Narikela, 狈腻谤颈办别濒补: 25 definitions

Introduction
In Hinduism
In Jainism
1. General definition
India history
Biology
Languages
1. Marathi
2. Sanskrit
3. Hindi
4. Kannada
See also
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Introduction:

Narikela means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

Alternative spellings of this word include Narikel.

In Hinduism

Dharmashastra (religious law)

Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-艣膩stra

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) is a Sanskrit word for Cocos nucifera (coconut), identified by various scholars in their translation of the 艢耻办谤补苍墨迟颈. This tree is mentioned as bearing good fruits. The King should plant such domestic plants in and near villages. He should nourish them by stoole of goats, sheep and cows, water as well as meat. Note: Phyllanthus distichus is a synonym of Phyllanthus acidus.

The following is an ancient Indian recipe for such nourishment of trees:

According to 艢耻办谤补苍墨迟颈 4.4.105-109: 鈥淭he trees (such as 苍腻谤颈办别濒补) are to be watered in the morning and evening in summer, every alternate day in winter, in the fifth part of the day (i.e., afternoon) in spring, never in the rainy season. If trees have their fruits destroyed, the pouring of cold water after being cooked together with Kulutha, 惭腻峁 (seeds), Mudga (pulse), Yava (barley) and Tila (oil seed) would lead to the growth of flowers and fruits. Growth of trees can be helped by the application of water with which fishes are washed and cleansed.鈥�

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Dharmashastra (啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶多ぞ啶膏啶む啶�, dharma艣膩stra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Kavya (poetry)

Source: Wisdom Library: Kath膩sarits膩gara

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) or 狈腻谤颈办别濒补dv墨pa is the name of an island, as mentioned in the Kath膩sarits膩gara, chapter 54. Accordingly, as four heavenly figures said to Narav膩hanadatta: 鈥�... there is in the midst of the great sea a great, prosperous and splendid island, which is called the island of 狈腻谤颈办别濒补, and is renowned in the world for its beauty. And in it there are four mountains with splendid expanses of land, named Main膩ka, V峁涐梗abha, Cakra and Bal膩haka; in those four we four live鈥�.

The Kath膩sarits膩gara (鈥榦cean of streams of story鈥�), mentioning 狈腻谤颈办别濒补, is a famous Sanskrit epic story revolving around prince Narav膩hanadatta and his quest to become the emperor of the 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补蝉 (celestial beings). The work is said to have been an adaptation of Gu峁嚹佱笉hya鈥檚 B峁沨atkath膩 consisting of 100,000 verses, which in turn is part of a larger work containing 700,000 verses.

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Kavya (啶曕ぞ啶掂啶�, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or 鈥榚pic poetry鈥� and natya, or 鈥榙ramatic poetry鈥�.

Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渃ocunut鈥� which forms a preferable constituent for a great offering, according to the 艢ivapur膩峁嘺 1.16. Accordingly, 鈥淸...] the great offering of eatables shall be made to 艢iva especially in the month of Dhanus. The constituent parts of the great offering are as follows:鈥擺...] twelve coconuts (苍腻谤颈办别濒补) [...] This great offering of eatables made to the deities shall be distributed among devotees m the order of their castes鈥�.

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The Purana (啶啶班ぞ啶�, pur膩峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)

: Prabhupada Books: Sri Caitanya Caritamrta

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) refers to the 鈥渃oconut鈥�, according to the 艢r墨 Caitanya Carit膩m峁泃a 2.3.44ff鈥擜ccordingly:鈥斺€淸...] the preparation made with coconut pulp [viz., 苍腻谤颈办别濒补-艣asya] mixed with curd and rock candy was very sweet. There was a curry made of banana flowers and squash boiled in milk, all in great quantity.. [...] Thus Lord K峁涐梗峁嘺 was offered all the food, and the Lord took it very pleasantly鈥�

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Vaishnava (啶掂啶粪啶｀さ, vai峁ａ箛ava) or vaishnavism (vai峁ａ箛avism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)

: Google Books: Manthanabhairavatantram

1) 狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) refers to one of the thirty-six sacred trees, according to the 峁峁璼膩hasrasa峁僪it膩, an expansion of the Kubjik膩matatantra: the earliest popular and most authoritative Tantra of the Kubjik膩 cult.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淎ccording to the Kula teaching (these) [i.e., 狈腻谤颈办别濒补] are the most excellent Kula trees that give accomplishments and liberation. (They are full of) Yogin墨s, Siddhas, Lords of the Heroes and hosts of gods and demons. One should not touch them with one鈥檚 feet or urinate and defecate on them or have sex etc. below them. One should not cut etc. or burn them. Having worshipped and praised them regularly with their own flowers and shoots, one should always worship the 艢r墨krama with devotion with their best fruits and roots. [...]鈥�.

2)狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) is the name of a Grove associated with the P墨峁環a named Kaulagiri, according to the Kulakri岣嵞乿at膩ra, a text paraphrased by Abhinavagupta in his T膩ntr膩loka.鈥擳he lineage (ovalli) Avali is associated with the following:鈥擯rince: Gu岣峣ka; Master: Candrabimba; P墨峁環a: Kaulagiri; Ghara (house): A岣峚billa; Pal濒墨 (village): 岣宱mb墨; Town: Gau岣峣ka; Direction: north-west; Grove: 狈腻谤颈办别濒补; Vow-time: 8 years; Mudr膩: right little finger; Chumm膩: 鈥淕enitals鈥�.

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Shakta (啶多ぞ啶曕啶�, 艣膩kta) or Shaktism (艣膩ktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.

Ayurveda (science of life)

Toxicology (Study and Treatment of poison)

: Shodhganga: Kasyapa Samhita鈥擳ext on Visha Chikitsa

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渃oconut (water)鈥�, and is used in the treatment of snake-bites such as those caused by the 艢ophama峁囜笉a濒墨-snakes, according to the K膩艣yapa Sa峁僪it膩: an ancient Sanskrit text from the P膩帽car膩tra tradition dealing with both Tantra and Vi峁cikits膩鈥攁n important topic from 膧yurveda which deals with the study of Toxicology (Vi峁vidy膩 or Sarpavidy膩).鈥擜ccordingly, one of the treatments is mentioned as follows: 鈥淎 bandage made of the bark of Pa帽c膩mra containing a bolus of a measure of Do峁Ｄ�, dung of she-buffalo must be wrapped. A drink consisting of ginger, salt, white grains mixed with curd and cooked in lemon juice will remove the swelling. Ointment prepared from husk and coconut water (苍腻谤颈办别濒补-rasa) also quells the swelling caused by 艢ophama峁囜笉a濒墨鈥�.

Kalpa (Formulas, Drug prescriptions and other Medicinal preparations)

: Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts: Volume 12 (1898) (ay)

1) 狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) refers to one of the topics discussed in the 惭补诲丑耻尘补迟墨, a Sanskrit manuscript ascribed to N峁泂i峁僪a Kavir膩ja collected in volume 12 of the catalogue 鈥淣otices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (second series)鈥� by Mahamahopadhyaya Haraprasad Shastri.鈥擳he 惭补诲丑耻尘补迟墨 manuscript, consisting of 5,586 艣濒辞办补蝉 (metrical verses), is housed in Dhaka with Babu Bhagavancandra Dasa Kaviraja. It seemingly addresses topics related to Medicinal, Herbal, and Iatrochemical preparations. The catalogue includes the term 狈腻谤颈办别濒补 in its 鈥榮ubject-matter list鈥� or Vi峁ya (which lists topics, chapters and technical terms). The complete entry reads鈥�(1) 苍腻谤颈办别濒补kha峁囜笉avidh膩nam (2) b峁沨an苍腻谤颈办别濒补kha峁囜笉avidh膩nam (3) 苍腻谤颈办别濒腻尘峁泃补惫颈诲丑腻苍补尘.

2) 狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) also refers to one of the topics discussed in the 驰辞驳腻尘峁泃补, a large Ayurvedic compilation dealing with the practice of medicine and therapeutics authored by Gop膩la Sena, Kavir膩ja, of Dv膩randh膩. It is dated to the 18th century and contains 11,700 艣濒辞办补蝉.鈥擳he complete entry reads: (1) 苍腻谤颈办别濒补kha峁囜笉a岣� (2) v峁沨an苍腻谤颈办别濒补kha峁囜笉a岣� (3) 苍腻谤颈办别濒腻尘峁泃补峁� .

Unclassified Ayurveda definitions

: archive.org: Science And Technology In Medievel India (Ayurveda)

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) or 狈腻谤颈办别濒补辫腻办补 refers to one of the various medicinal syrups (辫腻办补) according to the P膩kasa峁単raha, as mentioned in A. Rahman鈥檚 Science and Technology in Medievel India: A bibliography of source materials in Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian.鈥擜ncient and medieval India produced a wide range of scientific manuscripts and major contributions lie in the field of medicine, astronomy and mathematics, besides covering encyclopedic glossaries and technical dictionaries.鈥擳he P膩kasa峁単raha is a Sanskrit medical treatise giving directions for the preparation of medicinal syrups [e.g., 狈腻谤颈办别濒补-辫腻办补]. It is very probably a collection of extracts from various authors.

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膧yurveda (啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙う, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of 膧yurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

General definition (in Hinduism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Hinduism

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�)鈥擲anskrit word for a plant 鈥渃oconut palm鈥� (Cocos nucifera).

In Jainism

General definition (in Jainism)

: archive.org: Economic Life In Ancient India (as depicted in Jain canonical literature)

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) refers to 鈥渃ocoa-nut鈥�: a type of fruit (phala), according to Jain canonical texts (e.g., the 闯帽腻迟腻诲丑补谤尘补办补迟丑腻峁単补-蝉奴迟谤补 from the 3rd century B.C.). It is also known as N膩岣峣kela or N膩岣嵞玨ela. Various kinds of fruits were grown and consumed by the people in ancient India. Fruits were also dried up for preservation. Ko峁弓aka was a place for this operation. Besides being grown in orchards, fruits were gathered from jungles and were carried to cities for sales.

The Jain canonical texts frequently mention different horticulture products viz. fruits (e.g., 狈腻谤颈办别濒补 fruit), vegetables and flowers which depict that horticulture was a popular pursuit of the people at that time. Gardens and parks (腻谤腻尘补, 耻箩箩腻峁嘺 or 苍颈箩箩腻峁嘺) were full of fruits and flowers of various kinds which besides yielding their products provided a calm and quiet place where people could enjoy the natural surroundings.

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Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

India history and geography

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary

狈腻谤颈办别濒补.鈥攃f. sa-guv膩ka-苍腻谤颈办别濒补 (EI 8-5); coconut palms [which the ordinary tenants had no right to enjoy]. Note: 苍腻谤颈办别濒补 is defined in the 鈥淚ndian epigraphical glossary鈥� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

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The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Biology (plants and animals)

: Google Books: CRC World Dictionary (Regional names)

Narikela in India is the name of a plant defined with Cocos nucifera in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Palma cocos Mill., nom. illeg. (among others).

Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):

· Taxon (1979)
· Kew Chromosome Conference (1995)
· Species Plantarum
· Revisio Generum Plantarum (1891)
· Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. (2007)
· Illustrations of the Botany 鈥� of the Himalayan Mountains (1840)

If you are looking for specific details regarding Narikela, for example pregnancy safety, side effects, chemical composition, health benefits, extract dosage, diet and recipes, have a look at these references.

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This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.

Languages of India and abroad

Marathi-English dictionary

: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

苍腻谤颈办脓濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�).鈥攎 or 苍腻谤颈办脓濒墨 f S The Cocoanut-tree, Cocos nucifera. Some of the Indian trees may be learned from ex. n膩r墨k膿濒墨 p奴g墨 r膩t膩帽jana || mala- y膩gara suv膩sa candana || a艣艒ka kharj奴r墨 saghana || 膩mra dh膩tr墨 khira峁嚹珁膩 || va峁璦 pimpa岣穉 pha峁嘺sa nimba || d膩岣穒mb墨 saubar墨 mand膩ra kadamba || a帽j墨谤a p膩ribhadra nabha || bh膿d墨ta g膿l膿 disa- ti || campaka phulal膿 j膩墨 ju墨 || m艒gar膿 m膩lat墨 bak奴岣穉 p膩h墨 || 艣膿vat墨 agast墨 v峁沰峁 峁環膩y墨峁� 峁環膩y墨峁� || v膿峁ａ弓奴ni val濒墨 ca岣峢inaly膩 ||.

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苍腻谤颈办脓濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�).鈥攏 S A cocoanut.

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苍腻谤墨办脓濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班啶曕啶�) [or 啶侧, 濒墨].鈥擲 & 苍腻谤墨办脓濒补 n S See 苍腻谤颈办脓濒补 or 濒墨 & 苍腻谤颈办脓濒补 n.

: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

苍腻谤颈办脓濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�).鈥�m or 苍腻谤颈办脓濒墨 f The Cocoanut-tree, a cocoanut.

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苍腻谤墨办脓濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班啶曕啶�).鈥�

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Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

Sanskrit dictionary

: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�).鈥擳he cocoa-nut; 啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶侧じ啶ぞ啶曕ぞ啶� 啶︵啶多啶え啷嵿い啷� 啶灌た啶膏啶灌啶溹啶溹え啶距 (苍腻谤颈办别濒补sam膩k膩ra d峁浥泍ante hi suh峁沯jan膩岣�) H.1.9. [The word is also written 啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶侧た-啶侧, 啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�-啶�, 啶ㄠぞ啶班啶曕啶侧た-啶侧, 啶ㄠぞ啶∴た (苍腻谤颈办eli-濒墨, 苍腻谤颈办别谤补-la, n膩r墨keli-濒墨, n膩岣峣)(岣嵞�)啶曕啶�, 啶ㄠぞ啶侧た啶曕啶� (kera, n膩likera) (Bh膩gavata 8.2.11), 啶ㄠぞ啶侧た啶曕啶侧た-啶侧 (n膩likeli-濒墨).]

-濒墨 Fermented liquor made from the water of the cocoa-nut.

Derivable forms: 苍腻谤颈办别濒补岣� (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶侧).

See also (synonyms): 苍腻谤颈办别谤补.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary

狈腻谤墨办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班啶曕啶�).鈥攕ee N膩likera.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�).鈥攎f. (-la岣�-濒墨) The cocoanut. E. 苍腻谤颈办补 watery (place), 墨谤 to go or grow, affix ka, and ra optionally changed to la; also with in, 苍腻谤颈办eli, and 岣峚 being substituted for ra, n膩岣峣kera, &c. nala-in n膩li岣� kena v膩yun膩 jalena v膩 ilati calati, ila-ka-karma-ralayoraikyam .

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狈腻谤墨办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班啶曕啶�).鈥攎f. (-la岣�-濒墨) The cocoanut. f. (-濒墨) Fermented liquor made from the water of the cocoanut: see 苍腻谤颈办别濒补 &c.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�).鈥擺masculine] the same.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) 狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�):鈥�m. idem, [Mah膩bh膩rata] etc. ([cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal膩yudha, hemacandra, etc.] also li f., or 濒墨 f.)

2) 狈腻谤墨办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班啶曕啶�):鈥�m. = 苍腻谤颈办

3) Name of an island, [Kath膩sarits膩gara]

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) 狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�):鈥擺(la岣�-濒墨)] 1. m. 3. f. Idem.

2) 狈腻谤墨办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班啶曕啶�):鈥�(濒补岣�) 1. m. The cocoanut. (濒墨) f. Its fermented liquor.

: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: 峁喣乺颈别谤补, 峁喣乺颈别濒补.

[Sanskrit to German]

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Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Hindi dictionary

: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary

狈腻谤颈办别濒补 (啶ㄠぞ啶班た啶曕啶�) [Also spelled narikel]:鈥�(nm) the cocoanut tree and its fruit.

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Kannada-English dictionary

: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

N膩rik膿la (嗖ㄠ簿嗖班部嗖曕硣嗖�):鈥擺noun] = 嗖ㄠ簿嗖班部嗖曕硣嗖� [narikela].

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N膩rik膿岣穉 (嗖ㄠ簿嗖班部嗖曕硣嗖�):鈥�

1) [noun] the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera of Arecaceae family.

2) [noun] its nut consisting of a thick, fibrous, brown, oval husk, a thin, hard shell, an edible white layer of meat, filled with a sweet, milky fluid; coconut.

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N膩r墨k膿la (嗖ㄠ簿嗖班硛嗖曕硣嗖�):鈥擺noun] = 嗖ㄠ簿嗖班部嗖曕硣嗖� [narikela].

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N膩r墨k膿岣穉 (嗖ㄠ簿嗖班硛嗖曕硣嗖�):鈥擺noun] = 嗖ㄠ簿嗖班部嗖曕硣嗖� [narikela].

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Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

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Search found 47 books and stories containing Narikela, 狈腻谤颈办别濒补, N膩rik膿la, N膩r墨k膿la, 狈腻谤墨办别濒补, N膩rik膿岣穉, N膩r墨k膿岣穉; (plurals include: Narikelas, 狈腻谤颈办别濒补s, N膩rik膿las, N膩r墨k膿las, 狈腻谤墨办别濒补s, N膩rik膿岣穉s, N膩r墨k膿岣穉s). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF NARIKELA (Cocos nucifera Linn.) < [2019, Issue 10, October]

A conceptual study on the effect of narikela khanda in amlapitta < [2021, Issue 9, September]

Pharmaceutico- analytical study of ksheeravidaryadi taila prepared with narikela taila and karanja taila < [2024, Issue 02. February]

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Page 170 < [Volume 3 (1874)]

Page 319 < [Volume 1 (1871)]

Page 279 < [Volume 12 (1898)]

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Part 8 - K膩vya-辫腻办补 (maturity in poetic expression) < [Chapter 3 - Contribution of R膩ja艣ekhara to Sanskrit Poetics]

Part 3.9 - Varieties of K膩vya-辫腻办补 < [Chapter 5 - Analyasis and Interpretations of the K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩]

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7. Information of Various Flora and Fauna < [Chapter 5]