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The art of house-building was an important art in ancient India. Men qualified for house building were there. Big cities like Pataliputra, Vidisha, Ahich chhatra, Ujjayini, Kaushambi, Kasi, Kampilya, Avanti, Pratisthana, Vallabhi, Tamralipti Kanchi, Kanyakubja, Kusumapura etc. with their big and palatial buildings of white plaster that used to / glitter in the bright sun have often been mentioned in the stories from Kathasaritsagara They are mentioned by various terms 591 592 such as 'Sudhadhautapra sadam' 593 594 'prathu tungamandiram,' 'sitaharmayam' Sitaprasadam'. These cities seem to be well planned and were surrounded and fortified by high and wide ramparts (prakaras) and had big entrance gates on all 588. Nirnaya Sagar 8.6.25. 589. Ibid. 16.3.68, 7.2.120. 590. Ibid. 3.6.213, 12.7.165-166, 5.1.29. 591. Ibid. 12.4.26. 592. Ibid. 6.5.25. 593. Ibid. 6.1.136,138. 594. Ibid. 17.1.19.

595 286 the four sides. Innumerable are our references to the great parks and lakes that were inside and outside these 596 cities. The various buildings that have been mentioned in the Kathasaritsagara can be classified under three catagories, viz. (1) Palaces, (2) Lofty mansions of the rich people, wellto-do personal and high ranking officers, and (3) Religious buildings. Palaces The palaces of kings and emperors with their various appendages have already been discussed in details in chapter II under Political Conditions. Lofty mansions of the rich The lofty mansions of rich people, the high ranking officers and well-to-do persons with big halls, towers arches, lattice-windows, high terraces and with white plaster have often been mentioned. 597 They appear to be many storied. A city named Hemapura with such lofty mansions, streets 598 and arches has been described. The golden and wide ramparts 599 (Suvarnapramshuprakara) of Vimalapura are mentioned. 595. Nirnaya Sagar 15.2.3, 12.21,15, 18.5.72, 6.4.115, 3.4.9,95,104, 105. 596. Ibid. 3.2.17, 3.4.95, 6.2.114, 6.8.133, 16.2.113, 18.5.132, 12.21.14, 5.2.165, 12.36.33, 17.4.132, 18.5.72, 12.35.23. 597..Ibid. 12.28.18, 12.8.90, 12.19.16. 598. Ibid. 7.9.8-9,156. 599. Ibid. 15.2.13.

287 600 We have a reference to the rich and splendid mansion of Madanamala, the famous courtesan of Pratisthana, the splendid mansion of another courtesan named Kumudika 601 of Ujjayini and again that of Rupanika with splendid 603 602 halls and terrace. These mansions had many zones. We have also a reference to an opulant mansion of a Brahmin lady Priyadatta and the palatial building of an ivorycarver of Kalinga, the palace of a Brahmin named Hariswami 605 606 of Banaras, and the palace of a merchant from Ujjayini with an attached garden (prasadaapavana). Religious Buildings Under the religious-buildings we may consider the monastries (viharas), the Brahmin mouasteries (vipra-mathas), Comple the temples (mandiras) and the alm-houses, (satras). The Viharas (monasteries) a These were constructed by the kings and the rich persons for religious purposes. King Vinitamati of Ahichchhatra is said to have built many such monsteries and almhouses for the Buddhist mendicants and Brahmins 607 and other sectarians. a Again a Vihara (monstery) constructed 600. Nirnaya Sagar 7.4.19-29. 601. Ibid. 10.2.15-21. 602. Ibid. 2.4.88. 603. Ibid. 18.5.74, 18.5.176, 7.9.19, 20, 21. 604. Ibid. 12.8.115-119 605. Ibid. 12.20.5-6. 606. Ibid. 18.4.146. 607. Ibid. 12.5.99.

288 608 by King Kalingadatta of Taxila is mentioned. In a Buddhist monastery gong was used to direct the daily 609 duties of manks. Again we have reference to a monastery that was ordered to be constructed by the warder of King Vikramaditya in which a picture drawn by the king was to be hanged and food, gold and garments were distributed 610 to visitors. The Brahmin Monasteries (Vipra-mathas) Many are our references to these in the Kathasaritsagara They were inside as well as outside big cities. These Brahmin monasteries were big, many storied and well thy establishments. Many Brahmins are said to be living in them. 611 i.e. a small monastery is also mentioned. The Mathika A matha out-side the city walls of Ujjayini is 612 referred to. A Vipra-matha (Brahmin monastery) is also 613 mentioned. A big and wealthy Brahmin monastery of Karkotaka is which nobe Brahmins used to stay and to which were 614 attached beautiful temples of gold is also mentioned. Also a many storied matha in which the Brahmin Harastami 615 lived is mentioned. Another monastery in which Saktideva 608. Nirnaya Sagar 6.3.37. 609. Ibid. 10.8.135-136. 610. Ibid. 18.3.62-63. 611. Ibid. 6.6.132, 3.1.30. 612. Ibid. 3.4.113, 105. 613. Ibid. 5.2.64. 614. Ibid. 3.4.318-319. 615. Ibid. 5.1.217.

Sampleri uns fast 616 289 617 entered is referred to. A matha in Kusumapura, another 618 to which a temple was attached, and yet another at 619 Kanyakubja, are also referred to. The Temples (Mandiras, Devakulas, Surakulas or a士ma Surasadanas) Temples dedicated to various gods such as Siva, Ganesha, Durga, Kartikaya, Katyayani, Chandika, Parvati, Gauri, seven-mothers (sapta matukas), Naga, Kamadeva 620 (Indian Cupid), Sarfafsvati, Nishnu and many others 622 621 have often been mentioned throughout the Kathasaritsagara It appears that contemporary India was studded with temples. The temple had two main-parts, the main-hall (mandapam) and the inner-shrine (garbhagriha). An the inner-shrime the image of the god or goddess was 5 kept. The custom of 鉁� erecting lofty stone-pillar (dipamala) in front of a These stone-pillars were marked 623 temple was also in vogue. by a dise (chakra) at the top. The temple had a pradakshina 624 Marga. Many bells with chains and swords at times were 625 suspended in these temples or shrines. These temples 616. Nirnaya Sagar 5.2.63. 617. Ibid. 15.1.219. 618. Ibid. 3.1.31. 619. Ibid. 12.9.14. 620. Ibid. 12.34.224, 12.6.375,376, 12.13.31, 12.5.17, 14.4.85, 3.4.158, 12.11.50, 9.3.148, 12.13.5-6, 12.36.33, 9.5.173,175, 18.4.207, 12.7.208, 13.1.128. 10.10.30, 17.6.104,105, 9.5.221, 5.2.86, 17.3.13, 171, 115, 17.4.171, 5.2.148, 12.5.3, 9.5.173,175. 621. Ibid. 10.1.73. 622. Ibid. 3.4.158, 18.2.145, 12.13.30. 623. Ibid. 2.4.174. 624. Ibid. 17.6.105, 12.12.15, 18.5.72. 625. Ibid. 12.13.31, 6.4.115, 3.4.9. 12.13.30.

290 626 were decorated with banners of red-silk (raktamsukapataka). 627 Most of these temples were built by kings and enddowments were granted for the support and yearly a) of these temples. festivals (nityabhogaya and ya yatroytsava) It is mentioned that 1000 villages (gramasahasra) were attached to a Ganesha temple in Malva for permanent 628 support and festival. On the day of the yearly festival the custom of taking a procession devayatra of the idol, idol was taken in the city in which people joined in great numbers danced and entertained themselves. Buddhist temples 630 in Taxila are also mentioned. The Alm-houses (Satras) 629 We have references to alm-houses that were constructed by kings such as Adityasena, Vasantsena, Vikramaditya, 631 Vinitamati and many others. Cooked food to Brahmans, mendicants and sramanas was served in these alm-houses, It was the belief that by such pious acts great 'punya' was accumulated by the kings. An officer named 'Satradipati ' were appointed to supervise these alm houses. 626. Nirnaya Sagar 8.7.198, 4.2.63, 3.4.9. 627. Ibid. 5.2.228, 18.2.147, 12.11.50, 12.6.326. 628. Ibid. 12.6.326-327. 629. Ibid. 10.1.38, 5.2.121, 5.3.4. 630. Ibid. 18.3.62,74,77, 12.5.99, 4.1.71, 6.7.53,58, 3.6.149. 631. Ibid. 18.3.62,74,77,12.5.99, 14.2.160.

291 Quite a large number of architectural terms which show the development of the science to a great extent in those days have been mentioned in Kathasaritsagara Mention is made 632 633 2 634 of rampart (prakara), gates (duara), high and with the shape of pitchers (uttung, purna kumbha prdvara), arched- 635 636 637 639 gateway (torana), arche (torana), round and (torana), round and square towers, window (gavaksha, Patayana), big-window (bra hat-gavaksha), 641 lofty window (uttung vatayana), pearl-window (mantika jala) (17.4.14), latice-window (jala-gavaksha), court-yard 642 643 (prangana), zone (kashaka) pillars studded with jewels 644 and precious stones (mani kuttima), the capitals decorated 645 647 646 648 with female-figures (salabhangika), costly mosaic pavement painted wall (chittra bhittin, white plaster (sita sudha), 649 650 chamber (vasaka), side-entrance (kapatakam), inner-apartment 632. Nirnaya Sagar 12.12.15, 16.2.151. 633. Ibid. 6.4.115. 634. Ibid. 3.4.9. 635. Ibid. 14.2.160. 636. Ibid. 7.9.8. 637. Ibid. 3.4.14. 638. Ibid. 14.1.61,10.8.107. 639. Ibid. 12.8.119. 640. ibid. 12.28.18. 641. Ibid. 4.3.61, 3.4.9., 12.8.119, 12.19.91. 642. Ibid. 3.5.23-24. 643. Ibid. 18.5.74, 7.9.19. 644. Ibid. 12.19.91-92. 645. Igid. 18.4.140. 646. Ibid. 17.4.13-14. 647. Ibid. 3.2.27, 12.36.207. 648. Ibid. 17.1.19. 649. Ibid. 6.4.113. 650. Ibid. 3.4.6, 280.

292 bridge 651 652 (abhyantaram), bath-room (snanaveshman) stair-case 653 654 (sopana pangti), strong-room (koshaveshma ), audience- 656 655 657 hall (asthana), assembly-hall (samsada), dining-hall (aharabhumi), court (rajya sabha), feasting-hall (bhojana 659 658 660 662 664 bhumi), drinking-hall (apanabhuma), concert-hall (sangeetaveshma), dancing-hall (rangamandapam), treasury (bhandagara), under-ground-hall (bhugraha), gambling-hall (dyuta- 665 666 terrace (harmyagra) etc. We have a reference to 667 Shala), a dam (setu). The Several storied mansions embellished with flags, banners, arches, towers are often mentioned in Kathasaritsagara outside of these mansions was while-washed and inside was decorated with pictures. It had lattice-windows and spacious terraces. Its floor was richly studded with various genus and jewels and its had canopy of flashing 668 jewels. It is said that the pavement of the palace of 651. Nirnaya Sagar 6.6.59,61. 652. Ibid. 7.5.100. 653. Ibid. 5.3.285. 654. Ibid. 5.1.133. 655. Ibid. 9.3.304, 5.1.47. 656. Ibid. 14.3.61. 657. Ibid. 10.3.102. 658. Ibid. 12.36.146. 659. Ibid. 12.2.123-124. 660. Ibid. " " 661. Ibid. 6.8.170. 662. Ibid. 12.4.75. 663. Ibid. 9.3.27. 664. Ibid. 18.8.129. 665. Ibid. 18.5.210, 12.6.189. 666. Ibid. 6.4.1, 3.3.72. 667. Ibid. 10,5.147. 668. Ibid. 10.1.80.

honds 293 Vasavadatta was composed of translucent, flashing lustrous 669 jewels. Fragrant incense burnt in the room and the furniture consisted of rich upholstered beds, cushions and 670 pillows. The palaces and especially the halls of the Vidyadharas have often been described in details. They are made up of gold (kanaka) and precious stones, they have 671 672 golden walls (sauvarna bhitti), peart windows (Mauktika 673 675 674 Jala) and lattice of pearls. The lakes inside these palaces had steps made out of jewels (ratna sopana vapi). They had costly mosaic pavement of jewels and jewelled 676 terraces (harmyagra). The halls had pillars studded with jewels and precious stones with luxurious couches and splendid golden thrones studded with various gems and 677 jewels. Of the material used in the construction we may say that timber, brick, mud, morter, iron, stones, plaster, precious stones, gold and silver were used for the purpose. 669. Nirnaya Sagar 4.2.6. 670. Ibid. 12.7.232, 17.4.13. 671. Ibid. 5.5.3, 12.19.91, 17.4.12. 672. Ibid. 12.19.91-92, 17.4.14. 673. Ibid. 6.8.145. 674. Ibid. 5.3.285. 675. Ibid. 17.4.13. 676. Ibid. 17.4.14. 677. Ibid. 12.19.91-92, 17.4.15, 6.8.145.