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Yama or Emma or Emma-ten, the Judge of Hell in Japanese Buddhism is another prominent deity in Japan. According to the Brahmanical tradition Yama the guardian of the soul. The Visnudharmottara gives an elaborate description of the four-armed god' seated on a buffalo with his 1. HDIJBP, p. 66,

176 consort Dhumrorna on his left lap. He holds a staff and sword in his right hands, while his left hands carry a trident with rosary, and a human face with flames around is being shown on the top of the staff. The Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka³ has provided a number of figures of Emma-ten. According to the Tripitaka Yama is known as Emma-rao or Yama Raja when drawn in the Daihitaizo-dai Mandara (Mahakarunagarbha Mandala). In this mandara Emma-rao is seen seated on a crouching buffalo and the palm of his right hand is half open, while in his left hand, he holds a long stick whose top end bears a human head over a crescent. In this representation curously enough, the deity Kalaratri is seen inside Emma-rao². The Iripitaka text has also mentioned about Emma-ten of Kongo Kai Mandara (Vajradhatu Mandala) where the deity is seated on a crouching buffalo being surrounded by a number of deities including Citragupta (Taizanfukun). Dainichi-kyo (Mahavairocana Sutra) says that the vehicle of (Yama) Emma-ten is a buffalo. The colour of the body is as black as that of the thundering cloud. He sits on his mount and holds Danjo-in, i.e. a stick whose top end bears a human head. Other texts, such as Seisho-Buccho-Shu-YuqaHo-Giki, the Shio-setsu-in and the Shosetsu-Fudo-ki also variously described the deity. 1. Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka, Vol.I and III. 2. For details about Kalaratri see the pages 178 work. of this

- 177 In the Genzu-Mandara Emma is placed on the west of the Southern gate. The fingers of his right palm is stretched and also pointed towards the right, but the end of the fingers are "drawn inside and directed a little upward. - He is holding a stick called Sendo-jo in his left hand, while his right palm is rests near his bosom. He rides on a white buffalo and he holds a human head over the crescent of Sendo-jo. In the Taizo-kai Mandara Emma is generally placed in the southern direction. It is widely believed that Emma-ten is the bestower of longivity, he prevents calamity and confers peace and happiness to the dead. He is also worshipped as one of the deities of esoteric Emma-ten Mandara. The god is variously depicted in Japan. Sometimes he is represented in benign aspect and sometimes in fierce attitude. The benign aspect of the god is depicted in one figure at the Daigo-ji temple, Kyoto. He is decorated with necklace, bracelet and crown. He is two-armed and riding on a crouching buffalo. In the left hand he holds a stick. A human head is placed at the top end of the stick. In his right hand he exhibits a mudra. He is represented in sitting posture, his right leg is slightly bent and it is placed on the back of the bull. Another representation in the Jingo-ji temple, Kyoto 1. HDIJBP, p. 57.

178 is also worth mentioning. Here the god is depicted as one of the gods in the Juni-ten group. He stands on a pedestal. He is gorgeously decorated with ornaments and colourful dresses. He has a third eye which is vertically placed on his forehead. The whole sculpture is artistically decorated with flame like halo.