Novel in vivo vaccine development approaches: a review.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A novel approach for vaccine development in vivo at present and for future � a review article
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. Ajit V. Pandya and Kavya Pandya
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: A novel approach for vaccine development in vivo at present and for future � a review article
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202015-19242
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The ongoing battle between the human immune system and pathogens exemplifies the need for innovative vaccine development approaches. Despite historical successes in eradicating diseases such as polio and smallpox, the rapid evolution of viruses, whether in nature or laboratory settings, continues to challenge public health. The skin serves as a crucial defense mechanism, housing elements of both innate and adaptive immune systems that respond to invading pathogens. This dynamic organ plays a vital role in the immune response, thus presenting an opportunity for employing skin immunology in vaccine production processes that ensure safety and efficacy.
Innovative Vaccine Production: In Vivo Approaches
One pivotal concept discussed in the article is the immobilization of viral proteins for vaccine development through novel methods. This approach involves attaching attenuated or live virus-modified surfaces to materials that mimic skin, allowing antigens to directly interact with immune components. By ensuring that these antigens maintain their antigenicity, the method aims to trigger an effective immune response without side effects. The potential for personalized vaccines, standardized through this process, holds promise for providing safer immunizations that can be developed more expediently in response to emerging infectious threats.
The Role of Skin Immunity
Skin immunity is highlighted as a primary component in the defense against pathogens, characterized by its intricate layering and the presence of various immune cells. Langerhans cells, located in the epidermis, play a significant role in capturing and presenting antigens to T lymphocytes, leading to a robust adaptive immune response. The skin's unique architecture not only acts as a physical barrier but also facilitates active immunological activities, thus reinforcing its critical function as an immuno-protective organ. This aspect is crucial for implementing vaccine strategies that leverage skin interactions to enhance immune reactions against pathogens.
The Concept of Herd Immunity
Herd immunity presents both opportunities and challenges in infectious disease control. The article discusses how conventional approaches to achieving herd immunity can be slow and fraught with risks, often leading to significant mortality before a population achieves sufficient immunity. The proposed novel vaccine strategy aims to circumvent these issues by delivering antigens via the skin, which is expected to result in rapid and reliable immunity while reducing the wait and unpredictability associated with herd immunity. This direct method of immunization can potentially serve as a quicker alternative for establishing population-wide protection against viral outbreaks.
Conclusion
The insights presented in this review article emphasize the urgent need for innovative strategies in vaccine development, particularly in light of evolving pathogens and the historical precedents of pandemics. By integrating principles of skin immunity and novel antigen immobilization methodologies, the authors propose a framework for safer and more effective vaccines. The potential for personalized implementations that rely on in vivo interactions with immune systems further underscores the need for continued exploration and advancement in the field of immunization. This revolutionized approach could lead to profound improvements in public health responses to current and future infectious disease threats.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the primary focus of the vaccine development approach discussed?
The approach emphasizes developing personalized, efficient in vivo vaccines with no side effects, utilizing immobilization mechanisms of viral proteins on surfaces to enhance immune response.
How does skin immunity contribute to vaccine effectiveness?
Skin immunity resists pathogens through innate and adaptive immune components, activating responses when exposed to viral antigens, thus providing a robust defense against infections during vaccination.
What role do preclinical studies play in vaccine development?
Preclinical studies assess immune responses, such as seroconversion rates and cell-mediated immunity, in animal models, providing vital data for clinical trials and vaccine efficacy.
Why is protein microarray technology important for vaccine production?
Protein microarray technology allows for high-throughput tracking of protein interactions and activities, enhancing understanding of immunogenic properties and streamlining the vaccine development process.
What are the challenges in using existing vaccines during a pandemic?
Existing vaccines can face significant challenges regarding efficacy and adaptability during a pandemic, necessitating innovative approaches to ensure rapid and effective responses to emerging viral threats.
What is the significance of herd immunity in the discussed vaccine approach?
Herd immunity offers a community-level defense against pathogens, but the new method aims to enhance individual immunity efficiently, addressing limitations like time delay and variable effectiveness.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Novel in vivo vaccine development approaches: a review.�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Surface:
Surfaces in the context of vaccine development are crucial for the immobilization of biomolecules. Different types of surfaces facilitate binding through various mechanisms like hydrophobic or ionic interactions. The choice of surface influences the stability and immunogenicity of the attached antigens, which is essential for effective vaccine formulation.
2) Viru:
The term 'Viru' likely refers to viruses, which are key subjects in the discussed review. Understanding viral properties and behavior is essential for developing effective vaccines. The interaction between viruses and the immune system drives vaccine formulation strategies, emphasizing the need for adequate research into viral antigens and responses.
3) Disease:
The term 'Diseases' highlights the various infectious agents that vaccines aim to combat, particularly viral diseases referenced in the text. Understanding the complexity and diversity of diseases informs vaccine development strategies, as each vaccine must be tailored to elicit a protective immune response specific to the disease's characteristics.
4) Pandya (Pamdya, Pandyan):
Pandya refers to the lead author of the study, Dr. Ajit V. Pandya, who presents novel ideas for vaccine development. His contributions are significant in the field of immunology and vaccine research, drawing attention to innovative methods that could revolutionize methodologies for creating effective vaccines.
5) Animal:
The term 'Animals' indicates the use of animal models in preclinical studies to assess vaccine efficacy and safety. These studies help gauge immune responses and establish dosing guidelines, providing critical data before moving forward to human clinical trials and ensuring the strategies are effective.
6) Quality:
In vaccine production, 'Quality' relates to the standards that ensure the safety, efficacy, and purity of the final product. High-quality standards dictate every stage of vaccine development, from the selection of materials to manufacturing processes, which ultimately affects public health outcomes.
7) Nature:
The relevance of 'Nature' lies in the understanding of how viruses evolve and adapt as they interact with their environment, including human hosts. Insights into natural viral evolution inform vaccine strategies, highlighting the need for vaccines that can accommodate or respond to changing virus strains.
8) Medium:
In the context of vaccine development, 'Medium' refers to the surfaces or states that facilitate interaction between biomolecules and receptors. The selection of a proper medium can impact binding efficiency and thus significantly influences the effectiveness of the vaccine and its immunogenic profile.
9) Death:
The term 'Death' underscores the grave consequences of viral pandemics throughout history. Understanding the mortality rates associated with diseases emphasizes urgency in developing vaccines, as historical contexts serve as a powerful motivator for ongoing vaccine research to prevent loss of life.
10) Science (Scientific):
In the context of this review article, 'Science' emphasizes the systematic and evidence-based approach to understanding diseases and developing vaccines. Scientific discoveries and advancements drive innovations in vaccine technology, and collaborations in scientific fields are crucial for tackling future health challenges.
11) Medicine:
The term 'Medicine' reflects the broader field encompassing various treatments for diseases. In the context of this review, it underlines the need for preventive measures, such as vaccines, to address the flaws and limitations of therapeutic options in controlling infectious diseases.
12) Epidemic:
The term 'Epidemic' refers to the sudden increase in disease incidence beyond normal levels. The context highlights the importance of developing effective vaccines to control epidemics, pointing out that without vaccination strategies, the recurrence of such outbreaks can lead to significant health crises.
13) Killing (Killed):
'Killed' refers to virus forms used in vaccine development, such as inactivated or killed virus vaccines. These vaccines offer a way to stimulate immune responses without causing disease, emphasizing safety in immunization strategies while still provoking adequate protective immune mechanisms.
14) Study (Studying):
The term 'Study' indicates the research efforts undertaken to investigate vaccine development strategies, including stimulating immune responses and assessing safety. Systematic studies are instrumental in advancing knowledge and confirming hypotheses that inform the process of creating effective vaccines.
15) Sah:
'Shah' refers to C U Shah Science College, the affiliation of one of the authors. The institution signifies a collaborative academic environment where research and innovative approaches to health and immunology are nurtured, contributing to advancements in vaccine development.
16) Life:
The term 'Life' emphasizes the ultimate goal of vaccine development, which is to protect human life from infectious diseases. Vaccines aim to enhance quality and longevity of life by preventing diseases, thus highlighting public health priorities focused on well-being and survival.
17) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' is critical in scientific research, encompassing both existing information about immune responses and the latest advancements in vaccine technology. Expanding knowledge through research aids scientists in tackling the complexities of viral infections and developing effective vaccination strategies.
18) Evolution:
In the context of vaccine development, 'Evolution' highlights how viruses adapt over time. Understanding this evolutionary process informs researchers about potential vaccine targets and the need for continual updates in vaccine formulations to effectively combat emerging strains.
19) Mutation:
'Mutation' refers to the genetic changes in viruses that can lead to altered pathogenicity or vaccine escape. Monitoring mutations is vital for vaccine efficacy, as these changes may require updates in vaccine composition to maintain protective immune responses.
20) Activity:
'Activity' in the context of this review refers to the biochemical interactions and immunological responses facilitated by vaccines. Understanding the various activities of antigens when presented to the immune system is essential for optimizing vaccine design and ensuring effective immune engagement.
21) Purity:
'Purity' is a vital aspect of vaccine production, ensuring that vaccines are free of contaminants. High purity levels are crucial for vaccine efficacy and safety, as impurities can provoke adverse reactions or weaken immune responses, underlining the importance of stringent manufacturing processes.
22) Reason:
'Reason' denotes the rationale behind pursuing novel vaccine development strategies. Understanding the underlying reasons for innovation in immunization methods emphasizes the urgency and significance of addressing the ever-evolving challenges posed by infectious diseases.
23) Glass:
In the context of this review, 'Glass' refers to materials used for substrates in techniques like protein microarrays. Glass surfaces facilitate the immobilization of biomolecules, allowing for detailed analysis of protein interactions, which is a crucial aspect of vaccine research.
24) Water:
'Water' is often a component in various biochemical processes, including stabilizing biomolecules during vaccine production. Its role in maintaining the structure and functionality of proteins is significant in ensuring that immobilized antigens retain their immunogenic properties.
25) Field:
'Field' refers to the area of research focusing on immunology and vaccine development. Advancements in this field are critical for combating infectious diseases and improving public health worldwide, illustrating the need for continued focus and investment in this essential area of science.
26) Fight:
'Fight' signifies the ongoing battle against infectious diseases through vaccination efforts. The concept reflects the collective aim of researchers and healthcare providers to strengthen immune defenses and reduce the burden of diseases, emphasizing the importance of collaboration in health initiatives.
27) Blood:
'Blood' pertains to an essential aspect of immune response evaluation, as serological assays often measure antibodies in blood. Analyzing blood samples helps determine vaccine efficacy and guides adjustments in vaccine protocols based on immune responses observed in vaccinated individuals.
28) Food:
'Food' can be relevant in the context of bioconversion and enzyme applications in vaccine research, as specific environmental factors, including nutrition, can affect immune responses. Understanding the links between nutrition and immunity may be important for optimizing vaccination outcomes.
29) Bird:
'Bird' refers to bird flu, an influenza strain that poses public health concerns. Discussions of avian viruses in the review underscore the need for monitoring and developing vaccines to manage potential outbreaks that can lead to significant health issues in human populations.
30) Line:
'Line' may denote pathways or methodologies employed in research, especially in the context of vaccine development. Understanding these lines of inquiry guides the research process, allowing for systematic advancements toward creating effective vaccines and addressing public health challenges.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: �Novel in vivo vaccine development approaches: a review.�. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Infectious disease, Clinical trial, Preclinical studies, Immune response, Cell-mediated immunity, In vivo, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Epidemiology, Immune cells, Dendritic cells, Microbial Communities, Vaccine development, Innate immune system, Adaptive immune system, Immunogenicity studies, Vaccine production, Protective factor.