峁嘺蝉, borrowing ideas, wordings and even entire verses. There are described 础濒补峁僰腻谤补蝉 (figure of speech) of Yamaka, Citra, 鲍辫补尘腻, 搁奴辫补办补, Sahokti, 础谤迟丑腻苍迟补谤补苍测腻蝉补, 鲍迟辫谤别办峁Ｄ�, 础迟颈艣补测补, 痴颈产丑腻惫补苍腻, Virodha and Hetu.

In this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 we get the first time a clear definition of 办腻惫测补 (poetry). C.f.

鈥�sa峁僰峁�ep膩vd膩kyami峁ａ弓膩rthavyavacchinn膩 pad膩val墨 |
办腻惫测补峁� sphu radala峁僰膩ra峁� gu峁嘺vaddo峁�avarjitam || 鈥�

- 础驳苍颈-笔耻谤腻峁嘺: 337/6

Means:

鈥淚n brief, 办腻惫测补 (poetry) is group of words, bringing an elegant meaning. It must have figure of speech, 骋耻峁嘺蝉 (excellences) and must be free from 顿辞峁�a蝉 (诲别蹿别肠迟蝉).鈥�

This definition of 办腻惫测补 is something similar to 顿补峁囜笉颈苍鈥檚 definition, where 顿补峁囜笉颈苍鈥檚 says:

鈥�tai岣� 艣ar墨ra帽ca k膩vy膩n膩mala峁卥膩r膩艣ca dar艣it膩岣� |
艣补谤墨谤补峁� t膩vadi峁ａ弓膩rtha - vyavacchinn膩 pad膩val墨 || 鈥�

- K膩vy膩dar艣a of 顿补峁囜笉颈苍: 1/10

Means:

鈥淭he sages showed and formulated the outward form body and internal embellishments in 办腻惫测补 (poetry). And the outward form of a 办腻惫测补 (poetry) is that it should be characterized by and couched in desirable words producing beauty.鈥�

In spite of its lack of originality and systematic theory it is worth nothing that it deviates from the teaching of previous schools are some important features. However, 础驳苍颈-笔耻谤腻峁嘺 do not established any new system but perhaps lies in the fact that the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 derives its peculiar treatise from an altogether different traditions, which is now lost and of which it is the only existing representative. At lastly, in the account the 础濒补峁僰腻谤补 section of the 础驳苍颈-笔耻谤腻峁嘺 possesses a distinct importance and among them nine rasas including 艢腻苍迟补 are recognized the special treatment in the history of Sanskrit poetics.

In this way we can says, Bharata is the founder of rasa theory and the 础驳苍颈-笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is the profoundest of Rasa School in whole literature.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

A. Sankaran, Some aspects of Literary Criticism in Sanskrit, Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, New Delhi, 2nd Ed, 1973, Pp- 35-36.

[2]:

De, S. K. History of Sanskrit Poetics, Firma K. L. M, Kolkata, 2nd Ed, Vol-I, 1960, Pp-97-99 and Sankaran, A. Some Aspects of Literary Criticism in Sanskrit, University of Madras, 1929, Pp- 35-39