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The God who gives light to the worlds.

Birth.

It is said that the Sun was born to 碍补艣测补辫补 by his wife Aditi. 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 begot 叠谤补丑尘腻 and 叠谤补丑尘腻 begot 惭补谤墨肠颈. 笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈 碍补艣测补辫补 was born from 惭补谤墨肠颈. Several sons were born to 碍补艣测补辫补 by Aditi the daughter of 顿补办峁�a. They are known by the names 膧诲颈迟测补蝉, Vasus, Rudras and so on. Of these, 膧诲颈迟测补蝉 are tewelve in number. (膧诲颈迟测补 means the son of Aditi). There is a difference of opinion as to who these twelve 膧诲颈迟测补蝉 are. According to Agni 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Chapter 51, the twelve 膧诲颈迟测补蝉 are 痴补谤耻峁嘺, 厂奴谤测补 (the Sun), 厂补丑补蝉谤腻峁兣泆, 顿丑腻迟腻, Tapana, 厂补惫颈迟腻, Gabhasti, Ravi, Parjanya, 罢惫补峁ａ弓腻, Mitra and 痴颈峁ａ箛耻. (See under Dv膩da艣膩dityas). But in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, 膧di Parva, Chapter 65, Stanza 15, it is stated that the twelve 膧诲颈迟测补蝉 are 顿丑腻迟腻, 础谤测补尘腻, Mitra, 艢耻办谤补, 痴补谤耻峁嘺, 础峁兣沘, Bhaga, 痴颈惫补蝉惫腻苍, 笔奴峁Ｄ�, 厂补惫颈迟腻 罢惫补峁ａ弓腻 and 痴颈峁ａ箛耻.

Very often these names are used as synonyms of the Sun. So it is better to assume that there are several 膧诲颈迟测补蝉 and that it is the sun who gives light and heat to the worlds. 痴颈惫补蝉惫腻苍 is this sun because it is said that from this 痴颈惫补蝉惫腻苍 the Manu Vaivasvata was born and from this Vaivasvata, 滨办峁�v腻办耻, the first king of the Solar dynasty, was born.

2 The chariot of the Sun. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, in consequence of which days and nights occur. The Pur膩峁噄c assumption is that the sun travels in a very big chariot. The chariot of the Sun is nine thousand yojanas long. The wheel is fixed to this. The great wheel of time with three centres, five tyres and six spokes, is fixed on that indestructible year. It has seven horses, which are the seven Vedic metres, called by the names 骋腻测补迟谤墨, 叠峁沨补迟墨, 鲍峁ａ箛颈办, 闯补驳补迟墨, T峁涐梗峁璾bh, 础苍耻峁ａ弓耻产丑 and 笔补峁卥迟颈. Another axle used for the chariot of the Sun is fortyfive thousand five hundred yojanas long. The length of each half of the Yoke is proportionate to the length of the axle. The short axle of the chariot with the small half of the yoke is fixed on Dhruva. The wheel fixed on the other axle rests on the mount 惭腻苍补蝉辞迟迟补谤补.

Separate 膧诲颈迟测补蝉, hermits Gandharvas, celestial maids, 驰补办峁�a蝉, serpents and giants sit, in the chariot of the Sun every month. In the month of Caitra, which is also called Madhum膩sa, the seven officers of the month who travel daily in the chariot, are the 膧诲颈迟测补 顿丑腻迟腻, the celestial maid Kratusthal膩, the hermit Pulastya, the serpent 痴腻蝉耻办颈, the 驰补办峁�a 搁补迟丑补产丑峁泃, the gaint Heti, and the Gandharva Tumburu. In the month of 痴补颈艣腻办丑补 also called 惭腻诲丑补惫补, the 膧诲颈迟测补 Aryaman, the hermit Pulaha, the 驰补办峁�a Rathaujas, the celestial maid Pu帽jikasthal膩, the giant Praheti, the serpent Kacav墨ra and the Gandharva 狈腻谤补诲补 sit in the chariot. In the month of 闯测别峁ａ弓丑补, the 膧诲颈迟测补 Mitra, the hermit Atri, the serpent 罢补办峁�a办补, giant 笔补耻谤耻峁�e测补, the celestial maid 惭别苍补办腻, the Gandharva 贬腻丑腻, and the 驰补办峁�a Rathasvana, sit in the chariot. In the month of 膧峁Ｄ佱笉丑补, the 膧诲颈迟测补 痴补谤耻峁嘺, the hermit 痴补蝉颈峁ａ弓丑补, the serpent 狈腻驳补, the celestial maid 厂补丑补箩补苍测腻, the Gandharva 贬奴丑奴, the giant Ratha and the 驰补办峁�a Citraratha, travel in the chariot. In the month of 艢谤腻惫补峁嘺, the 膧诲颈迟测补 Indra, the Gandharva, 痴颈艣惫腻惫补蝉耻, the 驰补办峁�a Srotas, the serpent 贰濒腻辫耻迟谤补, the hermit 础峁単颈谤补蝉, the celestial maid 笔谤补尘濒辞肠腻, and the giant 厂补谤辫墨 travel in the chariot. In the month of 叠丑腻诲谤补辫补诲补 the 膧诲颈迟测补 痴颈惫补蝉惫腻苍, the Gandharva, Ugrasena, the hermit 叠丑峁沢耻, the 驰补办峁�a, 膧辫奴谤补峁嘺, the celestial maid 础苍耻尘濒辞肠腻, the serpent 艢补峁卥丑补辫腻濒补 and the giant 痴测腻驳丑谤补 sit in the chariot. In the month of A艣van墨, the 膧诲颈迟测补 笔奴峁Ｄ�, the Gandharva Vasuruci, the giant 痴腻迟补, the hermit Gautama, the serpent 顿丑补苍补帽箩补测补, the 驰补办峁�a 厂耻峁�e峁嘺 and the celestial maid Gh峁泃膩ci sit in the chariot. In the month of 碍腻谤迟迟颈办补, the Gandharva is another 痴颈艣惫腻惫补蝉耻, the hermit 叠丑补谤补诲惫腻箩补, 膧诲颈迟测补 Parjanya, the serpent 础颈谤腻惫补迟补, the celestial maid, 痴颈艣惫腻肠墨, 驰补办峁�a Senajit and the giant 膧pa, sit in the chariot. In the month of 惭腻谤驳补艣墨谤峁�a, the 膧诲颈迟测补 础峁兣沘, the hermit 碍补艣测补辫补, the 驰补办峁�a 罢腻谤办峁�y补, the serpent 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补, the celestial maid 鲍谤惫补艣墨, the Gandharva Citrasena, and the giant Vidyut travel in the chariot. In the month of 笔补耻峁�a, the hermit Kratu, the 膧诲颈迟测补 Bhaga, the Gandharva 弄谤峁嚹乱耻, the giant 厂辫丑奴谤箩补, the serpent 碍补谤办辞峁璦办补, the 驰补办峁�a 础谤颈峁ａ弓补苍别尘颈 and the celestial maid 笔奴谤惫补肠颈迟迟颈 travel in the chariot. In the month of 惭腻驳丑补, the 膧诲颈迟测补 罢惫补峁ａ弓腻, the hermit Jamadagni, the serpent Kambala, the celestial maid 罢颈濒辞迟迟补尘腻, the giant Brahmopeta, the 驰补办峁�a 峁歵补箩颈迟 and the Gandharva 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 sit in the chariot. In the month of 笔丑腻濒驳耻苍补 the 膧诲颈迟测补 痴颈峁ａ箛耻, the serpent 础艣惫补迟补谤补, the celestial maid 搁补尘产丑腻, the Gandharva Suvarcas, the 驰补办峁�a Satyajit, the hermit 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补, and the giant 驰补箩帽辞辫别迟补 travel in the chariot. These seven persons live in the region of the Sun in their time. The hermits praise the Sun; the gandharvas sing; the celestial maids dance; the giants walk behind as guards. The serpents prepare the horses to be yoked; the 驰补办峁�a蝉 hold the bridle and the 叠腻濒补办丑颈濒测补蝉 stand round the Sun. These groups of seven in each month are responsible for heat, coldness, rain etc. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 础峁兣沘 2, Chapter 8).

The Vedic figure of the Sun.

Even though the sun is only one of the seven groups, he is above the others in prominence. The complete power of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 is the three Vedas 峁欢, Yajus and 厂腻尘补. The power in the form of the three Vedas blazes in the form of the Sun. That power destroys all the sins in the world. 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 stays inside the sun in the form of 峁欢, Yajus and 厂腻尘补 for the Sustenance and protection of the world. As said before, the three Vedas are the 辫补谤腻艣补办迟颈, or the feminine supreme power of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻. She is the three Vedas themselves. Every month she stays inside that particular 膧诲颈迟测补 of the month. In the morning the 峁欢惫别诲补 praises the Sun. At noon the Yajurveda praises the Sun and in the evening the 厂腻尘补ns such as 叠峁沨补诲 Rathantara and so on. The three Vedas 峁欢, Yajus and 厂腻尘补n are portions of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻. This power of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 stays in 膧诲颈迟测补 always. It stays not only in the Sun, but also in the three godheads 叠谤补丑尘腻, 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 and 艢颈惫补. At the time of creation 叠谤补丑尘腻 was pervaded by 峁歡. At the time of sustenance, 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 is pervaded by Yajus. At the end Rudra will be pervaded by 厂腻尘补n. So the sound of 厂腻尘补n will be unpalatable. Thus this Vai峁ａ箛avite power which is having the attribute of purity (Sattva) and Vedas, pervades mainly the sun though it remains on the seven groups also. Being the seat of this power, the Sun blazes with his rays and destroys the darkness in all the worlds.

Such a Sun is praised by the hermits. The Gandharvas sing in front of the Sun. The celestial maids dance before him. The giants guard him, the serpents prepare his chariot, the 驰补办峁�a蝉 hold the bridle and the 叠腻濒补办丑颈濒测补蝉 stand around him. 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 who is having the figure of the Sun pervaded by the power of the Vedas, never rises or sets. The seven groups are separate from that 痴颈峁ａ箛耻. As the figures of those who approach, are reflected in a mirror fixed on a post, that power of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻, without separating itself from that chariot, pervades them who come every month in turn. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 础峁兣沘 2, Chapter 11).

The direction of the sun.

The Sun starts from the east and goes to the western ocean. The directions east and west originate from this rising and setting. As a matter of fact when the sun rises in the east it is bright in places behind it. But it does not shine in the palace of 叠谤补丑尘腻 on the top of 惭补丑腻尘别谤耻. The rays of the sun which enter the palace are driven back by the radiance of the palace. The Mountain Meru is north to all islands and countries. So on one side of that mount it is always day and on the other side it is always night. When the Sun sets his light enters fire. So at night the light of fire goes far. In the same way, at day time, the light of fire enters the sun. So the sun shines more. Thus because the light of the sun and fire enter each other the day and the night wax when the sun shines on the southern and northern hemi-spheres. The dark nights and bright days enter water gradually. The water seems a little red, in day time because darkness has entered it in the night. After sunset the water seems a little white because the day has entered the water.

Thus when the sun passes through the middle of the island 笔耻峁�k补谤补, the change of the Sun to one thirtieth portion of the earth is called 'Mauh奴rtikagati' (covering the distance in a 尘耻丑奴谤迟补鈥�48 minutes). The sun, like a fly sitting on the circumference of the wheel of a potter travels round the earth inclining a portion of a thirtieth of the earth, and making day and night. In the beginning of the transit to the Tropic of Cancer, the sun passes into the zodiac of Makara, and then to Kumbha and 惭墨苍补. After having completed the three zodiacs, the sun makes the day and night equal and enters Vi峁�uva. At the end of travelling in the Northern hemi-sphere the sun enters the zodiac of 碍补谤办补峁璦办补 and transit to the south begins. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 础峁兣沘 2, Chapter 8).

The Sun in the clutches of the giants.

The Sun is being attacked daily by a kind of giants called the Mandehas.

Family life.

The Sun married 厂补峁僯帽腻, the daughter of 痴颈艣惫补办补谤尘腻. Three children Manu, Yama and 驰补尘墨 were born to him by 厂补峁僯帽腻. By 颁丑腻测腻, the maid of 厂补峁僯帽腻, three children, 艢补苍补颈艣肠补谤补, Manu and 罢补辫补迟墨 were born to the Sun. A艣vin墨kum膩ras and Revanta were born by 厂补峁僯帽腻 to the sun who took the form of a horse. (See under 厂补峁僯帽腻 and 颁丑腻测腻).

On several occasions other sons such as 厂耻驳谤墨惫补, 碍腻濒颈苍诲墨 碍补谤峁嘺 and so on were born to the Sun. (For details see under those entries).

The rising delayed.

A story stating that the rising of the sun was delayed because of the curse of 艢墨lavat墨, is stated in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补. (See under 艢墨lavat墨).

The Sun and the Syamantaka.

Once the King Satr膩jit did penance and got the jewel Syamantaka from the Sun. (For detailed story see under Prasena).

The Sun and 搁腻丑耻.

Once the Sun and the moon pointed out 搁腻丑耻 who had come to partake of the 础尘峁泃补 (Ambrosia) in stealth and Mahavi峁ａ箛u cut off his head. (For detailed story see under 础尘峁泃补, Para 4).

The Sun the teacher of 贬补苍奴尘腻苍.

The Sun is the teacher of 贬补苍奴尘腻苍. (See under 贬补苍奴尘腻苍).

The Sun and 搁腻惫补峁嘺.

Once 搁腻惫补峁嘺 happened to reach the Solar region, while he was conducting regional conquest. That night he rested on 惭补丑腻尘别谤耻, and then got into his plane 笔耻峁�p补办补, ready for fight in the morning. Seeing the Sun rising up, 搁腻惫补峁嘺 called his minister Prahasta and said to him. "Minister, go and convey my words to the Sun. '搁腻惫补峁嘺 has come to fight. Either get down and fight or admit defeat.' Prahasta walked towards the sun and told the words of the King to the two gate-keepers 笔颈峁単补濒补 and 顿补峁囜笉墨. The Sun was informed of this by 顿补峁囜笉墨. The Sun told 顿补峁囜笉墨 thus: "顿补峁囜笉墨, I don't mind whether I defeat or I am defeated by 搁腻惫补峁嘺. The thing is, that I have no time." 顿补峁囜笉墨 informed 搁腻惫补峁嘺 of this. 搁腻惫补峁嘺 went away shouting that he had defeated the Sun.

Fight with 艢颈惫补.

See under 艢颈惫补 Para 7, Sub para 7.

The Sun lost his lustre.

See under 厂耻办别艣补.

Artificial Sun.

See under 叠谤补丑尘腻, para 13.

The Sun and 碍补谤峁嘺.

See under 碍补谤峁嘺.

The hermit Atri and the Sun.

See under Atri, para 4.

The names of the Sun.

Once the hermit Dhaumya repeated to Dharmaputra the one hundred and eight names of the Sun. Those names are given in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, Vana Parva, Chapter 3.

Other details.

(i) Once 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨 worshipped the Sun. The Sun created an unseen giant for her protection. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 痴颈谤腻峁璦 Parva, Chapter 15, Verse 19).

(ii) 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨 did penance before the Sun and procured the 'Ak峁�ayap膩tra' (the pot that never became empty). (See under Ak峁�ayap膩tra).

(iii) The Sun destroys the ungrateful asuras (demons). (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 Udyoga Parva, Chapter 108, Verse 16).

(iv) There is a story connecting the Sun and the South. In days of old the Sun performed a sacrifice according to the Vedas, and to 碍补艣测补辫补 who was the ministerial priest, he gave the South as 诲补办峁�i峁嚹� (offering). So the south got the name '顿补办峁�i峁嘺'. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 Udyoga Parva, Chapter 109, Verse 1).

(v) The west is the place where the Sun pours his rays after the end of the day. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 Udyoga Parva, Chapter 110, Verse 2).

(vi) When 碍补谤峁嘺 and Arjuna confronted each other in the battle of 叠丑腻谤补迟补, the Sun boasted to Indra that 碍补谤峁嘺 would come out victorious. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 碍补谤峁嘺 Parva, Chapter 87, Stanza 57).

(vii) The Sun gave 厂耻产谤补丑尘补峁噛补 two attendants named 厂耻产丑谤腻箩补 and Bh膩svara. (艢补濒测补 Parva, Chapter 45, Verse 31).

(viii) Once 艢颈惫补 anointed the Sun as the King of all the planets. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 艢腻苍迟颈 Parva, Chapter 112, Stanza 31).

(ix) The Sun once gave 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 the boon that he would get knowledge of the Vedas. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 艢腻苍迟颈 Parva, Chapter 318, Verse 6).

(x) The story of one who had attained the region of the Sun by '鲍帽肠丑补惫峁泃迟颈' (Living on the grains fallen on the field) is given in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, 艢腻苍迟颈 Parva, a few Chapters from 353, as follows:

There was a Brahmin in a place called 惭补丑腻辫补诲尘补 on the banks of the Ganges. He wandered here and there for knowledge of Vedas. Once a hermit met him and directed him towards a 狈腻驳补 named 笔补诲尘补苍腻产丑补. 笔补诲尘补苍腻产丑补 is the serpent which supports the chariot of the Sun. The Brahmin-hermit started in search of 笔补诲尘补苍腻产丑补. At last he found out his house. But there was the wife of 笔补诲尘补苍腻产丑补 only. She said that her husband would return within a few days. Accordingly he remained on the banks of the Ganges without any food. 笔补诲尘补苍腻产丑补 returned and both of them met together. The hermit asked the n膩ga what he should do in order to get merged in God. The 狈腻驳补 replied that he could become one with God by 鲍帽肠丑补惫峁泃迟颈. The 狈腻驳补 continued. "The Sun is a god who had invoked into himself a saint who had lived only by the fallen grains in the field. The activities of that Sun are wonderful. The hermits and saints attach themselves to the rays of the Sun as birds attach themselves to the branches of trees. The great storms arising from the Sun spread wide in the sky. I saw once a person sitting inside that Sun who was a wonder of wonders. When that person as shining as the Sun came to him in the noon the Sun embraced him and seated him inside him. I asked him who he was. The Sun replied that he was a person who had attained heaven by 鲍帽肠丑补惫峁泃迟颈." Hearing the advice given by the 狈腻驳补, the Brahmin engaged in 鲍帽肠丑补惫峁泃迟颈 and attained heaven.

(xi) The Sun gave 厂耻产谤补丑尘补峁噛补 shining beauty. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 础苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补 Parva, Chapter 86, Verse 23).

(xii) The Sun gave the hermit Jamadagni an umbrella and slippers. (See under Cherippu).

(xiii) In olden days when a war between the Devas and the Asuras was drawing near, 搁腻丑耻 wounded the Sun and the moon. Along with that the universe fell in darkness, and the asuras began to destroy the Devas. At this time according to the prayer of the gods the hermit Atri assumed the figure of the Moon and made the Sun as shining as of old. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 础苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补 Parva, Chapter 156, Stanza 2).

(xiv) The Synonyms of Sun according to the 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 are given below:鈥�

(厂奴谤补, 厂奴谤测补, 础谤测补尘腻, 膧诲颈迟测补, Dvada艣膩tm膩, 顿颈惫腻办补谤补, 叠丑腻蝉办补谤补, Ahaskara, Bradhna, 笔谤补产丑腻办补谤补, Vibh膩kara, Bh膩sv膩n, 痴颈惫补蝉惫腻苍, 厂补辫迟腻艣惫补, Harida艣va, U峁ａ箛ara艣mi, Vikartana, Arka, 惭腻谤迟补峁囜笉补, Mihira, 础谤耻峁嘺, 笔奴峁Ｄ�, Dyuma峁噄, Tara峁噄, Mitra, 颁颈迟谤补产丑腻苍耻, Virocana, 痴颈艣惫腻惫补蝉耻, Grahapati, Tvi峁Ｄ乵pati, Aharpati, 叠丑腻苍耻, 贬补峁僺补, 厂补丑补蝉谤腻峁兣泆, 厂补惫颈迟腻, Tapana, Ravi, Padm膩k峁�a, Tejas膩峁價膩艣i, 颁丑腻测腻n膩tha, Tamisrah膩, Karmas膩k峁Ｄ�, Jagaccak峁�us, Lokabandhu, Tray墨tanu, Pradyotana, Dinama峁噄, Khadyota, Lokab膩ndhava, Ina, Bharga, Dh膩manidhi, 础峁兣泆尘腻濒墨 and Abjin墨pati.