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Origin of Loka.

There are several views in the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 regarding the origin of Loka or the world (Universe).

(i) In the beginning of the universe 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 alone stood as the Eternal, unseen, unheard, unknown entity. Then there was neither sky nor day nor night. When the time of creation came 笔谤补办峁泃颈 entered 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 as 笔耻谤耻峁�a creating emotion. From emotion arose Mahat or the Great Principle and from Mahat arose cosmic egoism (础丑补峁卥腻谤补). 础丑补峁卥腻谤补 divided itself into 痴补颈办腻谤颈办补, Taijasa and 罢腻尘补蝉补. From 础丑补峁卥腻谤补 arose 膧办腻艣补 with the quality of sound and from 膧办腻艣补 came the air having the quality of touch and from air came fire having the quality of colour and from fire came water having the quality of taste and from water came earth with the quality of smell. All these were born of t膩masic egoism. From taijasic egoism came into being the organs of sense. From the 痴补颈办腻谤颈办补 egoism came the ten 痴补颈办腻谤颈办补 devas and the eleventh organ of sense, the mind. After that 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 discharged his virility into water and that virility is life. (Chapter 17, Agni 笔耻谤腻峁嘺).

(ii) Mahavi峁ａ箛u with a view to creating many different kinds of living things created water first and threw his whole energy into it. That energy grew into a golden mass of an egg and 叠谤补丑尘腻 was born from that egg. 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 broke that egg into two, making one half heaven and the other earth. Between the two halves he created the sky. The earth was floating on the waters and he fixed it by anchoring it at ten sides. Then he created 笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈, 碍腻濒补, Manas, V膩k, 碍腻尘补, Krodha and Rati. Then he created thunder, lightning, clouds, rainbows and birds. Then for yaj帽asiddhi he created from his face 峁欢惫别诲补, Yajurveda and S膩maveda. He did sacrifices with them. From his hands he created the different 叠丑奴迟补驳谤腻尘补蝉 and 厂补苍补迟办耻尘腻谤补蝉. He created Rudra out of Krodha. From his mind were born 惭补谤墨肠颈, Atri, 础峁単颈谤补蝉, Pulastya, Pulaha, Kratu and 痴补蝉颈峁ａ弓丑补. He made these seven 叠谤补丑尘补谤峁�i蝉. These seven 叠谤补丑尘补谤峁�i蝉 and Rudra began to create the 辫谤补箩腻蝉. Then 笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈 divided his body into two. One half of it became man and the other woman. 叠谤补丑尘腻 started creation through that woman. (Chapter 18; Agni 笔耻谤腻峁嘺).

(iii) In the beginning 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 in the form of a child lay on a leaf of the Banyan tree. Lying there the Lord began to think like this, "Who am I? Who created me? Why was I created? What should I do here?" At once from the sky came a voice which said:鈥�

"蝉补谤惫补峁� khalvidamev膩ha峁� n膩峁厃adasti san膩tanam /" (All these am I. There is nothing eternal except me). The Lord was surprised by the voice and there appeared before him 惭补丑腻诲别惫墨 with four hands bearing the 艢补峁卥丑补, Cakra, 骋补诲腻 and Padma one in each hand. She wore divine garments and ornaments and was accompanied by Prosperity as her maid. She was surrounded by such forces as Rati 叠丑奴迟颈, Buddhi, Mati, 碍墨谤迟颈, 厂尘峁泃颈, 顿丑峁泃颈, 艢谤补诲诲丑腻, 惭别诲丑腻, 厂惫补诲丑腻, 厂惫腻丑腻, 碍峁�u诲丑腻, 狈颈诲谤腻, 顿补测腻, Gati, 罢耻峁ａ弓颈, 笔耻峁ａ弓颈, 碍峁�a尘腻, 尝补箩箩腻, J峁沵bh膩 and Tandr墨. 顿别惫墨 then addressed 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 thus: "Why wonder? You have always come into being whenever creation was started by the greatness of great powers. The Supreme Being is without quality of any kind. We are all with quality. You have predominance of 厂补迟迟惫补驳耻峁嘺. From your navel will arise 叠谤补丑尘腻 who will be dominated by Rajogu峁嘺 and from the centre of the forehead of 叠谤补丑尘腻 will be born Rudra with Tamogu峁嘺 predominant in him. 叠谤补丑尘腻 by the power of his penance will acquire the energy to create and he will then create the world. You will be the protector of this world which will in the end be destroyed by Rudra. I am the s膩ttvic power to help you in your work and I am always at your service."

Accordingly 叠谤补丑尘腻 and Rudra were born and 叠谤补丑尘腻 started his creation. (1st Skandha, 顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补).

(iv) In times of old during the great deluge everything in this universe became extinct. It went on like that for some time and then the five elements and 叠谤补丑尘腻 were born. 叠谤补丑尘腻 was born in a lotus. 叠谤补丑尘腻 decided there should be mud beneath the lotus. He went down through the stem of the lotus and travelled for a thousand years and yet did not find the earth. He came back and sitting inside the lotus started doing penance. After a thousand years Madhu-碍补颈峁璦产丑补蝉 rushed to attack 叠谤补丑尘腻 (See under 碍补颈峁璦产丑补).

Fearing them 叠谤补丑尘腻 went under water again. As he went deep down he saw a great man sleeping there. It was 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 and then only he knew he was sitting on the lotus originating from the navel of 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻. 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻 killed Madhu 碍补颈峁璦产丑补蝉 and gave permission to start creation and 叠谤补丑尘腻 started his work of creation.

(v) Before the origin of the Universe the shapeless qualityless 笔补谤腻艣补办迟颈 permeated everything. From it there were born three powers: 闯帽腻苍补艣补办迟颈, 碍谤颈测腻艣补办迟颈 and Artha艣akti. The power of 厂补迟迟惫补驳耻峁嘺 was 闯帽腻苍补艣补办迟颈, the power of Rajogu峁嘺 was 碍谤颈测腻艣补办迟颈 and the power of Tamogu峁嘺 was Artha艣akti. From the divine power of 罢腻尘补蝉补 came the five basic things, sound, colour, touch, taste and smell. The quality of the sky was sound, the quality of air was touch, the quality of fire was colour, the quality of water was taste and the quality of earth was smell.

Rajogu峁嘺 was born of 碍谤颈测腻艣补办迟颈. The five organs of senses, ear, eye, nose, tongue and skin and the five organs of work, hand, leg, speech, organ of excretion and the organ of sex and the five breaths, 笔谤腻峁嘺, 础辫腻苍补, 痴测腻苍补, 厂补尘腻苍补 and 鲍诲腻苍补 are the offsprings of 搁腻箩补蝉补. These are the forms of 碍谤颈测腻艣补办迟颈. These are controlled by the favourable activity of Cicchakti. The five gods controlling the sense-organs like 痴腻测耻, 厂奴谤测补, 笔腻艣墨 and A艣vin墨devas and the four gods controlling intelligence, conscience etc. like Candra, 叠谤补丑尘腻, Rudra, and 碍峁�e迟谤补箩帽补 and the mind are ten Tattvas (Principles) born of 蝉腻迟迟惫颈办补 empowered with 闯帽腻苍补艣补办迟颈.

All the Tattvas were made into five basic elements through the process of Pa帽c墨kara峁嘺 and the 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉a originated from it.

The constitution of 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉a.

The 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉a is made up of seven 碍辞艣补蝉 (coverings). The one in the extreme interior is very small. The second 碍辞艣补 originates from the centre of the first 碍辞艣补. The third 碍辞艣补 also has its origin from the first one. Each of them envelops the one before it. The seventh 碍辞艣补 thus originating from the first 碍辞艣补 and bursting forth through the other six 碍辞艣补蝉 spreads out for millions of miles around. If you cut the 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉a longitudinally the one in the extreme interior is the earth. Then come Bhuvarloka, Svarloka, Maharloka, Janaloka, Tapoloka, and Satyaloka in succession. The worlds in the lower half are called 笔腻迟腻濒补, 搁补蝉腻迟补濒补, 惭补丑腻迟补濒补, 罢补濒腻迟补濒补 Sutala, Vitala and Atala. From Satyaloka to Atala there are fourteen lokas. The 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉a consists of the 厂奴谤测补, Candra, Stars, 艢耻办谤补, Budha, 础峁単腻谤补办补, 叠峁沨补蝉辫补迟颈, 艢补苍颈, 厂补辫迟补谤峁�i蝉, Dhruva, 艢颈峁兣泆尘腻谤补 and 搁腻丑耻, called the Jyoti艣cakra. Besides these there are twentyeight hells also. (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 础峁僺补 1).

搁腻丑耻 is ten thousand yojanas below 厂奴谤测补. Ten thousand yojanas below 搁腻丑耻 is the loka of Siddhavidy膩dharas. Below that up to the path of the clouds is the loka of the demons, gen奴 and manes. Hundred yojanas below this is the Bh奴loka (earth). Ten thousand yojanas below the earth and as many yojanas below the world above each are Atala, Vitala Sutala, 罢补濒腻迟补濒补, 惭补丑腻迟补濒补 搁补蝉腻迟补濒补 and 笔腻迟腻濒补. (5th Skandha, 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补).

Origin of life.

叠谤补丑尘腻 originated from the navel of 惭补丑腻惫颈峁ａ箛耻. 叠谤补丑尘腻 started creation after obtaining permission from 痴颈峁ａ箛耻. In the beginning 叠谤补丑尘腻 created from the mind 惭补谤墨肠颈, 础峁単颈谤补蝉, Atri, 痴补蝉颈峁ａ弓丑补, Pulaha, Kratu, and Pulastya. They are therefore called the M膩nasaputras of 叠谤补丑尘腻. (Manas = mind, Putra, = son). From his wrath came Rudra, from his lap came 狈腻谤补诲补, from his right thumb 顿补办峁�a, from his mind Sanaka and others and from his left thumb, 痴墨谤补峁嚹�. 顿补办峁�a married 痴墨谤补峁嚹�.

顿补办峁�a got five thousand sons of 痴墨谤补峁嚹�. They also got sons. When the population began to increase thus 狈腻谤补诲补 intervened and questioned the advisability of increasing the population before knowing the capacity of the earth. The sons of 顿补办峁�a realised the sense in it and started to have a survey of the earth. 顿补办峁�a was disappointed that the children left him without showing any interest in the work of creation. So he produced another five thousand sons and asked them to start the work of creation. But they were also sent away as before by 狈腻谤补诲补. 顿补办峁�a became angry and he created sixty daughters.

He gave thirteen daughters to 碍补艣测补辫补, ten to Dharma, twentyseven to Candra, two to 叠丑峁沢耻, four to 础谤颈峁ａ弓补苍别尘颈, two to K峁泃膩艣va, and two to 础峁単颈谤补蝉. Of these most of the living things in the world were born to 碍补艣测补辫补. (7th Skandha, 顿别惫墨 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补).

碍补艣测补辫补 was the last of the 笔谤补箩腻辫补迟颈s. 碍补艣测补辫补 married the daughters of 顿补办峁�a named Aditi, Diti, Danu, 碍腻濒颈办腻, 罢腻尘谤腻, 碍谤辞诲丑补惫补艣腻, Manu, and Anal膩. Aditi got thirtythree sons and their family consists of the thirtythree crores of Devas. From Diti were born the daityas or asuras. From Danu was born the 诲腻苍补惫补 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补. 碍腻濒颈办腻 got two sons, Naraka and 碍腻濒补ka. 罢腻尘谤腻 got five daughters, 碍谤补耻帽肠墨, 叠丑腻蝉墨, 艢测别苍墨, 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤墨 and 艢耻办墨. 碍谤补耻帽肠墨 gave birth to owls, 叠丑腻蝉墨 to 叠丑腻蝉补蝉 and 艢yeni to 艢测别苍补蝉 (Vultures, Kites etc.). 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤墨 gave birth to 贬补峁僺补蝉, 碍补濒补丑补峁僺补蝉 and Kokas. 艢耻办墨 gave birth to 狈补迟腻 and 狈腻迟补 in turn to 痴颈苍补迟腻. 碍谤辞诲丑补惫补艣腻 gave birth to ten daughters; 惭峁沢墨, 惭峁沢补尘补苍诲腻, 贬补谤墨, Bhadramad膩, 惭腻迟补峁単墨, 艢腻谤诲奴濒墨, 艢惫别迟腻, Surabhi, 厂耻谤补蝉腻 and 碍补诲谤奴. Of these 惭峁沢墨 gave birth to beasts, Mrgamand膩 to trees and plants. Lions and monkeys are the children of Hari, Bhadramad膩 got a daughter named 滨谤腻惫补迟墨. 础颈谤腻惫补迟补 was the son of 滨谤腻惫补迟墨. From 惭腻迟补峁単墨 were born the elephants and from 艢腻谤诲奴濒墨 the tigers. The A峁ａ弓adiggajas are the sons of 艢惫别迟腻. Surabhi got two daughters named 搁辞丑颈峁嚹� and 骋补苍诲丑补谤惫墨. Cows are the children of 搁辞丑颈峁嚹� and horses are the children of 骋补苍诲丑补谤惫墨. Serpents are the sons of 厂耻谤补蝉腻 and 碍补诲谤奴 gave birth to snakes. From Manu were born men. Trees are the sons of Anal膩. 痴颈苍补迟腻 got two sons named 础谤耻峁嘺 and 骋补谤耻岣峚. To 础谤耻峁嘺 were born two sons, 闯补峁�穆页� and 厂补尘辫腻迟颈.

The end of the World

鈥擳here are different views in the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 regarding the end of the world. The different 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 give different views. For knowing the views of Agni 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 on the subject see under the heading 'Pralaya'. The eleventh Skandha of 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补 gives the following theory regarding the end of the world.

All the material objects of the world will become illusory. Fire will increase. There will be no rains for hundred years together. The World will be burnt by the heat. The heat will go down to the head of Ananta who holds this world on his head. The Saptameghas (Seven Clouds) will rise up in the sunshine infested with the poisonous breath of Ananta. Then rains will start pouring down in streams as thick as the trunk of an elephant. Everything will be drowned in that water. 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 alone will be left above the vast expanse of water. (See under Manvantara).