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Introduction—The Ninth adhyaya of the Kausika Sutra begins with the Preparation of Sacred Domestic Fire followed by Evening and Morning oblations. Baliharana too finds described here. This chapter ends with Agrayana, the first offerings of a Season. 1 : The contents of this chapter are detailed in their due order below: i) Preparation of Sacred Domestic Fire tions! ii) Evening and Morning oblations iii) Baliharana iv) Agrayana Generation' of Sacred Domestic Fire After the appeasement of the Kravyada fire, a two year } I 1 old cow having a calf of her own colour, is placed to the 1 su east near the shed on the Amavasya day. The eldest, at night, draped in wool performs the an val ambhana. The wife dressed � 1 in a new garment touches her husband, and others touch her. She is then caused to utter thrice the following: adhrigo Samidhvam, susami samidhvam Samidhvamadhriga vu I Purification of the Place of Sacred-Fire Production' Reciting the anuvaka, nadama roha... (Atharvaveda 12.2) along, with ayamagnih... (Atharvaveda 7.62.1) scattering of Santyudaka is + { }

285 2 carried out. Reciting agne akravyat... (Atharvaveda 12.2.24) the bringing of a light from the frying-pan (bhrastra) is performed. Pulling out the burnt-portions from the earth, the natural lump of earth and earth from an ant-hill are scattered, over the place of sacred-fire. Anointing the surface with dung of cow the place is scattered with sand and is sprinkled. Lines are drawn over the place of sacrifice. Again it is sprinkled. Preparation of House-fire 1 1 1 i. Placing of Aranis: The upper piece of arani is chuan placed behind, to the west of the drawn lines. Scattering 1 the hair of cow, horse, goat, sheep and also the grains of rice and yava and rubbing with cow-dung, two darbhas are placed with tips facing east. Reciting vosanau stha... (VS V.2 b ; T.S.i.3.7.1; Kat.Sr. V.1.29; Sat. Br.iii.4.1.21) V.2 b; the two aranis are breathed forth. The lower arani is placed over the said two darbhas. The lower part (of the uttararani) is then brought in contact with the lower arani, ge reciting urvasyasi... (VS V.2 cd; Kat. Sr. V.1.30; Satapatha Brahmana ii 1.4.1.22). ii. Churning of Fire: The sacrificer's wife facing west holds the mantha. The Yajamana churns facing east I d Reciting prtanajitam... (Atharvaveda 7.63.1) the Agni is called, 24 T I + yn

286 while the house-fire is being prepared. Reciting om bhurgayatram chando'nu-prajayasva tri stubham... (CF VS v. f 2* %; etc.; F.S.i.3.7.1; Kath. 1 ii.4; Laty. iii.5.5; Katy. Sr. V.1.28; Satapatha Brahmana iii.4.1.23.-) thrice, the churning for i production of fire is done starting from the right. 3 Reciting manthami tva jatavedah... the churning is done. The fire produced is consecrated with the recitation of jato janistha.... Uttering uddibyasva...5 the produced fire is flared up. this produced fire. 4 6 A With ihaivaidhi.. fuel is added to The kindled fire is placed on the lines drawn and the sacrificer stands in prayer opposite � | J the same! Reciting agne grhapate... satam samah... (Cf.RV. VI.15.19; VS.11.27 (and Kanva-sakha, p.59 of Weber's edition) vs. T.S.i.5.6.4%; Maitr.S. 1.4.2 (end); 1.15.14 (end); Sankh. Sr. iv.12.14; Sat Br. 1.9.3.19) he looks upon the Garhapatya and Kravyada fires. | t } | } iii Appeasement of Kravyada: The Santa-ajya is placed � 1 for the Garhapatya fire. The Kravyada fire with beverage isu mixed with beans is al so placed. Reciting upa tva namasa... H f (Atharvaveda 3.15.7) the Kravyada fire is appeased. Uttering visvaha ta (Atharvaveda 3.15.8) Purnahuti is given. Reciting yo no agnih. (Atharvaveda 12.2.33) hearts are touched along with the Kartr . 1 | i

I STP 8 1 I 287 Reciting amso raja vibhajati...7 the Kravyada fire is apportioned and the same is worshipped. While reciting sugarhapatya... (Atharvaveda 12.2.45°), Setting down fuel, from the right on the Garhapatya fire, is done. Reciting apavrtya... (Atharvaveda 12.2.34) the Kravyada fire is taken and placed at the entrance of the house upon the ground. Uttering yadyagniryo agniravih Krsna... a libation of crushed bones with mother of pearl to the Kravyada fire (which is to be banished) is made. Placing a piece of lead in the ladle and having tied it up, the Kravyada fire is to be quenched offering mantha. Reciting nadamaroha... (Atharvaveda 18.2.1-4) and also agne akravyadimam kravyada, yo asvesvanyebhyastva, hiranyapanim... (Atharvaveda 12.2.42, 43, 15, 16 and 3.21.8) the Kravyada fire is quenched. Homa is done in such a way that it is quenched. The cold-ash is thrown on an old basket from the right. | Having quenched the Kravyada with holy water and digging up the avadaghda (burnt one), the jirna, pitaka with kravyada bhasma is placed on the head of the Yajamana reciting param motyo... (Atharvaveda 12.2.21). Uttering the three kravyadam etc... (Atharvaveda 12-2, 8-10) the removed Kravyada fire i's addressed. down. â˜� 1 4 * Reciting avih Krsna... (Atharvaveda 12.2.53) the light is set Sisa³ etc. are given in the hands of the eldest. + } shi

288 Reciting asmin vayam, yadripram,sise mrdhvam... (Atharvaveda 12.2.13, 40, 19) the act of washing the hands is carried out with water containing lead. The hands and feet are wiped with black wool. Reciting imajiva..., udicinaih... (Atharvaveda 12.2.22, 29) the council is addressed. Reciting tri sapta... (Atharvaveda 12.2.29°) the effacement of the tracks to the streams is done. Reciting mrtyoh padam... (Atharvaveda 12.2.30) something to (symbolical) boats is done. While reciting param mrtyo... (Atharvaveda 12.2.21) the fetters are thrown in the south-east direction. Causing to make saptanadirupa (a symbolical seven river form) and then filling the same with water and reciting a rohata saviturnavametam.. sutramanam..., mahimu su... (Atharvaveda 12.2.48°; 7.6.3,2) embarking on a Symbolical boat containing gold and barley is .., carried out. Reciting asmanvati riyata. Reciting asmanvati riyata ..., uttisthata pra tarata sakhaya... (Atharvaveda 12.2.26, 27) the symbolical act of crossing over north-ward is carried out. Setting up of Sacred Domestic Fire A round stone is placed, in the pit in the midst of waters, from the north. While reciting the last pada of the verse tiro motyum... (Atharvaveda 12.2.23 d), stepping over the stone is done. The verse ta adharadudicih... (Atharvaveda 12.2.41) is recited at this juncture. Reciting nissalam... (Atharvaveda 2.14.1) the entrance of the house is besprinkled. All enter the house reciting urjam bibhrat... (Atharvaveda 7.60.1).10 Reciting vaisvadevim... (Atharvaveda 12.2.28) a young heifer is laid hold on.

289 Reciting imamindram... (Atharvaveda 12.2.47) a bull is laid hold on. Reciting anadvaham..., ahoratre... (Atharvaveda 12.2.48, 49) the act of laying hold on a couch is done. Reciting a rohatayuh... (Atharvaveda 12.2.24) mounting on the couch is done. The wife of the sacrificer who has mounted the couch is addressed with asina... (Atharvaveda 12.2.30°). Reciting pinjuliranjanam... (Atharvaveda 12.2.31) grass shoots dipped in butter are handed to the 11 women. The same act is done to menfolk. 12 Reciting param mrtyo vyakaromi... (Atharvaveda 12.2.21, 32, 13 24 (48), 44, 55; 3.21.1; 6.13.1; TS IV.2.1.2, 3; VS xii.7-10; Maitr.S. i.7.1; ii.7.8; Kath.S. XVI.8; XIX.11; xxii.12; Laty. iii.5.11) and agne'bhyavartin... ghee is offered as oblation. Pebbles pierced on their own are placed near the fire having tied them up with a hempan-cord. Offering is given through the hole of the spokes of the chariot without touching the fire. Reciting imam jivebhyah... (Atharvaveda 12.2.23) the setting down of a stone at the door is done. Offering is given reciting "ayurdava dhanadava baladava pasudava pustidava praja pataye svaha". The wife causes her children partake of the residue of the offering six times. after others partake. The remnant is given to the wife This is avasatyadhana.

290 Instructions as regards the Domestic Fire The fire should not be blownout for a year or removed. Some say that this restriction lasts for twelve days. 14 Daksinas are to be given in this rite. Offerings in the Domestic Fire After sitting to the west of fire silently, offering is made to Agni and Indragni. Two Sthalipakas are offered on the full-moon day. Reciting 'agnaye svaha, praja pataye svaha' grains or barley is offered in the morning and evening. Uttering 'suryaya svaha, praja pataye svaha' offering is made in the evening with grains or barley. On the morn after twelve days, Sthalipaka is offered to Agni. Preparing holy water at the end of the year and reciting ghrtahutirno the sampatas are brought over four water-pots and offering is made sitting opposite the fire reciting hute ramasva... 15 16 Regeneration, should the produced House-hold Fire blow out In case the fire blows out, touching the arani with that ash, fire is produced and invigorated. Purna homa 17 is performed. With the help of Sannatis ghee is offered. The same is done at the time when it is being produced and reunited. When the fire is being produced, the place of sacred

291 fire is anointed with cow-dung and the clarified butter is approached respectfully. Reciting prana-panabhyamm svaha, samanavyanabhyam svahodanarupabhyam svaha', offering is given in atma-gatagni. Getting up in the morning and invigorating the fire and bringing the sacrificial fire to its place, agnihotra is performed as before. The two priests and the two sacrifices are given morning and evening food 18 (offering).Evening and Morning Oblations Preliminaries: The wife, before sun-rise and sun-set should cause with clean hands the fire to flare up. After the expiry of Sandhivarna, something strong in sacrifice is caused to be offered in the fire (which is) enriched with fuel. Sacrifice to Agni-praja pati is done during the evening and for Aditya-prajapati in the morning. The Evening and Morning oblations are performed by one of the fuels fit for sacrifice and water, milk, sthalipaka or clarified butter. Rites, should the generated fire blow out The fire produced and given oblation may become extinct due to carelessness. When it is produced again by churning, sacrifice is made with the utterance of vyahrtis. Purnahoma is also performed. �

292 Udaka-ninayanam Reciting vanaspatibhyo vanaspatyebhyo osadhibhyo virudbhyah sarvebhyo devebhyo devajanebhyah punyajanebhyah, water is poured from the east on the darbhas. Reciting svadha prapita mahebhyah svadha pitamahebhyah svadha pitrbhyah, water is poured on the sacred grass from the south. Uttering tarksyayaristanemaye' mrtam mahyam, water is poured from the west and reciting somaya saptarsibhyah, water is poured from the north. Undertaking of Vrata When the wiping and anointing of the sacrificial altar is completed, food sacred to Vratapati is offered in the fire at the time of Parva. Vrata 19 sacrificial Vrata Eating a little food oneself, is undertaken in the afternoon. the Agni somiya yaga A Sthalipaka is offered sacred to Agni and Soma on the full-moon day, and the same is offered to Indra and Agni on the new-moon day. Sacrifice for Other Deities 20 As regards other sacrifices, svistakrt oblation is 21 given. In Atharva rites, anumati-performance is optional. Later on, Visvedevas are given oblations.

293 General Tips For Those Entitled To Do Sacrifice The unlearned, unclean and those that do not know the import of the Vedas should not offer oblations. The gods They get generally terrified at these, offering oblations. desire sanctity and purity. Hence they do not partake of that offered by unlearned Brahmins. The offering should be caused to be done by an expert Brahmin, well-versed in the Vedas. Baliharana The Deva-yajna is followed by baliharana. The Bali is offered with the word namah. Baliyajna and Baliharana mean the same. There are numerous differences of minute details among the Sutras with regard to the Baliharana. The Baliharana as described in the Kausika Sutra is detailed below. At the outset offering oblations to Agni, Indragni, Vastospati, Prajapati, and Anumati, Bali is offered repeatedly coming out, outside the agnyagara, to Brahma, Vaisravana, Visvedevas, Sarvedevas, Visvabhutas and Sarvabhutas. Sprinkling twice turning towards the right and passing over the interiors, oblation is given at the gates. Oblation is offered at the doors to Mrtyu and Dharma-adharma. At the place of water, Bali is offered to Dhanvantari,

294 the Ocean, Osadhivanaspati and Dyava prthivi. At the two sides of pillars, Bali is offered to Directions and Intermediate Directions. Balis are offered to Vasuki, Citrasena, Citraratha, and to the two Tak sa and Upataksa at the comers of the house. Bali is offered around the fires to Asa, Sraddha, Medha, Sri, Hri and Vidya. Bali is offered towards the east of fires to domestic deities and to the wives of gods. The Brahmins are to be fed 22 at the end. Agrayana These are the first offerings of a season. Santyudaka is prepared on this occasion. According to the season, a Sthali paka may be cooked either in water or in milk. Reciting sajurrtubhih sajurvidhabhih sajuragnaye svaha.. one or more sthali pakas are offered. At the time of autumn oblation of Syamaka rice is offered to Soma. The sacrificer accepts the portion of havis eaten by the Brahmin. While accepting the same the yajamana utters the following prajapatestva... 24 nnah. 25 He partakes of the same reciting bhadraThe Prasita is addressed with amo'si. 26 � 23 Sacrificial Fee at Agrayana The sacrificial fee at the time of Agrayana should be a first-born calf in summer and a garment in the autumn. The

295 sacrificial fee should be as much as the sacrificer can afford and it should never be more than what can be offered. Conclusion The The Ninth adhyaya of the Kausika Sutra with the descriptions of Agnyadheya, Avasathyadhana and Sayampratarhomas looks more of the nature of a Srauta Sutra than of a Grhya. Agrayana, the ancient ritual of the agricultural Aryan society and which is an important Srauta sacrifice finds its mention in this chapter. The Baliharana or the Bhuta yajna is perhaps the only topic in this chapter which is of the nature of a Grhyasutra. 1

296 REFERENCES 1. The preparation of household fire is explained along with the appeasement of Kravyada fire. 2. Mahasanti consists in pouring together holy water. 3. manyami tva jatavedah sujatam jatavedasam | 4. sa no jivesva bhaja dirghamayusca dho hi nah || jato'janistha yasasa sahagne prajam pastaje raye masmasu dhohe | anandino modamanah suvira anamayah sarvabhayurgamama || 5. udvipyasva jatavedodava sedim trsna ksadham jahi | apasmattama uchatvapa hritamukho jayapa rhadirdaso jahi || 6. ihaivaidhi dhanasaniriha tva samidhimahi | ihaidhi pustivardhana iha tva samidhimahi || 7. amso raja vibhajatimavagni vidharayan | kravyadam nirnadamati havyavadiha tisthatu | 8. ya gniryo agniravih krsna 1 ma no ruroh sucadvidah sivo no astu bharato raranah | ativyadhi vyadho agrabhista kravyado agni mayami sarvana || 9. Barring Krkalasa sira. 10. At the entrance of the house some recite the Mahasanti in a high-pitched tone. 11. After waving the grass shoots about the top of the water-pot, they are given to Yajamana and others. 12. param mrtyo vyakaromya rohitantardhih pratyacabhaka ye agnayo namo devavadhabhyodagne bhyavatinnagne jatavedah saha ramya punarja |

297 13. agnodabhyavartinnabhi na a vatrtsva | ayusa varcasa sanya medhya pranaya dhanena || agne jatavedah satam te sahasa | upavrtah | adha pustasyesanah punarno rayima krdhi || saha ramya ni vartatvagne pinvasva dharaya | visvatsya visvataspari || punarurja vavrtsva punaragna sayusa | punarnah paryamhasah || 14. dvadasaratra ityeke | Kausika Sutra 72.22. 15. ghutahutina bhavagne akravyahrtirdhrtahutim tva vayamakravyahrtimupanisadema jatavedah | 16. hute ramasva hutabhaga radhi mahasmabhyam mota himsih pasunna | 17. prthivyamagneye samanabhana Atharvaveda IV.39.1. •� 18. sayamasapratarasau yajnavrtvijau | Kausika Sutra 72.44. 19. Abstaining from meal and sex and remaining virtuous, the Yajamana lies on bare ground near the fire. 20. ardhahrtistu sauvistakrti sarvesam havisam samrta | Kausika Sutra 73.12. 21. anumati va bhavati sthaligha kesvatharvana | Kausika Sutra 73.12. 22. It is not advisable to eat before a Brahmin, the The Brahmin prepared food; for it would turn almost poison. indeed is the lord of gods; he should / treated as a deity. Kausika Sutra 84.12. be 23. samrtubhih sajurvidhabhih sajaragnaye svaha | sarindragnibhyam sajaryavaprthivibhyam sarvisvebhyo devebhyah sa tubhih sajurvidhabhih sah sobhaya svaha | 24. prajapatestavagraham grhnami | mahayam bhutyai madhyam pustyaimahayam sriyai mahyam hriyai mahyam yasase mahyamayuse maddayamannayam madhyamannatoya maddayam sahasraposaya maddayama- paribhitaposaya | Kausika Sutra 74.18. 1

298 25. bhadrannah sreyah samanaista devastvayavarina ramasimahi tva | sa nah pito madhuma ja vivesa sivastokaya tanvo na ehi | Kausika Sutra 74.19 . ueli 26. amo'si prana bravimyabharata sarvamgati pravistah | sa me jaram rogamapadha sariradanamayaidhi ma risama indo || Kausika Sutra 74.20. i 1