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In the Vedas, we get several explicit references to honouring an atithi in the form of a ritualistic act. However these ritualistic practices transformed social customs during the period of 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 and 厂尘峁泃颈蝉. One should notice that the ritualistic aspect of 补迟颈迟丑颈-蝉补辫补谤测腻 has never been sidelined in the later phases of Indian culture. The 惫补谤峁嚹伵况补尘补 system prevailed in this period reflects the four stages of life. They are Brahmacarya, 骋腻谤丑补蝉迟丑测补, 痴腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑补 and 厂补苍苍测腻蝉补. This social order is reflected in 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 and 厂尘峁泃颈蝉 as well.

It is very often highlighted in the 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补 literature that a 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补 has a prominent role in the scheme of 惫补谤峁嚹伵况补尘补.^[1] He is to, not even protect, but to help flourish all the sections of society. This responsibility is reflected in the following passage of 惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈,

yasm膩ttrayo'py膩艣rami峁噊 j帽膩nen膩nnena c膩nvahan |
g峁沨asthenaiva dh膩ryante tasm膩jjye峁ａ弓h膩艣ramo g峁沨墨 || 惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈, 3.78

Just how every living organism depended on 痴腻测耻 (the air we breathe) all the other orders (叠谤补丑尘补肠腻谤墨, 痴腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑补, 厂补苍苍测腻蝉颈苍) depends on the 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补.^[2]

顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉, Epics, 厂尘峁泃颈蝉, 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 etc. speak of the duties of a householder. 础迟颈迟丑颈-蝉补辫补谤测腻 is described as one of the main duties of a householder. Householder gives wealth and 诲丑腻苍测补 through the 测补箩帽补, 诲腻苍补 and tapas.驰补箩帽补 is the back bone of the 痴补谤峁嚹伵况补尘补 system.

The term 测补箩帽补 is derived from the root 鈥�yaj鈥� to mean sacrificing something for the sake of gods. The concept of 测补箩帽补 is a complicated one having different agnis, 测腻驳补蝉, priests and mantras. Mantras are recited differently based on the context. Often it is recited with incantation. 驰腻驳补蝉 can be divided into two鈥�Nitya测腻驳补蝉 and K膩mya测腻驳补蝉. The former are obligatory and the latter are optional. There are several K膩mya测腻驳补蝉 prescribed for different desires. The same is also performed for getting rain fall, cows, wealth, empire etc. A number of 测腻驳补蝉 and their results are described in the 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺 texts. These explain not only how to live happily in this world alone but also explains how one is benifitted out of it in the next world. They teach one how to attain worldly and heavenly comforts; 测腻驳补蝉 satisfying these two are considered as great 测腻驳补蝉.^[3]

The concept of 测补箩帽补 and the parts of 测补箩帽补s like devatas, agni, 峁泃惫颈办鈥檚, 诲补办峁�i峁嘺 are mentioned in 峁欢惫别诲补. The details of 厂辞尘补测腻驳补, 补驳苍测腻诲丑腻苍补, havir测补箩帽补, 肠腻迟耻谤尘腻蝉测补, 补惫补产丑峁泃丑补, 诲墨办峁�a, 艣补蝉迟谤补艣补峁僺补苍补, nivida, udgr膩bha, gr膩vagr膩bha and also the names of 峁歵惫颈办鈥檚 like 贬辞迟峁�, 笔辞迟峁�, 狈别峁ａ弓峁�, 础驳苍墨苍诲丑谤补, Adhvaryu, Brahman, 鲍诲驳腻迟峁� are mentioned in 峁欢惫别诲补.

According to 颁丑腻苍诲辞驳测辞辫补苍颈峁�a诲, Dharma has three skandhas; 测补箩帽补, adhyayana and 诲腻苍补.^[4] It is said into the 碍腻迟测腻测补苍补 艢谤补耻迟补蝉奴迟谤补 that 测补箩帽补 is the dravya诲腻苍补 of deities.^[5] In 艢atapatha 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺, 测补箩帽补 is said to be the greatest deed in this world. There are two main types of 测补箩帽补s, 艢rauta测补箩帽补s and Sm膩rta测补箩帽补s. Srauta测补箩帽补s are mentioned in the Vedas. There are fourteen types of 艢rauta测补箩帽补s. Of these, seven are havir测补箩帽补s and seven are soma测补箩帽补s. Sm膩rta测补箩帽补s are the 测补箩帽补s described in the 骋峁沨测补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 and 厂尘峁泃颈蝉. There are seven Sm膩rta测补箩帽补s, also known as p膩ka测补箩帽补s. Thus, there are total of twenty-one 测补箩帽补s.^[6] The p膩ka测补箩帽补s are done in the 驳峁沨测腻驳苍颈 and 艣rauta测补箩帽补s are done in the 艣谤补耻迟腻驳苍颈. Lot of 测补箩帽补s like m膩nasa测补箩帽补, japa测补箩帽补, dhy膩na测补箩帽补 etc. are practiced nowadays. 惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈 and other 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补 texts points out that a householder should practice pa帽camah膩测补箩帽补s in order to escape from evil effects.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

骋腻谤丑补蝉迟丑测补, duties of 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补s, classification of 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补s are detaily discussed in the nineth chapter.

[2]:

yath膩 v膩yu峁� sam膩艣ritya sarve j墨vanti jantava岣� |
tath膩 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补m膩艣ritya vartante sarva 膩艣ram膩岣� || 惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈, 3.78

[3]:

叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺峁呩箙a岣� Oru Pa峁環anam, N.K. Sundareswaran, p.78,79

[4]:

trayo dharmaskandh膩 yaj帽o'dhyayanan诲腻苍补miti prathamastapa eva dvit墨yo brahmacary膩c膩rya kulav膩s墨 t峁泃墨yo'tyantam膩tm膩nam膩caryakulevas膩daya峁僺arva ete pu峁噛alok膩 bhavanti brahma sa峁僺tho'm峁泃atvameti | 颁丑腻苍诲辞驳测辞辫补苍颈峁�a诲, 2.23.1

[5]:

测补箩帽补峁� vy膩khy膩sy膩ma岣� || 1 || yaj帽o y膩go yajanami峁ａ弓iriti 辫补谤测腻测腻岣� | 测补箩帽补峁� 测腻驳补峁� vy膩khy膩sy膩ma岣� 测腻驳补蝉var奴pa峁� kathayi峁�y膩ma岣� | tamev膩ha-诲谤补惫测补峁� 诲别惫补迟腻 迟测补驳补岣� || 2 || 诲谤补惫测补峁� 诲别惫补迟腻 迟测补驳补岣� 测补箩帽补岣� | 碍腻迟测腻测补苍补 艢谤补耻迟补蝉奴迟谤补, 1.2.1, 1.2.2

[6]:

yaj帽膩 ekavi峁兣沘tibhed膩岣� | tatra ca sapta p膩ka测补箩帽补sa峁僺tha岣�, aup膩sanahomo 惫补颈艣惫补诲别惫补峁� 辫腻谤惫补峁嘺尘补峁ａ弓补办腻 尘腻蝉颈艣谤腻诲诲丑补峁� sarpabalir墨艣膩nabaliriti | sapta ca havir测补箩帽补sa峁僺tha岣�, 补驳苍颈丑辞迟谤补峁� dar艣ap奴r峁嘺m膩s膩v膩graya峁嘺峁� c膩turm膩sy膩ni nir奴岣峢apa艣ubandhassautr膩ma峁噄岣� pi峁囜笉apit峁泍aj帽膩dayo darvihom膩 iti | saptaiva ca 蝉辞尘补蝉补峁僺迟丑补岣�, agni峁ａ弓omo'tyagni峁ａ弓oma uktthya峁ａ梗o岣峚艣墨 v膩japeyo'tir膩tr膩ptory膩ma iti | 膧辫补蝉迟补尘产补 骋峁沨测补蝉奴迟谤补 1.1, p.2